中国英语学习者语料库CLEC(桂诗春杨惠中)

中国英语学习者语料库
CLEC收集了包括中学生、大学英语4级和6级、专业英语低年级和高年级在内
的5种学生的语料一百多万词，并对言语失误进行标注。

其目的就是观察各类学生的英语特征和言语失误的情况，希望通过定量和定性的方法对中国学习者英语作出较为精确的描写，为我国学生的英语教学提供有用的反馈信息。

表1 CLEC语料分布
类型词次
ST2 208088
ST3 209043
ST4 212855
ST5 214510
ST6 226106
总计1070602
言语失误标注原则
1.简单合理，易于系统操作。

参与标注的人比较多，分类表过于繁复，就难于掌握。

我们采取两级分类，第一级有11类：词形（fm）、动词短语（vp）、名词短语（np）、代词（pr）、形容词短语（aj）、副词（ad）、介词短语（pp）、连词（cj）、词汇（wd）、搭配（cc）、句子（sn）。

每一类里再用数目字细分。

如[cc]为词语搭配不当，[cc1]表示名词和名词的搭配，[cc2]
表示名词和动词的搭配，[cc3]表示动词和名词的搭配，等等。

2.分类表的类别要适中。

过粗容易统一，但信息太少，不利于分析学习者的失误/过细难以统一，容易把同一种失误归到不同类别。

目前我们采取的办法是对常见的失误从细（如vp和np都有9小类），对少见的失误从粗（如
cj只有两小类）。

现在的分类表有61个失误码，是属于中等规模的分类表。

提供足够的失误信息（失误本身、失误类型和失误发生范围）。

例如In the past, people are [vp6, 4-] kind to each other…, 失误用方括号表示，放在失误之后。

[vp6]为vp（动词）第6种（时态）失误，4-为失误发生的范围，-表示失误的位置，4表示失误前有4个词。

要联系这4个词，才能判断are这个词用错了。

开放性。

容许研究者根据需要对失误类型进行补充或进一步再分出细类。

例如[sn8]为句子结构有缺陷，研究者可以对这种失误再分为若干细类来研究。

这需要把sn8的失误全部检索出来，然后定出第三级的分类范畴，如sn81，sn82，
等等。

5.对语体或失误的来由暂不作标注，因为这需要标注者较多的主观判断，更难以统一。

言语失误分类表（总数：61）
词形动词短语名词短语代词
码类型码类型码类型码类型
fm1 Spelling vp1 pattern np1 pattern pr1 Reference fm2 word building vp2 set phrase np2 set phrase pr2 anticipato
ry it
fm3 capitalization vp3 agreement np3 agreement pr3 Agreement
vp4 finite/non-fi
nite
np4 case pr4 Case
vp5 non-finite np5 countability pr5 wh-
vp6 tense np6 number pr6 Indefinite
vp7 voice np7 article
vp8 mood np8 quantifiers
vp9 modal/auxilia
ry np9 other
determiners
形容词短语副词介词短语连词
码类型码类型码类型码类型
aj1 pattern ad1 order pp1 pattern cj1 pattern
aj2 set
phrase
ad2 modification pp2 set phrase cj2 set phrase aj3 degree ad3 degree
aj4 -ed/-ing
confusion
aj5 predicati
ve/attrib
utive
词语搭配句子
码类型码类型码类型
wd1 order cc1 noun/noun sn1 run-on
sentence
wd2 part of
speech cc2 noun/verb sn2 sentence
fragment
wd3 substitutio
n cc3 verb/noun sn3 dangling
modifier
wd4 absence cc4 adj/noun sn4 illogical
comparison wd5 redundancy cc5 verb/adv sn5 topic
prominence wd6 repetition cc6 adv/adj sn6 Coordination wd7 ambiguity sn7 Subordinatio
n
sn8 structural
deficiency
sn9 Punctuation
标注说明
码分类类别说明
fm1 word Spelling（拼写）spelling, coinage, abbreviation,
apostrophe
fm2 word word building
（构词）derivation, inflection, compounding, plurality (noun), irregularity(verb), 3rd person singular form(verb), syllabification, hyphenation, word division or fusion
fm3 word Capitalization
（大小写）lower initial letter for upper initial letter or vice versa
vp1 vb phr Pattern（及物性
型式）error in transitivity(vi as vt or vice versa), transitive verb pattern/ grammatical(cf Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current English edited by A. S. Hornby)
vp2 vb phr set phrase（固定
词组）phrasal verb and verbal phrase: error in form or use
vp3 vb phr Agreement（主谓
一致性）number agreement with its subject (noun or pronoun)
vp4 vb phr finite/non-fini
te（定式）finite verb for non-finite verb or vice versa
vp5 vb phr non-finite（不定
式）infinitive error: form and use/ infinitive for participle or vice versa/ -ed participle for -ing participle or vice versa
