Lecture 6 Language and Culture II

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Languageandculture介绍语言和文化的专题培训课件

• Sociologists think that language is social behavior and language has a social function , both as a means of communication and also a way of identifying social groups.
Languageandculture介绍语言和文化的
Outline
• What is language , what is culture and the relationship between them.
• Dialect(方言) in different culture. • Idioms(俗语) in different culture. • Chinese + English = Chinglish(中国式英语) • The significance of cultural learning in learning language • Conclusion
What is Language?
• Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas , emotions ,and desires by a system of voluntarily produced symbols .These symbols are auditory and are produced by the organs of speech.
Different cultures make their different ideas , values and beliefs reflected in different languages .

Unit 6 Language and Culture II

Case 16 例1，书名《红楼梦》，杨氏夫妇译为 A Dream of Red Mansions，Hawks 则译为The story of the Stone。杨译保留了“红楼”这一意象，而 Hawks则因red在英文中易带来“暴力”之类的联想，舍红楼而取石头为书名。例2，文中“凤辣子”的翻译，杨译为“Fiery Phoenix”，保留了原文“凤”的意象，而Hawks 则译为“Peppercorn Feng”，弃“Phoenix”用音译。
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Lecture Six Language and Culture II
Contents
Part
One Cultural Implication of color terms Part Two Language, Culture and Translation

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Part One Cultural Implication of color terms
1.1
Group Report 1.2 Translate the Chinese phrases into English and English ones into Chinese.(P120) 1.3 Explain the underlined parts.(P120-121)

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Version 2 可修改为：
I’ve lost my beloved Young and You your Liu Their souls fly up into the blue.

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Color terms, Animals and more

新编英语教程2第三版第6单元课件

They will learn effective communication strategies to improve their ability to communicate with people from different cultures.
Learners will gain practical tips for integrating into the local community and making the most of their study experience in the UK.
语法点解析
在这一部分，我们将深入探讨文本中的语法点。我们将学习如何识别不同的句子类型、时态、语态和语气，以及如何理解这些语法点在文本中的作用。此外，我们还将学习如何纠正常见的语法错误，提高我们的语言准确性。
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Language skills training
Reading for main ideas: Teaching students to quickly understand the main idea of a passage, by skimming through the text and identifying key sentences or paragraphs.
Following a conversation: Instructing students to follow a conversation and understand the relationships between speakers and their contributions to the discussion.
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Teach students to set learning goals, manage their learning time and resources, and evaluate their own learning progress.

跨文化交际lecture2 culture and language

A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.
Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation.
Figure 1. Manifestation of Culture at Different Levels of Depth
LAYERS OF CULTURE
The national level The regional level The gender level The generation level The social class level _A The social class level _B
Lecture Two
Culture and Communication
What is Culture?
Warm-up Question:
Give your own definition of culture, and write it down.

week 2 language and culture

Kinship terms in Chinese and English, words to describe snow in the language of Eskimos. （continue next page）
Translation problems:

Semantics and culture: Meaning of a word: denotation(指示义) and connotation （隐含义） Three kinds of correspondence （对应）: 1. A and B has same denotation and connotation, such as pig and fox in Chinese and English, 4 in Japanese and Chinese. 2. A and B has same denotation but different connotation, such as red, peasant, dragon, owl… 3. They have same denotation, but A has connotation, and B does not, such as 松竹梅兰 in Chinese and English

Structure of language

4. Semantics: a system that relates words to meaning(语义学).
Lexicon: the total stock of words in a language. Lexicon reflects the nature of a culture, such as industrial culture and agricultural culture. Kinship vocabulary is a good clue to the nature of the most significant family relations in a culture. Extended family and nuclear family

语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Society(课堂PPT)

2
Anthropological linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language tradition, beliefs, and family structure. 语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和家庭结构。
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Ethnography of communication
The study of the place of language in culture and society. Language is not studied in isolation but within a social and/ or cultural setting. Ethnography of communication studies, for example, how people in a particular group or community communicate with each other and how the social relationships between these people affect the type of language they use.
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Speech act theory
Language is a mode of action This view of language is the basis for the generation of the speech act theory.
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Contribution by Malinowski
Paved the way for a cultural, rather, a contextual study of language use in Britain.

