高级翻译教程教学大纲

为了更好地搞好翻译理论与实践的基本教学，特制定本教学大纲：
一、教学目的
通过本门课程的系统学习，学生应了解基本的翻译理论和技巧，并在初步翻译实践的基础上，掌握一般的非文学性的句子、段落以及篇章材料的英语到汉语的翻译，达到基本忠实、通顺的翻译标准，且能做到译作具有较高的可读性。

二、教学对象
以高中为起点的、网络学院的非脱产英语专业的专科学生。

三、教学内容
1、翻译的基本概念和问题
2、从语言文化对比角度看翻译
3、文化与翻译
4、翻译的过程
5、翻译的基本技巧
6、翻译单位
7、套语的翻译
8、语言前景概念在翻译中的应用
9、翻译中的西方表达法
10、全球化和语言标准化与片的翻译
11、中国翻译研究简述
四、教学安排
本课程每周开设6学时，连续16周，共96学时。

五、教学测试
本课程讲述基本翻译理论，帮助学生在一定科学理论指导下进行翻译实践，但理论部分不列入考试部分。

本课程的考试，主要是测试学生在基本翻译理论指导下独立进行翻译实践的能力，达到何种水平，译作是否能做到忠实、通顺。

测试内容主要包括单句和段落翻译。

（撰写：张新元）
本课程讲述基本翻译理论，帮助学生在一定科学理论指导下进行翻译实践，但理论部分不列入考试部分。

本课程的考试，主要是测试学生在基本翻译理论指导下独立进行翻译实践的能力，达到何种水平，译作是否能做到忠实、通顺。

测试内容主要包括单句和段落翻译。

为了更好地帮助学生搞好本课程的复习，特制定本考试大纲：
一、考试目的
通过本门课程的系统学习，学生应了解基本的翻译理论和技巧，并在初步翻译实践的基础上，掌握一般的非文学性的句子、段落以及篇章材料的英语到汉语的翻译，达到基本忠实、通顺的翻译标准，且能做到译作具有较高的可读性。

本考试的目的就是检测这种翻译能力。

二、考试对象
以高中为起点的、网络学院的非脱产英语专业的专科学生。

三、考试内容
要求熟悉和掌握下列翻译方法：
1、词性转换法
2、增减重复法
3、反面着笔罚
4、分合移位法
5、定语从句的译法
6、状语从句的译法
7、被动语态的译法
8、套语的翻译
9、100-200字左右段落的翻译
10、非文学性的篇章或实用翻译。

四、考试时间
本课程的考试为2小时。

五、考试题型
20个单句翻译，2个段落翻译，均为主观性试题。

（撰写：张新元）
《高级翻译教程》复习试题（A）
I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:
1. We want to buy quality steel.
我们要买高质量的钢材。

2. The president now is on a poverty tour.
总统目前正在访问贫困地区。

3. She is on her listening tour of New York.
她正在纽约巡回访问，听取群众意见。

4. This is a thought-provokingly different explanation.
这个解释完全不同，但却很能给人启发。

5. With the tree now tall, we get more shade.
由于数长高了，我们就有了更多的树荫。

6. Of humble parentage, he began his working life in a shoe factory.
由于出身低微，他的第一个工作是在一家制鞋厂。

7. It took a long Presidential drive to get them talk again.
知识在总统不顾旅途遥远，驱车前往调停后，双方才恢复了对话。

8. Wherever you go, there are signs of human presence.
无论你走到哪里，总有人迹存在。

9. It is already dark, and the chorus of insects and frog is in full swing.
天已经擦黑，虫鸣蛙噪，一片喧闹。

10. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.
一个穿着讲究的人上了车，他的外表和谈吐都像个美国人。

