欧洲文化入门第三章

The Church

The Organization of Church Church Father and Early Monasticism修道院制度 The Power and Influence of the Catholic Church

After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church天主教会 and the Eastern Orthodox Church东正教会. In order to develop a civilization based on Christianity, the Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the Roman Empire.
The Organization of Church

The Catholic Church was a highly centralized and disciplined international organization.
Pope (supreme head) Collection of Cardinals 1.elected pope 2.served as advisors 3.next in power to pope Archbishops (province) Bishops (diocese) Priests (parish)
II. Manor采邑制/领地制 and Church



Feudalism The Church The Crusades
Feudalism

Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding – a system of holding land in exchange for military service.
European Culture An Introduction
Division Three The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages

Ⅰ. General Introduction Ⅱ. Manor and Church Ⅲ. Learning and Science Ⅳ. Literature Ⅴ. Art and Architecture
I. General Introduction

In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
The Crusades十字军远征 （现当代冲突的根源）

The Crusades: a series of holy wars.




Eight chief Crusades: First Crusade-1096-1099 Second Crusade-1147-1149 Third Crusade-1189-1192 Fourth Crusade-1202-1204 Fifth Crusade-1218-1221 Sixth Crusade-1228-1229 Seventh Crusade-1248-1254 Eighth Crude-1270
Knighthood and Code of Chivalry 骑士制度

Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days. But no one was born a knight.



A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven. He was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies. at about fourteen, the page became a squire or assistant to a knight who became his master. He was taught the duties of a knight and practiced using a sward, lance and shield. He went into battle with his master. If the squire proved to be a good fighter, he would be made a knight at a special ceremony known as dubbing. As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry.
Religious Orders 1. military monastic 2. lived in monasteries (abbeys) governed by abbots
Lay Members of Catholic Church
Church Fathers and Early Monasticism 修道院制度

A notable champion of early monasticism was St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testaments from the Hebrew and Greek originals.


Another great early monk was St. Benedict who founded Benedictine Rule about 529A. D.
The Power and Influence of the Catholic Church


Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants. The Medieval Church was the centre of daily life in the country and town alike, and it had a part in all important events.
The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who lived in North Africa in the fifth century. “The Confession” and “The City of God” by him are masterpieces of world renown.
Growth of Feudalism

When the western Roman Empire grew weak, people lived in constant danger of attacts from invaders and robbers. Owners of small farms sought protection from large landowners, by giving them land and services. In return the large landowners promised to protect the landless peasants and their families. Then in 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his solders estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service. After 800, the kings in Europe were usually very weak. Some nobles grew more powerful than the king, and became independent rulers.


During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. The crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention.


The Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”： ⑴During the Medieval times (中世纪) there was no central government to keep the order. ⑵The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. 基督教会 It continued to gain widespread power and influence. ⑶In the Late Middle Ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of Christian church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’ s lives.


In the beginning the controversy was mainly over the place of Christ in the trinity-Power (the Father), wisdom (the Son) and Love (the Holy Spirit). 圣父，圣子 与圣灵

Twk.baidu.come Manor

The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. Some lords owned only one manor; others owned many. They lived in a manor house. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.