英语听力教程6课后练习题含答案

英语听力教程6课后练习题含答案Part 1: Multiple Choice1.What is the lecture mnly about?a.The history of the English languageb.The evolution of English pronunciationc.The different accents in Englishd.The importance of listening skillsAnswer: b. The evolution of English pronunciation2.According to the lecture, what is Received Pronunciation(RP)?a.A type of accent that is difficult to understandb.A type of accent that is only used by upper-class Britishpeoplec.A type of accent that is widely accepted as the standard forBritish Englishd.A type of accent that has very little regional variationAnswer: c. A type of accent that is widely accepted as the standard for British English3.What causes accents to change over time?a.People moving from one place to anotherb.The influence of other languages and dialectsc.The influence of popular culture and mediad.All of the aboveAnswer: d. All of the above4.Which of the following best describes the speaker’sattitude towards accents?a.All accents are equally valid and should be acceptedb.Accents are an important part of cultural identity, but someare more difficult to understand than othersc.Accents are a sign of an individual’s level of educationand social class, and should be used to judge peopled.Accents are not important, and everyone should speak thesame wayAnswer: b. Accents are an important part of cultural identity, but some are more difficult to understand than othersPart 2: Short Answer1.What is the purpose of the International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)? Answer: The purpose of the International Phonetic Alphabet is to provide a standardized set of symbols for representing thesounds of all languages.2.Why is it important to develop good listening skills in aforeign language? Answer: Good listening skills are essential for effective communication in a foreign language. If you cannotunderstand what someone is saying, you will not be able to respond appropriately, and your conversational skills will suffer.3.What are some of the factors that can affect the way aperson speaks a language? Answer: Factors that can affect the waya person speaks a language include their region or country oforigin, their socioeconomic background, their level of education, and their exposure to other languages and dialects.Part 3: EssayDescribe the advantages and disadvantages of having a。

英语语言与文化lecture

American Social Culture
The American Dream
The idea of individual success and happiness through hard work and selfreliance
Diversity and Multiculturalism
Australia
Canada
New Zealand
The unique blend of British and Original cultures, as well as the influence of migration from Asia and Europe
The sentiment of French and English cultures, as well as the contributions of Indigenous people and immigrants from around the world
Culture determines language learning and teaching: The approach to language learning and teaching is often influenced by cultural beliefs and practices For example, some cultures emphasize rot learning while others focus on communicative skills
• Old English (450-1100): Characterized by a highly impacted grammar and a vocabulary derived from German roots, Old English was the language of the Anglo Saxons

Language and culture.ppt社会语言学 2

批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
Language and culture
• ★ Linguistic evidence of cultural differences • ★ Relationship between language and culture
Linguistic evidence of cultural differences 1.Speech acts in the form of routine formulas such as greeting; leave-taking, thanking, apologizing and so on also vary from culture to culture. For example: ①to respond to “thank you” ②to use “thank you”
A paragraph in Spanish or in some other Roman language, its line of thought is sometimes interrupted by rather complex digressions. A paragraph in Russian often contains digressions.
5.Literature as a part of culture, also plays a very important role in use of language. For example: Wen Yan and Bai Hua
Reference
1.孙炜周士宏中莉社会语言学导论世界知识出版社
2.The patterns of actual use of imperatives in different languages differ considerably.

《跨文化交际与翻译》language and communication

ü power distance
üThe dimension measures the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.
Case study: Use one of Hofstede's four dimension to explain the following case.
• My landlady was over 70 and we got along very well. Once when we were ascending the stairs together, I stretched out my hands to give her some help. She said, “I can do it. Thank you.” I thought she was just being polite, so I escorted her to the top floor. She asked me, “Young man, do you think I am old and useless? When I have to move myself on a wheelchair, I'll ask you for help.” I stood there,blushed and puzzled.
Case Study: Use one of Hofstede's four dimension to explain the following case.

