高一英语语法定语从句归纳总结
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高一英语定语从句的归纳
一.几个基本概念
1.定语从句的定义:用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
3.定语从句的位置:紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。
4.引导词:引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。
﹙1﹚关系代词:that/who/whom/which/as
﹙2﹚关系副词:when/where/why
5.引导词的位置:位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】
6.引导词的功能(作用):
﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。
﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语)。
7.定语从句的类型:
﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。
①直接由引导词引导定语从句
Theman who you’re talking to ismy friend.
②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导
The man towhomyou’re talkingis my friend.
Ineed a pen withwhich Ican write aletter.
=I need a piece ofpaper on which I can write aletter.
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。例如:
Theman(who/whom/that) I talkedabout at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The manaboutwhom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. Thepalace (which/that) I oftenpay a visit to wasbuilt in the17th century.
=The palace towhichIoften paya visit was built in the 17th century.
﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。
①直接由引导词引导定语从句。
②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。
Ilivein a house faraway from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
Thereis an apple tree standingatthe gate,onwhich are many apples.
This is the man to whomI gavethebook.
③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)引导。One, some,any,none,all, both,severa
l, many, most, neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或of whic h连用。
He has fivechildren, two of whomare abroad.
(比较:Hehas five children,and twoof them are abroad.)
Wehavethree books, none ofwhichis/are interesting.
(比较:We havethree books, butnoneof themis/are interesting.)
除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。
1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。
2.非限定性定语从句的作用:它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子。
Theengineer, whose legwasbadly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)
The engineerwhoseleg wasbadly hurt was quickly sent tohospital.
(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)
3.在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。指人做主语时只能用who, 做宾语时用whom;
指物做主语,宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。
Theman, ______ issitting on thechair, is my father.
The woman,_______I metyesterday,ismy English teacher.
The city, _______ is faraway,is very beautiful.
Hewent to America, ______ hisparentslive.
Hejoined theArmy yesterday, ______Ileft, too.
4.whose引导非限定性定语从句:
The house,whose window faces south,ismine.
=Thehouse, thewindow of which faces south,is mine.
=The house,ofwhich the windowfaces south,is mine.
二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。
1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略。
Do you knowthe gentleman who/that issittingthere?
2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。
①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略。
Doyouknow thegentleman (whom/who/that)we met just now?
②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时:
介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;
介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。The man (whom/who/that) Ispoke withis my teacher.
The man with whom Ispoke ismy teacher.
※注:固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如look for,take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前。
She is theright girl(who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose:指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、