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Evaluation of nutritional quality of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protei

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食品评价标准

食品评价标准

食品评价标准Food evaluation standards are an important part of ensuring the safety and quality of the food we eat. 食品评价标准是确保我们所吃食物的安全和质量的重要部分。

These standards help to establish criteria for judging the taste, freshness, and nutritional value of food products. 这些标准帮助建立评判食品口味、新鲜度和营养价值的标准。

They also play a crucial role in regulating the food industry and protecting consumers from potential harm. 它们还在监管食品行业和保护消费者免受潜在危害方面发挥着至关重要的作用。

One of the primary functions of food evaluation standards is to ensure food safety. 食品评价标准的主要功能之一是确保食品安全。

These standards help to set limits on contaminants, such as pesticides, food additives, and microbiological organisms, that may pose a risk to human health. 这些标准有助于设定对农药、食品添加剂和微生物有害物质等的限制，这些物质可能对人类健康构成风险。

By adhering to these standards, food producers can ensure that their products are safe for consumption. 遵守这些标准，食品生产商可以确保其产品适合食用。

不同品种大丽花花瓣营养及活性成分分析和评价

不同品种大丽花花瓣营养及活性成分分析和评价

刘珍，王璐，曹璐磊，等. 不同品种大丽花花瓣营养及活性成分分析和评价[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（17）：288−296. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022090015LIU Zhen, WANG Lu, CAO Lulei, et al. Analysis and Evaluation of Nutrient Components in Petals of Different Dahlia Varieties[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(17): 288−296. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022090015· 分析检测 ·不同品种大丽花花瓣营养及活性成分分析和评价刘　珍1，王　璐1，曹璐磊1，牛善策1,2，向地英1，陈段芬1，尉文彬3, *，郝丽红1,*（1.河北农业大学园艺学院，河北保定 071001；2.河北农业大学华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室，河北保定 071001；3.张家口市农业科学院，河北张家口 075000）摘　要：为比较大丽花各品种间营养品质的差异，筛选出营养品质优良的品种，进一步为大丽花的资源评价及开发利用奠定基础，本文选取了36个大丽花品种，对盛花期花瓣的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C 、有机酸、花青素、总酚、类黄酮及DPPH 自由基清除率进行测定，并对各指标间的相关性进行分析，同时用主成分分析法和聚类分析法对各品种的营养品质进行综合分析。

结果表明，大丽花不同品种间各成分含量存在一定差异，其中维生素C 含量变异系数最高，为51.94%，有机酸含量变异系数最小为7.92%。

不同品种大丽花可溶性糖含量为6.95~15.57 mg/g 、可溶性蛋白含量为0.96~2.01 mg/g 、维生素C 含量为1.20~151.37 mg/100 g 、有机酸含量为0.38％~1.10％，活性物质总酚含量在0.19~0.25 mg/g 之间，花青素含量为0.61~2.51 mg/g ，类黄酮含量范围为0.54~4.81 mg/g ，DPPH 自由基清除率在0.12%~0.67%之间。

半干盐渍仿刺参营养成分的分析及评价

半干盐渍仿刺参营养成分的分析及评价

半干盐渍仿刺参营养成分的分析及评价王晓燕1,2，苏永昌2，王扬铎2，陈小娥1，刘智禹2*（1.浙江海洋大学 食品与药学学院，浙江舟山 316022；2.福建水产研究所，国家海水鱼类加工技术研发中心，福建省海洋生物增养殖与高值化利用重点实验室，福建厦门 361013）摘 要：为评价半干盐渍仿刺参营养价值，对其营养成分进行了全面测定与分析。

结果表明，半干盐渍仿刺参中蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、灰分和水分的含量分别为11.8%、1.4%、0.3%、21.0%和64.5%；18种氨基酸的干重占比为38.8%，其中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的26.2%，鲜味氨基酸、药效氨基酸分别占总氨基酸的55.8%和51.5%；常量元素中Na、Ca含量较高，分别为9.13×104 mg·kg-1和2.22×103 mg·kg-1，微量元素中Fe、Zn含量较高，分别为106 mg·kg-1和7.84 mg·kg-1；不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的82.1%，其中EPA和DHA共占17.7%。