vp6 vb phr Tense（时态）error in tense use within a sentence/
the sequence of tenses between
sentences
vp7 vb phr voice （语态）error in the use of voice: active for
passive or vice versa
vp8 vb phr Mood（语气）error in the use of mood: imperative,
subjunctive/ improper structure of conditional sentences
vp9 vb phr modal/auxiliary
（情态）misuse of modal/auxiliary verbs/ wrong form of modal verb(or auxiliary verb) and verb combination (e.g tense form, voice form, etc)
np1 nn phr Pattern（名词型
式）Error in combination with other words/grammatical
np2 nn phr set phrase（固定
词组）omission or replacement of a fixed element that goes after a certain noun
np3 nn phr Agreement（主谓
一致性）number agreement of a noun with its determiner or a word that refers to it
np4 nn phr Case（格）possessive case error: form or use
np5 nn phr Countability（可
数性）uncountable noun used as countable noun
np6 nn phr Number（数）countable noun used with no determiner
or -s/ a or -s with plural noun
np7 nn phr Article（冠词）a/an confusion or definite/indefinite
confusion
np8 nn phr Quantifiers（数
量词）misuse or confusion between many/much, (a) few/(a) little, some/any, etc
np9 nn phr other
determiners（其
他限定词）misuse or confusion of demonstratives, wh- determiners, numerals, etc.
pr1 pron Reference（指称）incorrect/ambiguous pronoun
reference/anaphoric
pr2 pron anticipatory it
（先行it）improper or wrong use of anticipatory it / it replaced by a demonstrative, etc
pr3 pron Agreement（主谓
一致性）number agreement with a noun it refers to
pr4 pron Case（格）case error of any personal pronoun
pr5 pron wh-（wh-代词）misuse or confusion of interrogative,
relative and conjunctive pronouns
pr6 pron Indefinite（不定
式）misuse or confusion of indefinite pronouns such as all/both,
few/little, some/any, either/neither, etc
aj1 adj Pattern（形容词
型式）error in the combination with other words/grammatical
aj2 adj set phrase（固定
词组）error in the idiomatic use of an adjectival phrase/ omission or replacement of a fixed element that goes after a certain adjective
aj3 adj Degree（级）adjective degree error: form and use
aj4 adj -ed/-ing
confusion
（-ed/-ing混淆）-ed adjective for -ing adjective or vice versa
aj5 adj predicative/att
ributive（谓语/
定语）predicative adjective used as attributive adjective
ad1 adv Order（词序）improper adverb placement/wrong
position
ad2 adv Modification（修
饰语）adjective modifier used as verb modifier/ other kinds of confusion
ad3 adv Degree（级）adverb degree error: form and use
pp1 prep Pattern（介词型
式）unacceptable combination with other words/grammatical
pp2 prep set phrase（固定
词组）error in the formation or use of an idiomatic prepositional phrase
cj1 conj Pattern（连词型
式）unacceptable combination with other words/grammatical
cj2 conj set phrase（固定
词组）error in the formation or use of a phrase functioning as a conjunction
wd1 word Order（词序）misplacement of any word other than an
adverb
wd2 word part of speech
（词类）error in part of speech: right root but wrong word class
wd3 word Substitution（替
代）error in word choice: right word class but wrong selection (any part of speech)
