后现代主义 英文

“The Lonely Crowd”

discussed dramatic social changes that were reshaping American society (specifically the changing of American character) The upper middle classes was shifting from “inner-directed” people to “other-directed” people

“The Lonely Crowd”

Suggests that society ensures some degree of conformity from the individuals who make it up
“in every society, a mode of ensuring conformity is built into the child, and then either encouraged or frustrat来自百度文库d in later adult experience”
Jacques Derrida (1930- )


Born in El-Biar, Algeria French philosopher and essayist (not a sociologist) Used a deconstructive approach

Illustrated in his three 1967 works

Used term mode of conformity and social character interchangeably
“Faces in the Crowd”

Individuals attempt to be both a part of society and alone By moving about both in crowds and in the wilderness, we assure ourselves that we still have room “inside” and “outside” us. Someone may be just as alone and lonely in Los Angeles as in rural Montana
Sociologists

should look at actions of individuals and examine the meanings attached to behaviors
David Riesman (1909-2002)

Born in Philadelphia Graduated from Harvard Law School in 1934 Taught at University of Chicago in 1949 1950 he co-authored the book “The Lonely Crowd” “Faces in the Crowd” written in 1952 Taught at Harvard University (for over 30 years)


Jean-Francois Lyotard (1924-1998)


Born in Versailles, France One of the world‟s foremost philosophers and a noted postmodernist Taught at many universities Covered a variety of topics such as postmodern conditions, modernist and post modernist art, knowledge and communication, language metanarratives, and legitimization.

Of grammatology, Writing and Difference, Speech and Phenomena
Developed the concept of discourse “emphasizes the primacy of the words we use, the concepts they embody, and the rules that develop within a group about what are appropriate ways of talking about things”
POSTMODERNISM
Presentation By: Xiaoyun (Mia) Zhang & Sierra Weltha
Postmodernism Defined
The rejection of the scientific canon, of the idea there there can be a single coherent rationality or that reality has a unitary nature that can be definitively observed or understood
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Hermeneutical Method

The understanding and interpretation of published writings From Hermeneutics came the German word “Verstehen” which meant “to understand”
Logocentrism

Logocentrism: modes of thinking that apply truth claims to universal propositions
Our
knowledge of the social world is grounded in a belief that we can make sense of our ever-changing and highly complex societies by referring to certain unchanging principles or foundations Derrida rejected this definition (what postmodernists call an anti-foundational stance)