半干盐渍仿刺参不仅利于存储运输，而且富含人体所需要的蛋白质、氨基酸等无机元素，具有很高的营养价值和经济利用前景。

关键词：半干盐渍仿刺参；营养成分；品质评价Analysis and Evaluation of Nutrient Constituents of Semi-DrySalted Apostichopus japonicusWANG Xiaoyan1,2, SU Yongchang2, WANG Yangduo2, CHEN Xiao’e1, LIU Zhiyu2*(1.School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; 2.Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing, Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China) Abstract: In order to evaluate the nutritional value of semi-dry salinity Apostichopus japonicus, the nutritional composition was determined and analyzed comprehensively. The results show that the contents of protein, fat, total sugar, ash and water in semi-dry salted Apostichopus japonicus were 11.8%, 1.4%, 0.3%, 21.0% and 64.5%, respectively; the dry weight ratio of the 18 amino acids was 38.8%, of essential amino acids represent 26.2% of the total amino acids, taste amino acids and medicinal amino acids accounted for 55.8% and 51.5% of the total amino acids respectively; high content of Na and Ca in the constant elements, of 9.13×104 mg·kg-1 and 2.22×103 mg·kg-1, respectively, higher content of Fe and Zn in trace elements, 106 mg·kg-1 and 7.84 mg·kg-1, respectively; unsaturated fatty acids represent 82.1% of total fatty acids, both EPA and DHA altogether accounted for 17.7%. Semi-dry salted Apostichopus japonicus is not only conducive to storage and transportation, but also is rich in inorganic elements such as protein and amino acids needed by human body, and has high nutritional value and economic utilization prospects.Keywords: semi-dried salted Apostichopus japonicus; nutrient composition; quality evaluation海参隶属于棘皮动物，全球现已发现约1 200种，其中约有20种可以食用[1]。

美国联邦法规(CFR)第21篇“食品与药品”总目录

美国联邦法规(CFR)第21篇“食品与药品”总目录

美国联邦法规（CFR）第21篇“食品与药品”总目录概述：《美国联邦法规》（Code of Federal Regulations，CFR）第21篇“食品与药品”（Title 21―Food and Drugs）共有9卷（Volume）、3章（Chapter）、1499部（Parts）。

其中：第1―8卷第1章第1―1299部，为健康与人类服务部食品与药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration，Department of Health and Human Services）的规章；第9卷第2章第1300―1399部，为司法部毒品强制执行局（Drug Enforcement Administration，Department of Justice）的规章；第9卷第3章第1400―1499部，为毒品控制政策办公室（Office of National Drug Control Policy）的规章。