wd4 word Absence（缺少）omission of a word(any part of speech)
wd5 word Redundancy（冗
余）oversuppliance of a word(any part of speech)
wd6 word Repetition（重
复）
unnecessary repeating of a word wd7 word Ambiguity（歧义）not clear word meaning/semantic
cc1 notiona
l n/n collocation
（名词/名词）
improper noun(phrase) and
noun(phrase) combination/semantic
cc2 notiona
l n/v collocation
（名词/动词）
improper noun(phrase) and
verb(phrase) combination/semantic
cc3 notiona
l v/n collocation
（动词/名词）
improper verb and noun(phrase)
combination/semantic
cc4 notiona
l a/n collocation
（形容词/名词）
improper adjective and noun(phrase)
combination/semantic
cc5 notiona
l v/ad
collocation（动
词/副词）
improper verb and adverb (or ad/v)
combination/semantic
cc6
notiona l ad/a collocation （副
词/形容词）
improper adverb and adjective
combination/semantic
sn1 sentenc e run-on sentence （不断句） improper addition of clauses/fused sentence
sn2 sentenc e sentence fragment （片段） subordinate clause as a sentence/ any phrase as a sentence
sn3
sentenc e dangling modifier （垂悬修
饰语）
illogical adverbial modification of a clause
sn4
sentenc e illogical comparison （比较
不符合逻辑）
error in the comparison of words or phrases in a sentence which can not be compared
sn5
sentenc e topic prominence （主题
突出）
the co-occurrence of an initial noun phrase and its equivalent(usually a pronoun) in the same sentence sn6 sentenc e Coordination （并列）
faulty parallelism of clauses (or words/phrases) in a sentence
sn7 sentenc e Subordination （主从） faulty attachment of a subordinate clause to the main clause
sn8
sentenc e structural deficiency （结构
缺陷） error in the grammatical construction of a sentence: improper splitting, pattern shifting, confusing structure, etc
sn9
sentenc e Punctuation （标点符号）
overuse, absence, choice, apostrophe, comma splice, etc.
标准化处理后的各种失误频数及其比例
失误类型 st2
st3
st3
st4 st5 总计 百分比（%）
fm1 1928.8 2877.4 2112.6 1826.7 1686.
7 10432.2 17.47 fm2 349.3 448.9 438.9 226.9 328.7 1792.7 3 fm3 1474.4 731.8 405.8 694.1 174.6 3480.7 5.83 vp1 259.4 325.9 498.4 103.4 200.8 1387.9 2.32 vp2 179 139.3 61.2 104.2 22.1 505.8 0.85 vp3 374 524.6 785.2 273.1 327 2283.9 3.82 vp4 140.8 159.1 110.8 63.9 51.6 526.2 0.88 vp5 140 118.7 107.4 89.9 46.7 502.7 0.84 vp6 1165.7 356 311.6 379.8 215.6 2428.7 4.07 vp7 172.7 104.1 98.4 63.9 46.7 485.8 0.81 vp8
27.1 16.3 8.3 25.2 11.5 88.4 0.15
vp9 111.4 274.3 278.5 42.9 86.1 793.2 1.33 np1 46.9 33.5 28.9 16.8 10.7 136.8 0.23 np2 24.7 22.4 17.4 19.3 2.5 86.3 0.14 np3 202.1 247.7 249.6 210.9 186 1096.3 1.84 np4 66.8 55.9 26.4 22.7 21.3 193.1 0.32 np5 58.9 98 71.9 60.5 84.4 373.7 0.63 np6 374 654.4 481 358.8 354.1 2222.3 3.72 np7 237.9 107.5 89.3 174.8 54.9 664.4 1.11 np8 35 65.4 47.9 13.4 7.4 169.1 0.28 np9 6.4 41.3 12.4 7.6 5.7 73.4 0.12 pr1 82 236.5 205 89.9 18.9 632.3 1.06 pr2 16.7 78.3 23.1 4.2 0 122.3 0.2 pr3 52.5 54.2 172.7 28.6 60.6 368.6 0.62 pr4 74.8 37 20.7 48.7 10.7 191.9 0.32 pr5 26.3 53.3 14.1 7.6 10.7 112 0.19 pr6 9.5 2.6 5 3.4 0 20.5 0.03 aj1 6.4 18.9 15.7 5 9 55 0.09 aj2 9.5 3.4 9.9 5.9 7.4 