第二讲直译意译

第二讲直译、意译

literal translation and free translation

1. The time-honuored debate over word-for-word translation and sense-for-sense translation (Cicero, Horatius, Jerome etc.)

In China, the debate is 直译、意译

直译：支谦《法句经序》：因循本旨，不加文饰

意译：鸠摩罗什 (Kumarajiva) 《鸠摩罗什传》：改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似喂饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕秽也。

2．直译(literal translation)、意译(free translation、liberal translation)、死译(word for word translation)、胡译(uncontrolled/unrestricted translation)

死译：以此为单位、严格、机械的将译入语的词汇与原文对等，尽量做到“对号入座”。由于亦步亦趋，过分拘泥于原文的形式，译文生硬晦涩，往往是佶屈聱牙、难以卒读，或根本无法理解。

The body lay white and still beneath the tree.

Inadequate translation: 这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在树下。

The alternatives are clear to see. Inadequate translation: 代替的方法，现在已经清楚在望。

They have barely enough time to catch the train.

(讨论译文)他们仅有足够的时间赶上火车。

It was an old and ragged moon.

（死译）那是一个又老又破的月亮。

Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth.

（死译）他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣。

Every atom of your flesh is as dear to me as my own: in pain and sickness it would still be dear.

（死译）你肉中的每一个原子，对我来说，都像我自己的一样亲;它即使在病痛中，仍然是亲的。

发展是硬道理。

（死译）Development is hard reason.

这件事给邻居知道，岂不笑歪了嘴？

（死译）When neighbors heard of this, they’d laugh their mouths wry.

Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.

（死译）尼克松微笑着，基辛格笑得更宽阔。

An old dog like him never barks in vain. Whenever he barks, he always has some wise counsel worth listening to.

（死译）像他这样的老狗是从不乱叫的，一叫他总有高见值得一听。

The camera gives us a lasting picture with all details of the object.

(讨论译文)照相机给与我们包括物体一切细节的永久性照片。

Didn’t she swear she’d never again believe anything in trousers?

(讨论译文)她不是发誓再不相信穿裤子的东西了吗？

We in Zambia would like to build a colorblind society where all men can have equal opportunity.

(讨论译文)……建立一个色盲的社会……

那地方是块肥肉，谁都想吃。

(讨论译文)That place is a piece of fat meat, and everyone wants to eat it.

In Kino’s ears the Song of the Family was as fierce as a cry. He was immune and terrible. And his song had become a battle cry.

(讨论译文)在吉诺的耳朵里，“家庭之歌”象叫喊声一样的高昂。他是免疫的，可怕的，他的歌声变成了呐喊。

基诺耳边响起的家庭之歌，就像呐喊声声，凶猛激烈。现在他对于人间苦难，已是无所畏惧了，反而让别人胆战心惊。家庭之歌已变成了战场上的喊杀声。

The essence of pearl mixed with the essence of men a curious dark residue was precipitated.

(讨论译文)珍珠的要素和人的要素一混合，一种奇怪的黑渣滓便沉淀了下来。

直译：以句子为单位，尽量保持原文的语言结构、形式，以及隐喻等，有助于表现原文的形象、思维、语言趣味。

Nida: The deepest structure level of language invloves a pool of semantic universals. To be armed to tooth; （全副武装：意译）

Be packed like sardines （拥挤不堪：直译）

To shed crocodile tears

Ashton’s eyes sparkled with sudden satifaction.

艾士顿的眼睛突然闪出满意的神色。

Kunta burst suddenly into tears, as much in fear as in grief.

昆塔突然大哭起来，其害怕和悲哀是一样多。（死译）

昆塔突然大哭起来，一方面是出于悲哀，另一方面是出于恐惧。（直译）

When Jean graduated from high school she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses.

（直译）吉恩（琼）高中毕业的时候，是戴着玫瑰色的眼镜看周围的一切的。

（直译加意译）吉恩高中毕业的时候，总是透过玫瑰色的眼镜，把世界看得太容易、太美好。But no one forces you to go to the sea; it gets in your blood.

（直译）但谁也没有强迫你出海，他进到你的血液里了。

（意译）但谁也没有强迫你出海，是你心甘情愿的。

The burning questions of my childhood had been richly answered.