第21篇“食品与药品”（Title 21―Food and Drugs）的概况卷（Volume）章（Chapter）部（Parts）规制机关（Regulatory Entity）1 Ⅰ 1-99 健康与人类服务部食品与药品管理局（FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES）2 100-1693 170-1994 200-2995 300-4996 500-5997 600-7998 800-12999 Ⅱ 1300-1399 司法部毒品强制执行局（Drug Enforcement Administration，Department of Justice）Ⅲ 1400-1499 毒品控制政策办公室（Office of National Drug Control Policy）第21篇“食品与药品”（Title 21―Food and Drugs）的章、部目录部(Part) 中译文原英文第Ⅰ章―健康与人类服务部食品与药品管理局（CHAPTER Ⅰ―FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES）第A分章―总则（SUBCHAPTER A―GENERAL）1 一般强制执行规章 GENERAL ENFORCEMENT REGULATIONS2 一般行政规则与决定 GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE RULINGS AND DECISIONS3 产品管辖权 PRODUCT JURISDICTION5 组织 ORGANIZATION7 强制执行政策 ENFORCEMENT POLICY10 行政规范与程序 ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES11电子化记录；电子化签名 ELECTRONIC RECORDS; ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES12 正式证据的公众听证 FORMAL EVIDENTIARY PUBLIC HEARING13 在公众质询委员会前的公众听证 PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE A PUBLIC BOARD OF INQUIRY14 在公众咨询委员会前的公众听证 PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE A PUBLIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE15 在FDA局长前的公众听证 PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE THE COMMISSIONER16 在FDA前的规制性听证 REGULATORY HEARING BEFORE THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION17 行政罚款听证 CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES HEARINGS19 行为标准与利益冲突 STANDARDS OF CONDUCT AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST20 公共信息 PUBLIC INFORMATION21 隐私保护 PROTECTION OF PRIVACY25 环境影响考虑 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS26药品良好制造规范报告、医疗器械质量体系核查报告以及某些医疗器械产品评价报告的互认：美国与欧共体 MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF PHARMACEUTICAL GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE REPORTS, MEDICAL DEVICE QUALITY SYSTEM AUDIT REPORTS, AND CERTAIN MEDICAL DEVICE PRODUCT EVALUATION REPORTS: UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY50 人类受试者的保护 PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS54 临床试验者的财务公开 FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE BY CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS56 机构审查委员会 INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS58对非临床实验室研究的良好实验室规范 GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE FOR NONCLINICAL LABORATORY STUDIES60 专利期恢复 PATENT TERM RESTORATION70 色素添加剂 COLOR ADDITIVES71 色素添加剂申请 COLOR ADDITIVE PETITIONS73 免除认证的色素添加剂的列表 LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION74 适用认证的色素添加剂的列表 LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES SUBJECT TO CERTIFICATION80 色素添加剂认证 COLOR ADDITIVE CERTIFICATION81 用于食品、药品和化妆品的临时性色素添加剂的一般规范和一般限制 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS AND GENERAL RESTRICTIONS FOR PROVISIONAL COLOR ADDITIVES FOR USE IN FOODS, DRUGS, AND COSMETICS82 经认证的临时性列表的色素和规范的列表 LISTING OF CERTIFIED PROVISIONALLY LISTED COLORS AND SPECIFICATIONS83-98 [预留的] [Reserved]99 已上市的药品、生物制品和器械的未经批准的/新的用途的信息的发布 DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ON UNAPPROVED/NEW USES FOR MARKETED DRUGS, BIOLOGICS, AND DEVICES第B分章―用于人类消费的食品（SUBCHAPTER B―FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION）100 总则 GENERAL101 食品标识 FOOD LABELING102 非标准化食品的普通的或者通常的名称 COMMON OR USUAL NAME FOR NONSTANDARDIZED FOODS104 食品的营养质量指南 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR FOODS105 特殊膳食用途的食品 FOODS FOR SPECIAL DIETARY USE106 婴儿配方母乳替代食品质量控制程序 INFANT FORMULA QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES107 婴儿配方母乳替代食品 INFANT FORMULA108 紧急许可控制 EMERGENCY PERMIT CONTROL109 在人类食品与食品-包装材料中的不可避免的污染物 UNAVOIDABLE CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND FOOD-PACKAGING MATERIAL110 在制造、包装或者保存人类食品中的现行良好制造规范 CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE IN MANUFACTURING, PACKING, OR HOLDING HUMAN FOOD111 保健品（膳食补充剂）ＧＭＰ要求CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE IN MANUFACTURING, PACKAGING, LABELING, OR HOLDING OPERATIONS FOR DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS113 装在密封容器中的热加工低酸食品 THERMALLY PROCESSED LOW-ACID FOODS PACKAGED IN HERMETICALLY SEALED CONTAINERS114 酸化食品 ACIDIFIED FOODS115 带壳蛋 SHELL EGGS119 存在显著或者不合理风险的膳食补充剂 DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS THAT PRESENT A SIGNIFICANT OR UNREASONABLE RISK120 危害分析与关键控制点（HACCP）体系 HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) SYSTEMS123 鱼与渔业产品 FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS129 饮用水加工与装瓶 PROCESSING AND BOTTLING OF BOTTLED DRINKING WATER130 食品标准：总则 FOOD STANDARDS: GENERAL131 乳与奶油 MILK AND CREAM133 乳酪与相关乳酪产品 CHEESES AND RELATED CHEESE PRODUCTS135 冷冻点心 FROZEN DESSERTS136 烘焙产品 BAKERY