11. You must come back before nine. Period!
你必须九点前回来。

没什么可商量的余地。

12. An episode of humor or kindness touches and amuses him here and there.
他不时会碰到一两件事，或是幽默得逗人发笑，或是显得出人心忠厚的一面，使人感动。

13. When the students finished all the books they had brought, they opened the lunch and ate it.
学生们看完了随身带的书，就打开饭盒吃起来。

14. She listened to me with her rounded eyes.
她瞪圆眼睛听着我说话。

15. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.
仓库重地，禁止吸烟。

16. There had been too much publicity about their relationship.
他们的关系已经闹得满城风雨，人人皆知了。

17. Yet the process of achieving gender equality is still an ongoing one.
然而争取男女平等的过程，仍是一项未竟之业。

18. You couldn’t kill any more.
你已经恶贯满盈了。

19. I hear anything.
什么都瞒不过我。

20. The moon lies fair upon the straits.
长峡托孤月。

II. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese:
1. In less than three years the world will reach the outstanding year 2000, and in less than four --- on January 1, 2001, to be precise --- a new millennium will begin. I am encouraged to offer my personal view of what is likely to happen in the next 30 years --- a view that is heavily influenced by
years of reading articles and books about the future.
不到三年世界将进入令人瞩目的2000年---，而不到四年---更确切地说，到2001年1月1日---一个新的一千年就将开始。

对于今后30年中可能发生些什么，有人鼓励我谈谈我个人的看法---在很大程度上，这一看法受到多年来阅读有关文章和著作的影响。

2. The trends indicate that humans will be better off economically 30 years from now than they are today. Hundreds of millions of people will live in homes that will seem like palaces to their parents and grandparents. At the same time, brought together by telecommunications, people around the world will work together more efficiently and cheaply to places where it is needed. Computers and cellular phones will become commonplaces.
种种趋势表明，30年后人们的经济状况比今天更好。

几亿人将会住在让其父辈、祖父辈觉得像是宫殿一样的家中。

同时，世界各地的人们通过电信联系在一起，将比以往更有效地一起工作。

专业知识和技能将很容易而便宜地被传送到需要它的地方。

电脑和移动电话将成为常见的东西。

3. We will push the frontiers of human settlement in all directions. The Moon will acquire its first permanent base, and the human population living in space will rise steadily, as manufacturing develops aboard spacecraft and the resources of other planets are explored. Meanwhile, advancing technology will also solve many of the problems of living and working in unfriendly environments on Earth, so the population of Antarctic and the Polar Regions will climb steadily> The forbidding Himalayas may experience a development boom, including, perhaps, luxury hotels for tourists.
我们将全方位拓展人类定居的疆界。

月球将获得它的第一个永久基地，而随着制造业在宇宙飞船上的发展，随着其他行星上资源勘探工作的进行，生活在太空中的人口将会稳步地增长。

与此同时，不断进步的技术也将会解决在地球上种种恶劣环境中生活和工作所面临的许多问题，因此居住在南极洲和极地的人口也将稳步增加。

令人生畏的喜玛拉雅山脉也许会经历一个迅速发展期，或许还会出现为观光客服务的豪华旅馆。

4. It is generally agreed that the American education system is in deep trouble. Everyone is aware of the horrible facts: school systems are running out of money, teachers can’t spell, students
can’t read, and high school graduates can’t even find China on the map.
一般认为，美国的教育体制已陷入困境。

每个人都了解这些可怕的事实：学校的办学经费即将耗尽，教师不会拼写，学生不会阅读，高中毕业生甚至不会从地图上把中国找出来。

5. Historians have called the decade after 1929, when Winston again fell from office, his barren years. Politically barren they may have been, as his lonely voice struggled to awaken Britain to the menace of Hitler, but artistically those years bore abundant fruit: of the 500-odd Churchill paints in existence, roughly half date from 1930 to 1939.
史学家们一直把1929年温思顿再次被免职后的10年称为他无所作为的十年。

也许政治上那些年（他）的确毫无作为，因为他一个人大声疾呼，想要唤醒英国人认识到来自希特勒的威胁，然而响应者寥寥无几。

但在艺术上，那些年却硕果累累：现存的500幅丘吉尔的油画中，约有一半作于1930年至1939年之间。

《高级翻译教程》复习试题（B）
I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:
1. And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed.
越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种观点，虽然从数量上说，他们仍是少数。