语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Society(课堂PPT)

2
Anthropological linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture in a community, e.g. its tradition, beliefs, and family structure. 语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和家庭结构。
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Prediction
Linguistic studies in the new century will become more fruitful if an evolutionary, cognitive, and interdisciplinary perspective is taken in its theoretic pursuit.
Paved the way for a cultural, rather, a contextual study of language use in Britain.
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His influence
Under his anthropological view of language and being fully aware of the importance of the context in the study of language use, Firth, a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London school, tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. He developed

英汉语言文化比较期末重点

《英汉语言文化比较》讲义第1讲语言与文化概述1.The relationship between language and culture.Language and culture are inseparably intertwined.(1) Language is a part of culture.(2) Language is a manifestation of culture. (Culture manifests itself both in patterns of language and thought, and in forms of activity and behavior.)(3) Language is the stimulus of culture (A flourished language can promote the development of culture.)2.English speakers are good at abstract thinking while the Chinese areapt to think in terms of images.3.English speakers prefer analytical thinking while the Chinese prefercomprehensive thinking.4.English speakers think more in a linear way while the Chinese thinkmore or less in a curving way.5.According to Whorf hypothesis, “The language that an individualspeaks facilitates particular ways of thinking.”第2讲英汉语发展简史11.Based on morphological classification (形态分类法), English belongsto inflected language (屈折语), while Chinese belongs to isolating language (孤立语).2.Based on structural classification (结构分类法), both English andChinese belong to analytic language (分析语).3.Based on genetic classification (谱系分类法), English belongs toIndo-European Language Family, and Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan Language Family.4.English is a West Germanic (西日耳曼语支) language that originatedfrom the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders.5.English is a phoneme language (表音文字) and Chinese is an ideographiclanguage (表意文字).6.The first people in England about whose language we have definiteknowledge are the Celts.7.After the Norman Conquest, English entered the period of MiddleEnglish.8.The period from 450 to 1150 is known as Old English. From 1150 to 1500the language is known as Middle English. The language since 1500 is called Modern English (1500-1700, early Modern English, 1700 until now, later Modern English).9.The main differences between Chinese words and English words: a)Letters in English are like strokes in Chinese. b) Morphemes in English are like radicals in Chinese. c) Chinese associative compounds (会意字) are like English compound words.第3讲英汉语发展简史21.Chinese and most related languages share features that make them unlikemost Western languages: They are monosyllabic, have even less inflection than English, and are tonal.2.In Chinese, a syllabic structure has three essential components:initials (声母), finals (韵母), and tones (声调). Chinese pinyin system has 21 initial consonants, 36 final vowels and 4 tones.3.According to Xu Shen’s (许慎) research, Chinese characters can bedivided into six groups: 1) Pictographs (≈4%) 象形; 2) Ideographs (≈1%) 指事; 3) Logical Aggregates (≈13%) 会意; 4) Phonetic Complexes (≈82%) 形声; 5) Associative Transformations (a small portion) 转注;6) Borrowings (a small portion) 假借.第4讲英汉语构词法1.Word formation in English:1)Compounding (合成法): Two or more words are joined together to forma new word. (For example: home + work → homework)2)Prefixation (前缀法): Prefixation is the formation of new wordsby adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. (For example: Pejorative prefixes (贬义前缀): mal-, pseudo-, mis-, ill-).3)Suffixation (后缀法): Suffixation is the formation of new wordsby adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, the primary function of suffixes is to change the grammatical function of stems.4)Conversion (转化法): Conversion is a word-formation whereby a wordof a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation (零位派生). (For example: 1) Problems snowballed by the hour. 2) Sandwich the two bread halves together and cut into 1-inch-wide slices.)5)Shortening (缩略法)6)Blending (拼缀法): Blending is a process of word-formation in whicha new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The resultof such a process is called a blend. Blending is a process of both compounding and abbreviation. For example, smog (smoke＋fog).7)Back-formation (逆成法): a process of word-formation by which aword is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation.8)Eponyms9)Toponyms2.Word formation in Chinese:1)The overwhelming majority of the Old-Chinese morphemes aremono-syllabic.2)61% of the 3,000 most commonly used Chinese words are disyllabic.3)Chinese prefixes mostly involve morphemes such as 老, 小, 第, and初.4)Some so-called Chinese suffixes are added as a way ofnominalization, like 度, 性, etc.