跨文化商务沟通chapter2.

From Intellectual Perspective
Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.
From Anthropologic Perspective
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Culture Defined
Origin of Culture
Culture: derived from the Latin word “colere”, which could be translated as “to build”, “to care for”, “to plant” or “to cultivate”. Thus, “culture” usually referred to something that is derived from or created by the intervention of humans.
artifacts (which includes items ranging from arrowheads to hydrogen bombs, magic charms to antibiotics to electric lights, and chariots to jet planes); concepts ( which include such beliefs or value systems as right or wrong, God and man, ethics, and the general meaning of life); behavior ( which refers to the actual practice of concepts or beliefs).
Geert Hofstede
The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. Culture is “software of the mind”.
Edward Sapir
Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. Language is a particular way of thought.
Kroeber and Kluckhohn
Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts.
Chapter 2
Understanding Cultures and Their Values
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to Define culture and cultural value Identify the ingredients and the characteristics of culture Appreciate the basic values of your own culture and the culture of others Understand how cultural differences in workrelated values shape behavior
Ingredients of Culture
artifacts Culture may be classified by three large categories of elements— Almanet and Alwan (1982)
concepts
behavior
Elements of Culture
Culture is “the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people”.
Edward Tylor
Culture…is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
Edward T. Hall
Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.
Samovar and Porter
Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.