2. My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage business of importance.
我父亲认定我太年轻，办不了大事。

他算是没说错。

3. The Inauguration took place on a bright, cold, and windy day.
就职典礼那天，天气晴朗，寒风凛冽。

4. Thank you for your advice and counsel.
谢谢您的忠告。

5. I knew every spot where a murder or robbery had been committed or a ghost seen.
什么地方发生过盗窃或凶杀案，什么地方有鬼魂出现过，我都知道。

6. Give me the book you bought me, not the one I bought you.
把你买给我的书给我，不是我买给你的那本。

7. He decided to take this difficult course, which has made him extremely busy during the summer.
他决定修这门很难的课，结果他整个夏天忙的不亦乐乎。

8. He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing.
他偷窃的目的不是钱，他就是想偷。

9. This method of trading is safe, if not safer than giving credit card numbers over telephone.
这种交易方法是安全的，如果不是比在电话上把信用卡的号码告诉别人更安全的话。

10. A pretty face has ruined an empire.
帝国亡于美人之手。

11. The days were short, for it was now December.
现在是十二月了，白天短了。

12. When it is wet, the buses are crowded.
下雨天的公共汽车总是很拥挤。

13. I tried to be polite, although I didn’t like him.
我虽不喜欢他，但还是显得很有礼貌。

14. The house next door has been bought.
有人已经买了隔壁的房子。

15. This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.
这类广告随处可见。

16. Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者，事竟成。

17. There are many fishes in the sea.
天涯何处无芳草。

18. It is believed that organic foods are healthy for us.
人们认为有机食品对健康有益。

19. It is reported that there was a bomb blast in Berlin.
椐报道，柏林发生了一次炸弹爆炸事件。

20. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps.
要了解一个人，可以通过他所读的书和他的玩伴去了解。

II. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese:
1. The princess was often criticized as a shallow publicity seeker, but she used her celebrity to
focus public attention on numerous humanitarian causes. Her duty visits to hospitals, clinics and shelters were characterized by the warm concern Diana showed as she spent hours playing with thick children, holding AIDS patients’ hands and listening to the sad stories of the needy. Accustomed to a
formal and stuffy royal family, the British public was delighted.
王妃常被人批评为浅薄的沽名钓誉者，但她却利用自己的名气包公众的注意力集中到许多人道主义事业上。

她对医院、诊所和收容所的礼节性访问无一不充满了温暖的关怀，她花费许多时间同生病的孩子在一起玩耍，握着爱滋病患者的手，倾听穷人的悲惨遭遇。

英国公众看惯了英国王室的拘谨和古板，对王妃的着心举动欣喜不已。

2. Diana’s sudden death in a senseless auto accident shocked the world. The extraordinary outpouring of grief for the “People’s princess” led the royal family to break with tradition and arrange an internationally televised funeral, while the government made plans for a permanent memorial. Even her critics agreed that Diana would be remembered for her warm human spirit and her ability to bring a breath of fresh air into a stuffy monarchy --- and as one of the most beloved figures of the 20th century.
黛安娜王妃在一场毫无意义的车祸中突然丧生这一事件震惊了世界。

人们对这位“人民的王妃”倾注了无限的哀伤，促使英国王室打破传统，安排了一场向全世界电视直播的丧礼，同时政府还制定了建造永久纪念观馆的计划。

甚至当年曾经批评过她的人也承认，由于黛安娜富于感情的人性精神和给死气沉沉的君主政体带进一股清新空气的才能，她将作为20世纪最受爱戴的人物之一为人们所怀念。

3. It was a hard journey for the little girl, and full of risks. Long before the boat reached safety, the supplies of food and water ran out. When Kim-Chi finally made it to the US, she had to cope with a succession of three foster families. But when she graduated from San Diego’s Patrick Henry High School in 1988, she had straight A’s and scholarship offers from some of the most prestigious universities in the country.
对小女孩来说，这是充满危险的艰难旅程。