第5讲英汉词语的文化内涵比较11.In Chinese, the word xīn (心) that primarily denotes the heart organmay also refer to the “organ for thinking”and the “seat of thought and emotions”.2.In contrast, according to the Western view, heart is seen as the centerof emotions/feelings and the head (the locus of the brain with which the mind is associated) as the center of thought.3.Based on the metaphor “heart as a physical entity”, the followingwords are formed in Chinese: 心房, 心窝, 心田, 心地, and 心弦.4.Research proves that if a language only has two color words, they mustbe black and white; if the language has the third color word, it must be red; if it has the fourth one, it must be yellow or green.第6讲英汉词语的文化内涵比较21.Dog has a negative connotation in “a dog in the manger”.2.Traditionally, people have talked about “fixed expressions”,stressing the fixedness of these expressions, but corpus studies have shown that many of the phrases can actually be varied.3.An idiom is a fixed or semi-fixed expression whose meaning cannot bededuced from its parts. But very few idioms are 100% fixed.第7讲英语抽象名词和汉语具体名词1.The plural forms of abstract English nouns often have the function ofconcretization, for example, ratings, attractions and breakdowns.第8讲形合与意合1.Hypotaxis (形合): The dependent or subordinate relationship of clauseswith connectives. For example: It was cold because the snows came.2.Parataxis (意合): The arranging of clauses or phrases withoutconnectives showing the relations between them. For example: It was cold; the snows came.第9讲英汉句法比较1. A topic-prominent language is a language that organizes its syntaxto emphasize the topic–comment structure of the sentence. Chinese is considered to be a topic-prominent language, where the topic of the sentence takes precedence in the sentence.2. A subject-prominent language . English) is a language in which thegrammatical units of subject and predicate (S V) are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have subject-predicate structure.第10讲英语被动句和汉语主动句1.English uses far more passive sentences than Chinese./ Passive voicesentences are more common in English than in Chinese.2.Many sentences in English have inanimate/impersonal subjects (无灵主语), while Chinese use this pattern less frequently. For example, “The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps.”第11讲语篇对比11.According to Halliday and Hasan, collocation is “cohesion that isachieved through the association of lexical items that regularly co-occur”. The association is achieved when the lexical items havea tendency to appear in similar lexical environments or when they arerelated lexicosemantically.2.a) This is a fine hall you have here. I’m proud to be lecturing init. (Reference)b) This is a fine hall you have here. I’ve never lectured in a finerone. (Substitution)c) This is a fine hall you have here. I’ve never lectured in a finer.(Ellipsis)第12讲语篇对比21.The normal pattern to develop an English paragraph: topic sentence(main point/ central thought) – supporting details.第13讲隐喻、文化和世界观1.Sports metaphors are used by all Americans, regardless of class,professions, race, age or gender. The reasons are as follows:1)Most Americans believe competition to be one quality that has madeAmerica great.2)“Being the best” American mentality has often turned everydaylife into a sport game. People compete in almost everything.3)American schools are another contributing factor to the Americansports mania. In many schools, athletics outweighs all other programs in terms of money and attention received.4)As a country, from the national to the local level, Americans goout of their way to honor athletes.2.The literal use of 吃 includes 吃面, 吃饭. (not吃惊, 吃香, 吃官司,吃败仗). The literal use of 吃饭includes 吃冷饭. (not 吃干饭, 吃闲饭, 吃软饭)第14讲基于语料库的英汉语比较与翻译考察1.Corpus (pl. corpora or corpuses): a collection of text, now usuallyin machine-readable form and compiled to be representative of a particular kind of language and often provided with some kind of annotation.2.Parallel corpus is most useful for translation studies.第15讲个人主义与集体主义1.Highly individualistic cultures include the U.S., Australia, GreatBritain, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Italy. Some examples of collectivist cultures include India, Japan and China.Short Answer Questions:1.What are the different types of transliterations (音译) Give theChinese borrowings from English as examples.Answer: The first type is phonetic loans: 摩登、咖啡、咖喱、巧克力、克隆。