PRODUCTS137 谷物粉与相关产品 CEREAL FLOURS AND RELATED PRODUCTS139 通心粉与面条产品 MACARONI AND NOODLE PRODUCTS145 罐装水果 CANNED FRUITS146 罐装水果汁 CANNED FRUIT JUICES150 水果黄油、果冻、防腐剂以及相关产品 FRUIT BUTTERS, JELLIES, PRESERVES, AND RELATED PRODUCTS152 水果馅饼 FRUIT PIES155 罐装蔬菜 CANNED VEGETABLES156 蔬菜汁 VEGETABLE JUICES158 冷冻蔬菜 FROZEN VEGETABLES160 蛋与蛋制品 EGGS AND EGG PRODUCTS161 鱼与有壳的水生动物 FISH AND SHELLFISH163 可可制品 CACAO PRODUCTS164 树坚果与花生制品 TREE NUT AND PEANUT PRODUCTS165 饮料 BEVERAGES166 人造黄油 MARGARINE168 增甜剂与餐桌糖浆 SWEETENERS AND TABLE SIRUPS169 食品敷料与调味料 FOOD DRESSINGS AND FLAVORINGS170 食品添加剂 FOOD ADDITIVES171 食品添加剂申请 FOOD ADDITIVE PETITIONS172 允许直接加入用于人类消费食品的食品添加剂 FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION173 在用于人类消费的食品中允许的次直接的食品添加剂 SECONDARY DIRECT FOOD ADDITIVESPERMITTED IN FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION174 间接食品添加剂：总则 INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: GENERAL175 间接食品添加剂：胶粘剂与涂层的组分 INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADHESIVES AND COMPONENTS OF COATINGS176 间接食品添加剂：纸与纸板组分 INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COMPONENTS177 间接食品添加剂：聚合体 INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: POLYMERS178 间接食品添加剂：辅剂、生产助剂和消毒剂 INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND SANITIZERS179 在食品生产、加工和处理中的辐照 IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF FOOD180 在额外试验期间临时在食品或者在与食品接触中被允许的食品添加剂 FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FOOD OR IN CONTACT WITH FOOD ON AN INTERIM BASIS PENDING ADDITIONAL STUDY181 先前核准的食品配料 PRIOR-SANCTIONED FOOD INGREDIENTS182 一般认为安全的物质 SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE184 被确认为一般认为安全的直接食品物质 DIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE186 被确认为一般认为安全的间接食品物质 INDIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE189禁止用于人类食品的物质 SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN HUMAN FOOD190 膳食补充剂 DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS191-199 [预留的] [Reserved]第C分章―药品：总则（SUBCHAPTER C―DRUGS: GENERAL）200 总则 GENERAL201 标识 LABELING202 处方药广告 PRESCRIPTION DRUG ADVERTISING203 处方药销售 PRESCRIPTION DRUG MARKETING205 对批发处方药销售商颁发州执照的指南 GUIDELINES FOR STATE LICENSING OF WHOLESALE PRESCRIPTION DRUG DISTRIBUTORS206 人用固体口服剂型药品的印码 IMPRINTING OF SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORM DRUG PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE207 药品生产者的登记与商业销售的药品的列表 REGISTRATION OF PRODUCERS OF DRUGS AND LISTING OF DRUGS IN COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION208 处方药的药物治疗指导 MEDICATION GUIDES FOR PRESCRIPTION DRUG PRODUCTS210制造、加工、包装或者保存药品的现行良好制造规范；总则 CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE IN MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, PACKING, OR HOLDING OF DRUGS; GENERAL211药品现行良好制造规范 CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR FINISHED PHARMACEUTICALS216 药房配药 PHARMACY COMPOUNDING225含药饲料的现行良好制造规范 CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR MEDICATED FEEDS226含A类药品的现行良好制造规范 CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR TYPE A MEDICATED ARTICLES250特殊人用药品的特殊要求 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC HUMAN DRUGS290管制药品 CONTROLLED DRUGS299 药品；正式名称与已确定的名称 DRUGS; OFFICIAL NAMES AND ESTABLISHED NAMES第D分章―人用药品（SUBCHAPTER D―DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE）300 总则 GENERAL310新药 NEW DRUGS312 试验用新药申请 INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG APPLICATION314 FDA批准上市新药的申请 APPLICATIONS FOR FDA APPROVAL TO MARKET A NEW DRUG315诊断用放射性药品 DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS316罕见病药 ORPHAN DRUGS320生物利用度与生物等效性要求 BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOEQUIVALENCE REQUIREMENTS328 含有酒精的预期用于口部摄入的非处方药品OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUG PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR ORAL INGESTION THAT CONTAIN ALCOHOL330一般认为安全有效以及不错贴标签的非处方人用药品 OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) HUMAN DRUGS WHICH ARE GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE AND NOT MISBRANDED331 非处方人用抗酸产品 ANTACID PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) HUMAN USE332 非处方人用抗胃肠气胀产品 ANTIFLATULENT PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE333非处方人用局部抗菌药品 TOPICAL ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE335非处方人用止泻药品 ANTIDIARRHEAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE336非处方人用止吐药品 ANTIEMETIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE338 非处方人用助睡眠药品 NIGHTTIME SLEEP-AID DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE340 非处方人用兴奋药品 STIMULANT DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE341非处方人用的感冒、咳嗽、过敏症药、支气管扩张以及平喘药品 COLD, COUGH, ALLERGY, BRONCHODILATOR, AND ANTIASTHMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE343非处方人用内服止痛、退热以及抗风湿药品 INTERNAL ANALGESIC, ANTIPYRETIC, AND ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE344 非处方人用局部耳部药品 TOPICAL OTIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE346 非处方人用肛肠药品 ANORECTAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE347 非处方人用皮肤保护药品 SKIN PROTECTANT DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE348 非处方人用外用止痛药品 EXTERNAL ANALGESIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE349非处方人用眼科药品 OPHTHALMIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE350非处方人用止汗药品 ANTIPERSPIRANT DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE352非处方人用防晒药品 SUNSCREEN DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE [STAYED INDEFINITELY]355 非处方人用防龋药品 ANTICARIES DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE357 非处方人用其他内服药品 MISCELLANEOUS INTERNAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE358非处人用的其他外用药品 MISCELLANEOUS EXTERNAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE361 一般认为安全与有效以及不错贴标签的处方人用药品：用于研究的药品 PRESCRIPTION DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE AND NOT MISBRANDED: DRUGS USED INRESEARCH369 在非处方销售药品与器械上关于警告解释性声明 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS RE WARNINGS ON DRUGS AND DEVICES FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER SALE370-499 [预留的] [Reserved]第E分章―动物药品、饮料和相关产品（SUBCHAPTER E―ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS）500 总则 GENERAL501 动物食品标识 ANIMAL FOOD LABELING502 非标准化动物食品的普通或通常名称 COMMON OR USUAL NAMES FOR NONSTANDARDIZED ANIMAL FOODS509 在动物食品与食品-包装材料中的不可避免的污染物 UNAVOIDABLE CONTAMINANTS IN ANIMAL FOOD AND FOOD-PACKAGING MATERIAL510新动物药 NEW ANIMAL DRUGS511 作为试验用途的新动物药 NEW ANIMAL DRUGS FOR INVESTIGATIONAL USE514 新动物药申请 NEW ANIMAL DRUG APPLICATIONS515 含药饲料厂执照 MEDICATED FEED MILL LICENSE520 口服剂型的新动物药 ORAL DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS522 植入或者注射剂型的新动物药 IMPLANTATION OR INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS524 眼科和局部剂型的新动物药 OPHTHALMIC AND TOPICAL DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS526 乳房内的剂型 INTRAMAMMARY DOSAGE FORMS529 某些其他剂型的新动物药 CERTAIN OTHER DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS530 在动物中的特别标签药品使用 EXTRALABEL DRUG USE IN ANIMALS556 在食品中新动物药残留的容许量 TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF NEW ANIMAL DRUGS IN FOOD558 用于动物饲料的新动物药 NEW ANIMAL DRUGS FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEEDS564 [预留的] [Reserved]570 食品添加剂 FOOD ADDITIVES571 食品添加剂申请 FOOD ADDITIVE PETITIONS573 在动物饲料与饮用水中允许的食品添加剂 FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS579 在动物饲料和宠物食品的生产、加工和处理中的辐照 IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, AND HANDLING OF ANIMAL FEED AND PET FOOD582 一般认为安全的物质 SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE584 在动物饲料与饮用水中被确认为一般认为安全的食品物质 FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS589 禁止用于动物食品或者饲料的物质 SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED590-599 [预留的] [Reserved]第F分章―生物制品（SUBCHAPTER F―BIOLOGICS）600 生物制品：总则 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: GENERAL601 颁发执照 LICENSING606对血液与血液组分的现行良好制造规范 CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS607 对人类血液与血液制品的制造者的机构登记与产品列表ESTABLISHMENT REGISTRATION ANDPRODUCT LISTING FOR MANUFACTURERS OF HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS610普通生物制品标准 GENERAL BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS STANDARDS630 对血液、血液组分和血液衍生物的一般要求GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BLOOD, BLOOD COMPONENTS, AND BLOOD DERIVATIVES640 对人类血液和血液制品的附加标准 ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS660 对用于实验室检测的诊断物质的附加标准 ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS680 对其他产品的附加标准 ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS第G分章―化妆品（SUBCHAPTER G―COSMETICS）700 总则 GENERAL701 化妆品标识 COSMETIC LABELING710 化妆品机构的自愿登记 VOLUNTARY REGISTRATION OF COSMETIC PRODUCT ESTABLISHMENTS720 化妆品配料构成声明的自愿存档 VOLUNTARY FILING OF COSMETIC PRODUCT INGREDIENT COMPOSITION STATEMENTS740 化妆品警告声明 COSMETIC PRODUCT WARNING STATEMENTS741-799 [预留的] [Reserved]第H分章―医疗器械（SUBCHAPTER H―MEDICAL DEVICES）800 总则 GENERAL801 标识 LABELING803 医疗器械报告 MEDICAL DEVICE REPORTING806 医疗器械；改正与移动的报告 MEDICAL DEVICES; REPORTS OF CORRECTIONS AND REMOVALS807 对器械的制造者与首次进口者的机构登记与器械列表 ESTABLISHMENT REGISTRATION AND DEVICE LISTING FOR MANUFACTURERS AND INITIAL IMPORTERS OF DEVICES808 对州和地方医疗器械要求的联邦优先权的豁免 EXEMPTIONS FROM FEDERAL PREEMPTION OF STATE AND LOCAL MEDICAL DEVICE REQUIREMENTS809 人用体外诊断产品 IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE810 医疗器械召回权 MEDICAL DEVICE RECALL AUTHORITY812 试验用器械豁免 INVESTIGATIONAL DEVICE EXEMPTIONS813 [预留的] [Reserved]814 