Giuseppe Castiglione 郎世宁

Giuseppe Castiglione was an Italian Jesuit Brother, missionary in China, painter at the court of the Emperor.

•Giuseppe Castiglione, S.J.(simplified Chinese: 郎世宁; traditional Chinese: 郎世寧; pinyin: Láng Shìníng)

(July 19, 1688 –July 17, 1766) was an Italian Jesuit

Brother, missionary in China, painter at the court of

the Emperor.

•Linear perspective painting by Castiglione. The Old Summer Palace museum collection

•Born in Milan's San Marcellino district, Castiglione studied painting in Italy with Carlo Cornara of the

renowned Bottega degli Stampatori painting studio. In

1709, he became a Jesuit and in 1715, he went to

China as a missionary. His skill as an artist was

appreciated by the Emperor Qianlong and Castiglione

spent many years painting various subjects. His style

was a unique blend of European sensibility with

Chinese technique and themes.

•While in China, Castiglione took the name Lang Shining(郎世寧). In addition to his demonstrable skill

as a painter, he was also in charge of designing the

Western-Style Palaces in the imperial gardens of the

Old Summer Palace. This prominent Jesuit artist,

architect, and missionary died in Beijing.

•郎世寧出生於義大利米蘭的聖馬塞蘭諾（San Marcellino），青年時期隨卡洛科納拉（Carlo Conara）學習繪畫與建築，並在1707年左右加入了熱那亞耶穌會。剛開始只為義大利的教堂畫壁畫，1714年居往在葡萄牙里斯本及科英布拉。幾年後對中國產生了相當大的興趣，1715年前往中國。期間曾於澳門學習中文、並以「郎世寧」作為漢名。

•郎世寧在一生大半待在中國，歷侍康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝，計約有50餘年。1715年到中國時，被康熙帝以藝術家的身份召進宮中，曾協助圓明園的規劃設計，他引進西方文藝復興時期開創的明暗寫實畫法，並改用膠狀顏料在宣紙上作畫，也就是今日的膠彩畫作法，他曾試圖要求康熙帝開辦學習用西方透視原理來繪畫的繪畫學校，但不被採用，後來與中國學者年希堯一起出版了一本《視學》，是中國第一部透視學專著。

•1757年，乾隆帝曾為郎世寧舉辦七十歲大壽，證明他在宮中頗受禮遇及恩寵。晚年亦為乾隆帝及其妃留下不少的肖像。最後官至三品的郎世寧於1766年在中國去世，再追封侍郎銜。享年78歲。葬於滕公柵欄。

•在他之後的西洋傳教士畫家有王致誠（Jean Denis Attiret）、艾啟蒙（Ignaz Sichelbarth）、賀清泰（Louis dePoirot）、潘廷章（Giuseppe Panzi）等。

•今日郎世寧的畫作在中國畫拍賣市場中是相當高價的作品，2000年他的《蘋野秋鳴》賣出價是1765.5萬港幣，是當時第二高價賣出的中國畫。

•The Qianlong Emperor born Hongli25 September 1711 –7 February 1799) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796.[1]On 8 February, he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor–a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the

illustrious Kangxi Emperor.[2]Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate

power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuation of an era of prosperity in China, his final years saw troubles at home and abroad converge on the Qing Empire.

•Qianlong was the son of Chen Yuanlong of Haining. Emperor Kangxi chose the heir to his throne based not just on his son's capability to govern the Empire, but also whether his grandson was of no lesser calibre, to ensure the Manchus' everlasting reign over the country. Yongzheng's own son was a weakling and he surreptitiously arranged for his daughter to be swapped for Chen Yuanlong's son, who became the apple of Kangxi's

eye. Thus, Yongzheng got to succeed the throne, and his "son", Hongli, subsequently became Emperor Qianlong. Later, Qianlong went to the southern part of the country four times, he stayed in Chen's house in Haining, leaving behind his calligraphy and also

frequently issued imperial decrees making and maintaining Haining as a tax-free state.•Stories about Qianlong's 6 visits to the Jiangnan area disguised as a commoner had been a popular topic for many generations. In total, he has visited Jiang Nan for eight times, as opposed to the Kangxi emperor's 6 inspections.