法国语言与文化第二课lecture-2翻译

LMD体系的简要历史欧洲范围内的高等教育与研究结构是一项由欧洲联盟的四个国家(德国、英国、意大利和法国)于1998年提出并扩大到欧洲36国的计划。

在保护每个国家各自的大学体系的同时，选定的措施以方便对这些系统的逐渐适应为目的。

这一欧洲大学领域的结构需要能够：方便学生、老师和研究人员在欧洲范围内以及在欧洲以外的流动；使欧洲的大学在世界范围内更具吸引力。

在各个国家以及在每个学校实施的共同行动的宗旨可以以以下的当时总结：采用一个建立在三大等级之上的高等教育可比较的结构：学士、硕士、博士，这些等级可以通过一些相似的学习年限而达到：——根据被称为ECTS的欧洲学分体系来发展课程教学；——保证欧洲等级上的文凭的相互承认；——将职业教育的需求纳入不同的等级，符合人们终生教育的愿望；——通过流动学习助学金的设置来方便学生的流动学习，方便教师的流动并对教育实施了一项欧洲的措施；——加强教育机构的自主权，同时强化它们的评分程序。

这项改革主要的三大特点是：1、建立在三个参考的标准（学士、硕士、博士）之上的文凭结构，这一结构表现为如下内容：——学士（BAC+3）：这一文凭在六个学期（三年）之后获得。

它与获得180个学分相符合。

这同样包括一个服务机构和为了帮助学生定向和使他们在学业上成功的支持（监护制）。

——硕士（BAC+5）：这一文凭在四个学期（包括学士文凭共十个学期）之后获得。

它与120个学分（包括学士共300个学分）相符合。

——博士（BAC+8）：LMD体系中的最高文凭，在硕士之后，它将会在论文答辩之后发放。

在博士的教育课程的范围里，有一些为安置就业做准备的补充培训。

2、按学期组织教学学习阶段被按学期分开（30学分/学期）。

学分在一个学期里便可生效而不再是一年。

在学期末有机会重新定向。

在一个学期里将不能够继续学习的学生，在一定的条件下，将会被批准在之后的一个学期里注册。

3、以可累计、可转换的教学单元组成的结构这一体系由必修和选修的教学单元（UE）组成。

Language and Culture：Vocabulary Focus课件(共16张PPT)

know she doesn’t have to wait?...
• What should they do to avoid confusion?
confused /in confusion
Vocabulary
How did the author feel? Why?
Which situation(s) would make
Vocabulary
Different Time Concepts
In English, people say... save time spend time waste time
Tasks and appointments usually start
and end at a certain time.
Assignment
• Share your answers in groups. Then, choose one you find most interesting and share in class.
• What would happen if visitors know little about cultural differences?
2. 能围绕“语言与文化”话题，正确运用目标词汇表达情感； express feelings about “language and culture” with target vocabulary;
3. 能运用前缀构词法猜测词义，讨论文化差异。 guess meanings of some words with prefixes, and then discuss cultural differences.
Stay calm when some (4) misunderstanding occurs and reach out for

Lecture 6(2)