医疗器械的上市前批准 PREMARKET APPROVAL OF MEDICAL DEVICES820 质量体系规章 QUALITY SYSTEM REGULATION821 医疗器械跟踪要求 MEDICAL DEVICE TRACKING REQUIREMENTS822 上市后监视 POSTMARKET SURVEILLANCE860 医疗器械分类程序 MEDICAL DEVICE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES861 性能标准制定程序 PROCEDURES FOR PERFORMANCE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT862 临床化学与临床毒理学器械 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY DEVICES864 血液学与病理学器械 HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES866 免疫学与微生物学器械 IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY DEVICES868 麻醉学器械 ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES870 心血管器械 CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES872 牙科器械 DENTAL DEVICES874 耳、鼻和咽器械 EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DEVICES876 胃肠病学-泌尿学器械 GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES878 普通与整形外科器械 GENERAL AND PLASTIC SURGERY DEVICES880 普通医院与个人使用器械 GENERAL HOSPITAL AND PERSONAL USE DEVICES882 神经学器械 NEUROLOGICAL DEVICES884 产科与妇科学器械 OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL DEVICES886 眼科器械 OPHTHALMIC DEVICES888 矫形外科器械 ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES890 内科学器械 PHYSICAL MEDICINE DEVICES892 放射学器械 RADIOLOGY DEVICES895 禁止的器械 BANNED DEVICES898 电极铅线与患者电缆的性能标准 PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR ELECTRODE LEAD WIRES AND PATIENT CABLES第I分章―乳房造影质量标准法（SUBCHAPTER I―MAMMOGRAPHY QUALITY STANDARDS ACT）900 乳房造影法 MAMMOGRAPHY第J分章―放射学的健康（SUBCHAPTER J―RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH）1000 总则 GENERAL1002 记录与报告 RECORDS AND REPORTS1003 缺陷与未能守法的通报 NOTIFICATION OF DEFECTS OR FAILURE TO COMPLY1004 电子产品的回购、修理或者置换 REPURCHASE, REPAIRS, OR REPLACEMENT OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS1005 电子产品的进口 IMPORTATION OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS1010 电子产品的性能标准：总则 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS: GENERAL 1020 电离辐射发生产品的性能标准 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR IONIZING RADIATION EMITTING PRODUCTS1030 微波与射电频率发生产品的性能标准 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR MICROWAVE AND RADIO FREQUENCY EMITTING PRODUCTS1040 发光产品的性能标准 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-EMITTING PRODUCTS1050 声波、次声波和超声波发生产品的性能标准 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR SONIC, INFRASONIC, AND ULTRASONIC RADIATION-EMITTING PRODUCTS第K分章―[预留的]（SUBCHAPTER K―[RESERVED]）第L分章―根据由食品与药品管理局行政执行的某些其他法的规章（SUBCHAPTER L―REGULATIONS UNDER CERTAIN OTHER ACTS ADMINISTERED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION）1210 根据《联邦进口乳法》的规章 REGULATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL IMPORT MILK ACT1230 根据《联邦腐蚀性毒物法》的规章 REGULATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL CAUSTIC POISON ACT 1240 传染病的控制 CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES1250 州际运输卫生 INTERSTATE CONVEYANCE SANITATION1251-1269 [预留的] [Reserved]1270 预期用于移植的人体组织 HUMAN TISSUE INTENDED FOR TRANSPLANTATION1271 人体细胞、组织以及细胞的和基于组织的产品 HUMAN CELLS, TISSUES, AND CELLULAR AND TISSUE-BASED PRODUCTS1272-1299 [预留的] [Reserved]第Ⅱ章―司法部毒品强制执行局（CHAPTER Ⅱ―DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE）1300 定义 DEFINITIONS1301 管制物质的制造者、分销者和调剂者的登记 REGISTRATION OF MANUFACTURERS, DISTRIBUTORS, AND DISPENSERS OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1302 对管制物质的标识与包装要求 LABELING AND PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1303 定额 QUOTAS1304 登记者的记录与报告 RECORDS AND REPORTS OF REGISTRANTS1305 令的格式 ORDER FORMS1306 处方 PRESCRIPTIONS1307 杂项 MISCELLANEOUS1308 管制物质的表 SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1309 表I化学品的制造者、分销者、进口者和出口者的登记REGISTRATION OF MANUFACTURERS, DISTRIBUTORS, IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS OF LIST I CHEMICALS1310 列入表的化学品和某些机器的记录与报告 RECORDS AND REPORTS OF LISTED CHEMICALS AND CERTAIN MACHINES1311 [预留的] [Reserved]1312 管制物质的进口与出口 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1313 前体与必要化学品的进口与出口 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION OF PRECURSORS AND ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS1314-1315 [预留的] [Reserved]1316 行政职能、规范和程序 ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS, PRACTICES, AND PROCEDURES第Ⅲ章―毒品控制政策办公室（CHAPTER Ⅲ―Office of National Drug Control Policy）1400 [预留的] [Reserved]1401 信息的公众可及性 PUBLIC AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION1402 强制性解密审查 MANDATORY DECLASSIFICATION REVIEW1403 对给予州和地方政府资金和合作协议的统一行政要求 UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS1404 政府范围的排除与暂停（非获得） GOVERNMENTWIDE DEBARMENT AND SUSPENSION (NONPROCUREMENT)1405 对无毒品工作场所的政府范围的要求（财政援助） GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE)1406-1499 [预留的] [Reserved]。