在小船到达安全之地以前很久，食物和水的储备就已经用完。

当金枝最终到达美国后，他她有不得不同一连3个收养家庭相处。

但是当她1988年从圣地亚哥的帕特里克。

亨利中学毕业时，她取得了全优的成绩以及这个国家最享有盛名的几所大学提供的奖学金。

4. The belief in hard work is the first of three main factors contributing to Asian students’outstanding performance. It springs from Asians’ common heritage of Confucianism, the philosophy of the 5th-century-BC Chinese sage whose teachings have had a profound influence on Chinese society. One of Confucius’s primary teachings is that through effort, people can perfect themselves.
这种对于勤奋的信念是促成亚洲学生成绩突出的三大要素中的第一个。

它来源于亚洲人共同的儒教传统，即公元前5世纪那位中国圣人的哲学思想，他的教义对中国社会产生了深远影
响。

孔夫子的主要教义之一是，人们通过努力能够完善自我。

5. Our schools could be reorganized in simple but effective ways, says Stevenson. Nearly 90 percent of Chinese youngsters say they actually enjoy school, and 60 percent can’t wait for school vacations to end. This is a vastly more positive attitude than youngsters in the US express. One reason may be that students in China and Japan typically have a break after each class, helping them to relax and to increase their attention spans.
我们的学校可以用简单而有效的方式加以重组，斯蒂文森说。

近90%的中国年轻人说他们确实喜欢学校，60%的年轻人迫不及待地盼望着学校假期结束。

同美国年轻人所表示的态度相比，这种态度要积极得多。

原因之一也许是中国和日本的学生一般在每节课后都有一段休息时间，这有助他们放松并增加注意力集中的持续时间。

《高级翻译教程》复习试题（C）
I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:
1.It was packed with ideas about what would happen in the coming decades.
今后几十年将会发生什么，这些想法都包含在其中。

2. The implanting of artificial organs will be a common practice by 1986.
到1986年时，人造器官的移植将很普遍。

3. The pace of ocean development will speed up as seaside nations increasingly assert their ownership of
the resources off their shores.
随着越来越多的沿海国家宣称对与自己海岸靠近的资源拥有所有权，海洋开发的步伐将会加快。

4. The nations of the world will become more tightly integrated because of rapidly improving
telecommunications and transportation.
通讯技术和交通方式的迅速发展，世界各国的联系将越来越密切。

5. Scientists around the world are keeping a sharp eye on El Nino.
全世界的科学家正在密切地注视着厄尔尼诺现象。

6. Keeping your mind active and flexible is just as basic --- and just as practical --- as keeping your body
in good shape.
让自己的心态积极而富有弹性，如同保持良好身材一样，是人生基本且实用的做法。

7. In a world that’s growing more complex and competitive by the minute, the ability to think clearly and
critically has never been more important.
今日世界，每过一分钟，都变得更加复杂，竞争更为激烈，清晰而富有批判性的思考问题比过去任何时候都要重要。

8. A brilliant idea flashed into his mind while he was trying to formulate a new plan to promote the art of
thinking.
在他试图制定新的计划来促进思考的艺术时，一个奇妙的想法闪现在他的脑海中。

9. His gift for revealing the mysteries of the universe in a style that non-scientists can enjoy made
Hawking an instant celebrity and his book a best-seller in both Britain and America.
他用一种非专业人士能理解的方式来揭示宇宙的奥秘，这使地霍金很快成名，他写的书也畅销英美。

10. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time --- and
that it’s possible to enjoy a game even when you don’t win.
年轻一带要知道，没有人对任何事情都精通，也没有人任何时候都回赢，即使一个人输掉了比赛，也同样会从中获得乐趣。

II. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese:
1. The advantages of the education system in North America, is that students learn to think for
themselves. They learn to take the initiative --- to make decisions and take action without someone telling them what to do. The system prepares them for a society that values creative ideas and individual responsibility. There are drawbacks, however. Among other things, American high school graduates haven’t studied as many basic rules and facts as students in other countries have. And many social critics attribute the high crime rate in the US at least partially to a lack of discipline in the schools.
北美教育的优点是，学生们学习独立思考。