April 21, 2011 Lecture 7Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication is not simply a matter of speaking, writing and hearing. Meanings are conveyed not only by words or verbal language but also by nonverbal communication systems. These nonverbal communication devices accompany verbal communication to help to convey information, especially emotional information.It has been suggested that a considerable amount of information and most of the emotional information are conveyed by nonverbal communication systems.Definition of nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication can be defined in different ways. The basic definition should be like these:Nonverbal communication is the communication without the use of sounds and words.I. The Forms of nonverbal communicationTime[ Chronemics (时间学)]:The way of using time and its meaning Space [ Proxemics (空间学)]:The way of the use of space and its meaningKinesics/body language:Facial expressions, body movement, gestures,…Physical appearance:Study people‟s skin color, clothing…Oculesics(目光学):Study the information conveyed by eye contact, blinks, eye movements andpupil dilationParalanguage/V ocalics(副语言)－study the sound component ofnonlanguage.II. Kinesics / body languageLanguage studies traditionally have emphasized verbal and written language, but recently have begun to consider communication that takes place without words. In some types of communication people express more nonverbally thanverbally.e.g.If you ask an obviously depressed person, “what‟s wrong?”, and he answers, “Nothing, I‟m fine,”you probably won‟t believe him.When an angry person says, “Let‟s forget this subject, I don‟t want to talk about it any more!”you know that he hasn‟t stopped communicating. His silence and withdrawal continue to convey emotional meaning.One study done in the United States showed that in the communication of attitudes, 93 percent of the message was transmitted by the tone of voice and by facial expressions,whereas only 7 percent of the speaker’s attitude was transmitted by words.Apparently, we express ouremotions and attitudes more nonverbally than verbally.Nonverbal communication expresses meaning or feeling without words. Universal emotions, such as happiness, fear, and sadness, are expressed in a similar nonverbal way throughout the world.There are, however, nonverbal differences across cultures that may be a source of confusion for foreigners.e.g.feelings of friendship exist everywhere but their expression varies. It may be acceptable in some countries for men to embrace each other and for women to hold hands; in other countries these displays of affection may be shocking.What is acceptable in one culture may be completely unacceptable in another.One culture may determine that snapping fingers to call a waiter is appropriate; another may consider this gesture rude. We are often not aware of how gesture, facial expressions, eye contact, and the use of space affect communication. In order to correctly interpret another culture‟s style of communication, it is necessary to study the “silent language” of that culture.III. GesturesGestures refer to specific body movements that carry meanings. Hands can form shapes that convey many meanings: “stop,”“come here,”and “It‟s OK”and so on. Many ideas can be expressed nonverbally using only hands. The gestures for these phrases may differ among cultures. As children we imitate and learn these nonverbal movements and often use them to accompany or replacewords. When traveling to another country, foreign visitors soon learn that not all gestures are universal.e.g.The “OK”gesture in the American culture is a symbol for money in Japan. The same gesture is obscene or dirty in some Latin American countries. ( This is why the editors of a Latin American newspaper enjoyed publishing a picture of former president Nixon giving the OK symbol with both hands!)Introduction of some common gestures : (show some picures)…IV. Facial ExpressionsFacial expressions carry meanings determined by contexts and relationships.For instance, the smile, which istypically an expression of pleasure, has many functions. A woman‟s smile at a policeman who is about to give her a ticket does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young man. A smile may show affection, convey politeness, or disguise true feelings. Pain is conveyed by a grimace（痛苦状）, which also signifies disgust or disapproval.Surprise, shock, or disbelief can be shown by raising the eyebrows. A wink given to a friend may mean “you and I have a secret”or “I‟m just kidding.”Between a man and a woman, a wink can be flirtatious(挑逗，调情). Our faces easily reveal emotions and attitudes.The degree of facial expressiveness also varies among individuals and cultures. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly asmembers of another does not mean they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural restrain on the amount of nonverbal expressiveness permitted.Because of individual differences, it is difficult to make generalizations about a cultural style of communication. Americans express themselves facially in varying degrees. People from certain ethnic backgrounds in the United States may use their hands, bodies, and faces more than other Americans.There are no fixed rules, although it is considered negative or suspicious to have a “deadpan” expression or a “poker face.”Some people can be “read like a book”; others are difficult to read.Eye ContactEye contact is important because insufficient or excessive eye contact may create communication barriers. It is important in relationships because it serves to show intimacy, attention, and influence. As with facial expressions, there are no specific rules governing eye behavior except that it is considered rude to stare, especially at strangers.It is, however, common for two strangers to walk toward each other, make eye contact, smile and perhaps even say “Hi.” The strangers may immediately look away and forget that they even had any contact. This type of glance does not mean much; it is simply a way of acknowledging another person‟s presence.In a conversation too little eye contact may be seen negatively because it conveys lack of interest, inattention, or even mistrust. The relationship between mistrustand lack of eye contact is stated directly in the expression, “Never trust a person who can‟t look you in the eyes.”V. SpaceUnconsciously, we all carry with us what have been called “body bubbles.”These bubbles are like invisible walls which define our personal space.The amount of space changes depending on the interpersonal relationship.e.g.we are usually more comfortable standing closer to family members than to strangers. Personality also determines the size of this space. Introverts（性格内向者）often prefer to interact with others at a greater distance than extroverts（性格外向者）.Cultural styles are important too. A Japanese employer and employee usuallystand farther apart while talking than their American counterparts. Latin Americans and Arabs tend to stand closer together than Americans when talking.For Americans, distance in social conversation is about an arm‟s length to four feet. Less space in the American culture may be associated with greater intimacy or aggressive behavior.The common practice of saying “Excuse me,”or …Pardon me” for the slightest accidental touching of another person reveals an American attitude about personal space. Thus when a person‟s “space”is intruded upon by someone, he or she may feel threatened and react defensively. In cultures where close physical contact is acceptable and desirable, Americans may be perceived as cold and distant.Culture does not always determine the messages that our body movements convey. Contexts, personalities, and relationships also influence them.Therefore, no two people in any one society have the same nonverbal behavior.However, like verbal language, nonverbal communication cannot be completely separated from culture.Whether we emphasize differences or similarities, the “silent language” is much louder than it first appears.Questions:1.What is nonverbal communication?2.What is “body bubbles”?3.What does “poker face” mean？。