NutritionforHealth(8)-食品营养价值ppt课件

NutritionforHealth(8)-食品营养价值ppt课件

含量 12.7 138
DRIs 75
2400
INQ值 2.94
_
鸡蛋蛋白质INQ = 12.7 / 75 138 / 2400
4
100克鸡蛋中营养素的INQ值
营养素 能量(kcal) 蛋白质(g) VB2(mg) 烟酸(mg) 钙(mg)
含量 138 12.7 0.31 0.2 48
DRIs 2400
19
三、 谷物的营养素特点
1. 蛋白质 (proteins)
• 含量低： 大米为7%~10%；小麦为8%~15%；燕 麦为15%~17%。
• 组成及其特点：谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白多，白 蛋白和球蛋白很少。
• 缺乏必需氨基酸：赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨 酸、苯丙氨酸和蛋氨酸。
20
2. 碳水化合物 (carbohydrates) • 碳水化合物含量：稻米>小麦>玉米 • 90%是淀粉 ，还有糊精和葡萄糖。 • 淀粉有直链淀粉和支链淀粉。它们的比例
38
芥蓝
• 以肥嫩的花苔 和嫩叶为食用
部分,营养丰富。
39
• 菌藻类：
蘑菇 (mushroom)、金针菇、草菇 (straw mushroom)、香菇、平菇、猴头菇、鸡脚 菇、木耳 (agaric)、海带 (kelp)、紫菜 (laver).
40
蘑菇 草菇 木耳
香菇 金针菇 白木耳
平菇
鸡脚菇
猴头菇
• INQ= 营养素密度/能量密度 = 营养素含量/该营养素参考摄入量 所含能量/能量参考摄入量
• INQ=1，该营养素与能量含量是平衡的. • INQ>1，营养素摄入>能量摄入，营养价值高. • INQ<1，营养素摄入<能量摄入，营养价值低.

青贮蘑菇渣的营养品质及体外发酵特性评价

青贮蘑菇渣的营养品质及体外发酵特性评价

近期饲料成本的上涨给肉牛养殖业带来相当大的成本压力，同时需要从其他国家进口昂贵的牧草饲料，因为向肉牛提供优质的粗饲料是生产纹理良好牛肉的办法。

因此，有必要开发一种廉价、高质量、以副产品为基础的粗饲料来源，以缓解生产上面临的粗饲料短缺问题。

我国食用菌的种植较为广泛，由此产生的工农业副产物较为丰富，如蘑菇渣。

刁清清和毛碧增（2012）报道，以蘑菇渣为基础，同时与锯末、秸秆等混合后发酵可以提高其利用价值。

但Bae等（2006）研究发现，蘑菇渣与锯末等辅料一起发酵后水分和中性洗涤纤维含量较高，粗蛋白质水平较低，因此，用其饲喂动物时应与全混合日粮一起使用，同时还应考虑其高水分带来的储存问题（Kwak等, 2008）。

由于蘑菇渣含有低水平的易发酵碳水化合物，最好在其中添加糖蜜，以刺激乳酸菌和酵母的生长（曾淑娟, 2010）。

因此，本研究以蘑菇渣为基础，同时米糠、秸秆、糖蜜和菌种一起青贮，评估蘑菇渣青贮料的营养品质、发酵特性及其与常规饲料原料的体外降解差异性。

1　材料与方法1.1　试验原料及青贮　将食品厂收集的蘑菇渣称重后，与10%锯末、10%米糠、2%糖蜜、0.5%膨润土和0.5%微生物菌剂一起混合，准备约1.5 kg的青贮蘑菇渣混合料，用两层聚乙烯袋密封（每次处理8个重复），在25℃下封存0、7、14、28 d。

在不同的封存期收集样品，并保存在-20℃以备后续分析。

1.2　体外尼龙袋试验　选择2头平均体重为632 kg左右、带有瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛用于评估原料组的降解性及与传统水稻秸秆和大麦秸秆等粗饲料来源稻草的消化对比。