36.1 0.06 aj3 38.2 39.6 32.2 43.7 97.5 251.2 0.42 aj4 16.7 2.6 22.3 12.6 5.7 59.9 0.1 aj5 0.8 3.4 7.4 1.7 0 13.3 0.02 ad1 35.8 96.3 39.7 27.7 15.6 215.1 0.36 ad2 42.2 37.8 12.4 9.2 4.9 106.5 0.18 ad3 7.2 12 9.9 1.7 2.5 33.3 0.06 pp1 136.1 98 43 169.7 28.7 475.5 0.8 pp2 25.5 262.3 143.8 37 27.9 496.5 0.83 cj1 27.8 20.6 18.2 21.8 12.3 100.7 0.17 cj2 4 7.7 13.2 5.9 4.9 35.7 0.06 Wd1 43.8 151.3 114.1 25.2 37.7 372.1 0.62 Wd2 324.6 929.6 772.8 226.9 242.6 2496.5 4.18 Wd3 1102 1634.7 1815 757.1 359.8 5668.6 9.49 Wd4 585.6 829.8 443.8 403.3 427 2689.5 4.5 Wd5 410.6 613.1 518.2 265.5 171.3 1978.7 3.31 Wd6 27.1 37 22.3 34.5 29.5 150.4 0.25 Wd7 261.8 430.8 261.2 228.6 209.8 1392.2 2.33 cc1 72.4 65.4 76 23.5 36.1 273.4 0.46 cc2 35 177.1 49.6 6.7 21.3 289.7 0.49 Cc3 168.7 514.2 417.4 75.6 112.3 1288.2 2.16 Cc4 64.5 94.6 134.7 42 39.3 375.1 0.63 Cc5 23.9 40.4 29.8 5 4.1 103.2 0.17 Cc6 17.5 12 6.6 2.5 1.6 40.2 0.07 Sn1 419.3 596.8 576.9 118.5 42.6 1754.1 2.94 Sn2 424.9 389.6 303.3 132.8 76.2 1326.8 2.22 Sn3 10.3 20.6 17.4 2.5 10.7 61.5 0.1
Sn4 17.5
24.9 6.6 20.2 4.9 74.1 0.12 Sn5 9.5 14.6 17.4 2.5 4.9 48.9 0.08 Sn6 84.3 41.3 39.7 41.2 1.6 208.1 0.35 Sn7 49.3 55.9 63.6 23.5 3.3 195.6 0.33 Sn8 1103.6 446.3 862.1 493.2 231.9 3137.1 5.25 Sn9 861.7 573.6 337.2 649.5 322.9 2744.9
4.6 总计 1410
5.2 16160.6 13935.9 8883.4 6633.
8 59718.9
100
按大类区分言语失误排列表
st2 st3 st4 st5 st6
总计 百分比 累积百分比 词形 3752.5 4058.1 2957.3 2747.7 2190 15705.6 26.299 26.299 词汇 2755.5 4626.3 3947.4 1941.1 1477.7 14748 24.696 50.995 句法 2980.4 2163.6 2224.2 1483.9 699 9551.1 15.993 66.988 动词 2570.1 2018.3 2259.8 1146.3 1008.1 9002.6 15.075 82.063 名词 1052.7 1326.1 1024.8 884.8 727 5015.4 8.398 90.461 搭配 382 903.7 714.1 155.3 214.7 2369.8 3.968 94.429 代词 261.8 461.9 440.6 182.4 100.9 1447.6 2.424 96.853 介词 161.6 360.3 186.8 206.7 56.6 972 1.628 98.481 形容词 71.6 67.9 87.5 68.9 119.6 415.5 0.696 99.177 副词 85.2 146.1 62 38.6 23 354.9 0.594 99.771 连词 31.8 28.3 31.4 27.7 17.2 136.4 0.228 99.999 总计 14105.2 16160.6 13935.9 8883.4 6633.8 59718.9 99.999 百分比 0.24 0.27 0.23 0.15 0.11
中国学习者最常见的言语失误 类型 st2 st3 st4 st5 st6 总计 百分比fm1 1928.8 2877.4 2112.6 1826.7 1686.7 10432.2 1wd3 1102 1634.7 1815 757.1 359.8 5668.6 fm3 1474.4 731.8 405.8 694.1 174.6 3480.7 sn8 1103.6 446.3 862.1 493.2 231.9 3137.1 sn9 861.7 573.6 337.2 649.5 322.9 2744.9 wd4 585.6 829.8 443.8 403.3 427 2689.5 wd2 324.6 929.6 772.8 226.9 242.6 2496.5 vp6 1165.7 356 311.6 379.8 215.6 2428.7 vp3 374 524.6 785.2 273.1 327 2283.9 np6 374 654.4 481 358.8 354.1 2222.3 wd5 410.6 613.1 518.2 265.5 171.3 1978.7 fm2 349.3 448.9 438.9 226.9 328.7 1792.7
sn1 419.3 596.8 576.9 118.5 42.6 1754.1 wd7 261.8 430.8 261.2 228.6 209.8 1392.2 vp1 259.4 325.9 498.4 103.4 200.8 1387.9 sn2 424.9 389.6 303.3 132.8 76.2 1326.8 cc3 168.7 514.2 417.4 75.6 112.3 1288.2 np3 202.1 247.7 249.6 210.9 186 1096.3 vp9 111.4 274.3 278.5 42.9 86.1 793.2 np7 237.9 107.5 89.3 174.8 54.9 664.4 pr1 82 236.5 205 89.9 18.9 632.3
从上表可看出，
1.词形的3种失误（拼写、构词、大小写）均在其中，
而拼写更是居榜首，占失误中的17.47%。