language and culture大学英语语言学课件

The strong version believes that the language patterns determine people's thinking and behavior
The weak version holds that the former influence the later.
5
two types of culture
material culture: Material culture, as the term itself suggests, is concrete, substantial and observable.
spiritual culture: the products of mind (ideologies, beliefs, values and concepts of time and space, for example), abstract, ambiguous, and hidden.
a massive failure. Thus, the sentence ‘The project is a bomb.” may mean ‘The project is a failure.’ In Britain, if a person says ‘The project went a bomb.’, he means it is a huge success.
China
Joy power celebration
Honor royalty
Arabic No association happiness
(2) More than in Whorf's days, however, we recognize how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language.

Lecture 6-1 Language and culture I

Blue
• 忧郁 in a blue mood; having the blues; a
blue Monday; blue music
• 社会地位高、有权势或出身于贵族或王族 blue
book; He's a real blue blood.
• 下流的 blue talk; blue video • A bolt out of the blue; out of blue; once in a blue moon; blue collar; blue nose ； hit sb. black and blue
受到管理当局宠爱和特别照顾的职工
• She was tickled pink when she learned that she was the only person who was offered such a chance.
高兴极了
• I tried to call her many times but she was in a brown study and didn’t hear me.
假期忧郁症
Color Terms & Their Implications
Red
• 喜庆 red letter days; to paint the town red ; roll out the red carpet for sb. / 开门红；红榜 • 情感 become red-faced; waving a red flag /脸红；红光满面 • 象征革命和社会主义红卫兵；一颗红心；又专又红 • 贬义 red tape; in the red; red district; 象征残暴，血腥 red rules; red battle