他们学习采取主动---做决定和采取行动都无须别人告诉他们做什么。

这种制度使他们为进入一个重视创造性的思想和个人责任的社会作好准备。

不过，它也有弊端：除了别的以外，美国高中毕业生学的基本规则和事实就不如其他国家的学生多。

而许多社会评论家认为美国的高犯罪率至少部分应归咎于学校的纪律涣散。

2. The idea came to George one day when the Japanese joint-venture president was --- again ---
offended by a message from the American management. As usual in such situations, he stormed into George’s office and threw the message and explained in his calm manner what the Americans had really meant by it, not what it sounded like in the context of Japanese culture.
一天，这家合资企业的日方总裁---又一次---被来自美方管理层的一份文电激怒了，乔治就是在那一天产生了做一名“文化翻译”这一想法的。

像通常碰到类似的情况时一样，日方总裁
冲进乔治的办公室，怒气冲冲地将那份文电扔到了他面前。

乔治也同往常一样，读了文电，然后心平气和地解释美国人这样说的真正意思，而不是在日本文化背景下听上去的那种意思。

3. Examine your own thinking about thinking. Most people mistake quick answers for intelligence, so we assume that a quick child is automatically a good thinker. Nothing could be more untrue. Quick answers are often not the deepest answers, or the best ones, and placing too much value on quick thinking just promotes intellectual laziness. Meanwhile, the slow, reflective children --- the ones teachers scold for daydreaming --- often have deeper insights than their “brighter” counterparts. By ignoring them, we are overlooking our greatest intellectual resources.
检查你自己对思考的想法。

大多数人误以为回答问题快就是聪明，因此我们便想当然地认为反映快的孩子必然是善于思考的人。

这可就大错特错了。

迅速的回答往往不是最深刻的回答湖货最好的回答，而过于重视思维的敏捷只会助长智力上的懒惰。

与此同时，反应慢、爱思考的孩子---那些被老师批评在做白日梦的孩子---往往比他们“更聪明”的伙伴们有更深刻的洞察力。

忽视了他们，我们就忽略了我们最大的智慧资源。

4. Involve the whole family. Good thinking habits can be learned best in a small group with plenty of give and take. Even the youngest child has ideas that should be brought out and listened to. A formal curriculum isn’t necessary. Dinner talk about the events of the day can provide excellent opportunities for instruction. “Can you think of a different way you might have answered the teacher, Mike?”
使全家参与。

良好的思考习惯在一个充满思想交流的小群体中能得到最好的培养。

即使最小的孩子也有一些应该说出来让人听的想法。

并不需要正式的课程。

吃饭时谈论当天内发生的事情能够提供极好的教学机会。

“你能想出你本可以回答老师问题的另一种方法吗，迈克？”
5. Is there a good side to El Nino? There can be. Zebiak notes that the number of tropical hurricanes in the Atlantic is reduced during an El Nino year. One theory is that winds created by El Nino shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes, aborting them before they reach full force. And a team of scientists in Israel who study tree rings and satellite cloud pictures concluded that El Nino may bring precious moisture to the thirsty Middle East. “It is perhaps fitting that El Nino --- the Christ child --- should have a link to the Holy Land,” notes scientist Dan Yakir.
厄尔尼诺有没有好的一面呢？有时候是有的。

泽比埃克注意到在出现厄尔尼诺现象的年头里，大西洋热带飓风的发生次数减少了。

一种理论是：厄尔尼诺造成的气流切断了大西洋飓风的前锋，使他们还没有来得及大施淫威就半途夭折。

在以色列，有一组研究树木年轮和卫星云
图的科学家得出结论，认为厄尔尼诺现象可能会为干旱的中东带来宝贵的水汽。

“厄尔尼诺”---幼年基督---应该与圣地有关，这或许是恰当的，科学家丹。

亚克指出。