3种失误合并共占20.57%。

2.词汇失误7种中有5种（替代、缺少、词类、冗余、
歧义），占失误中的23.81%。

3.句法失误9种中有4种（结构缺陷、标点符号、不断
句、片段），占失误中的15.01%。

4.动词词组9种中有4种（时态、主谓不一致、及物性、
情态），占失误中的11.54%
5.名词词组9种中有3种（数、主谓不一致、冠词），
占6.67%。

6.其他失误（动词/名词搭配、代词指称），占3.22%。

中国学习者最常见拼写失误表
频数词频数词频数词频数词
379 MORTALITY 23 THEMSELVES 15 LIMITED 12 WRITING
113 KNOWLEDGE 21 FESTIVAL 15 NOTICE 11 ARTICLE
78 POLLUTION 20 BELIEVE 15 OURSELVES 11 CONTRARY
76 ENVIRONMENT 20 COUNTRY 15 PERSONNEL 11 EXERCISE
69 NOWADAYS 19 ESPECIALLY 15 STUDENTS 11 FAVORITE
68 GOVERNMENT 19 FAMILIAR 14 CALENDAR 11 INSTEAD
56 MODERN 19 REMEMBER 14 CAUGHT 11 MASTER
44 PRACTICE 18 COURSE 14 CENTURY 11 PARENT
44 SOMETHING 18 EXERCISES 14 COMPETITION 11 PRACTISE
41 POLLUTED 18 HASTILY 14 FIRST 11 RESOURCE
37 BEAUTIFUL 18 INDUSTRY 14 FURTHERMORE 11 TRAVEL
36 COUNTRIES 18 OFTEN 14 MAGAZINES 10 CONDITION
36 STUDYING 18 SEVERAL 14 MEDICINE 10 DECREASED
35 CHALLENGE 18 TRADITIONAL 14 UNIVERSITY 10 ENERGY
34 TECHNOLOGY 17 CREATE 13 FINANCIAL 10 HAPPINESS
32 BENEFIT 17 GRAMMAR 13 GREAT 10 INDIVIDUALS
32 EUTHANASIA 17 NECESSARY 13 MOREOVER 10 PURSUE
30 BECAUSE 17 PEOPLE 13 OPPORTUNITY 10 RAISE
28 LANTERNS 17 SATURDAY 13 PRACTICAL 10 SHOULD
28 REALIZE 17 THEORETICAL 13 RECEIVED 10 SUCCESS
27 COLLEGE 17 THOUGHT 13 YOURSELF 10 THEREFORE
26 INTERESTING 16 CONTROL 12 EXPECTANCY 10 TRAVELING
25 COMMODITIES 16 CONVENIENT 12 FACTORIES 10 WASTE
25 LANTERN 16 POPULATION 12 OPPORTUNITIES 10 WHETHER
25 SUDDENLY 16 WILLIAM 12 PRACTICES
24 IMPORTANT 15 BEGINNING 12 TRANSPORTATION
中国学习者词汇失误表
失误类
型St2 St3 St4 St5 St6 总计百分比
Wd1 43.8 151.3 114.1 25.2 37.7 372.1 0.62
Wd2 324.6 929.6 772.8 226.9 242.6 2496.5 4.18
Wd3 1102 1634.7 1815 757.1 359.8 5668.6 9.49
Wd4 585.6 829.8 443.8 403.3 427 2689.5 4.5
Wd5 410.6 613.1 518.2 265.5 171.3 1978.7 3.31
Wd6 27.1 37 22.3 34.5 29.5 150.4 0.25
Wd7 261.8 430.8 261.2 228.6 209.8 1392.2 2.33
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