试验动物每天饲喂4 g精料、1 kg水稻秸秆、1 kg大麦秸秆黑麦草秸秆和3 kg蘑菇渣青贮饲料，以满足其维持所需的营养，试验期间自由饮水。

瘘管中尼龙袋试验使用青贮料为青贮14 d后的蘑菇渣。

尼龙袋试青贮蘑菇渣的营养品质及体外发酵特性评价李艳梅，郑丙利，葛东杰（焦作大学化工与环境工程学院，河南焦作 454000）[摘要]本文旨在评估蘑菇渣青贮料的营养品质、发酵特性及其与常规饲料原料的体外降解差异性。

营养与食品卫生学英汉互译词汇

营养与食品卫生学英汉互译词汇

acceptable daily intake (ADI)每日允许摄入量acclimatization 气候适应accumulate 蓄积acetylandromedol 乙酰柽木醇毒acceptable risk level 可接受的危险水平acid-forming food 成酸性食品acid value 酸价Achromobacterium 无色菌属Act for preventing the adulteration of articles ex food and drink 防止饮食品掺假法activator 激活剂,活化剂activity coefficient,AC 活性系数actomyosin 肌凝蛋白acute toxicity test 急性毒性试验additive action 相加作用adipose tissue 脂肪组织administrative rule 行政规范adrenal cortical hormone 肾上腺皮质激素adsorption 吸附,吸附作用aerobic repiration 有氧呼吸aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素after-ripeness 后熟Agaricus 伞草属Agrostemma githago L. 麦仙翁Adequate intake,AI 适宜摄入量alamine 丙氨酸albumin 白蛋白albuminuria 蛋白尿alcohol 酒精alimentary codex 食品法规Alkaligenes 产碱杆菌属allowance 供给量alpha-BHC a-六六六alpha hemolytic streptococcus甲型溶血性链球菌Alternaria 交链孢霉aluminum hydroxide 氢氧化铝aluminum sulfate 硫酸铝Alzheimer's dementia早老性痴呆(阿耳茨海默痴呆)Amanita muscaria 毒蝇伞Amanita pantherina 豹斑毒伞Amanita phalloides 毒伞Amanita verna 白毒伞Amanita virosa 鳞柄白毒伞amaranth 苋莱红amatoxins 毒伞八肽类Ames test Ames 试验,艾姆斯试验amino acid pattern 氨基酸模式ammonia 氨Amoeba 阿米巴属,阿米巴原虫,变形虫属amphetamin chloride 冰毒amygdalin 苦杏仁甙amyl nitrite 亚硝基异戊酯amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉anabolism 合成代谢anaerobic respiration 厌氧呼吸Andersen`s disease 安德森病angular stomatitis 口角炎anion exchange resins 阴离子交换树脂anisatin 毒八角亭antagonistic action 拮抗作用anthraquinone 蒽醌anti-cancer drugs 抗癌药物antiketogenesis 抗生酮作用antioxidant 抗氧化剂antitrypsin 抗胰蛋白酶anthropometry 人体测量学apatite 磷灰石apparent digestibility 表现消化率appetite 食欲apoferritin 脱铁铁蛋白apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白applied nutrition 应用营养aquatic organism 水生生物aquatic product 水产品arachidonic acid 花生四烯酸arcus senilis 老年环arginine 精氨酸arsenic 砷Arthrinium 节菱孢属Ascaris lumbricoides 蛔虫Ascaris vermicularis 蛲虫Ascomycetes 子囊菌纲ascorbate 抗坏血酸盐ascorbic acid 抗坏血酸Aspergillus 曲霉属Aspergillus albicans 白曲霉Aspergillus candidus 亮白曲霉Aspergillus flavus 黄曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus 烟曲霉Aspergillus glaucus 灰绿曲霉Aspergillus nidulans 构巢曲霉Aspergillus niger 黑曲霉Aspergillus niveus 霉白曲霉Aspergillus ochraceus 赭曲霉Aspergillus parasiticus 寄生曲霉Aspergillus restrictus 局限曲霉Aspergillus terreus 土曲霉Aspergillus ustus 焦曲霉Aspergillus versicolor 采色曲霉Aspergillus wentti 温特曲霉atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化autophagy 自吞噬availability 可利用率avidin 抗生物素蛋白azide 重氮化合物Bacillus anthracis 炭疽杆菌Bacillus cereous 蜡样芽胞杆菌Bacillus erysipelatos-suis 猪丹毒杆菌Bacillus subtilis 枯草杆菌Bacillus tuberculosis bovis 牛型结核杆菌bacon 咸猪肉bacterial mutation test 细菌诱变试验bacteriocidal substance 杀菌物质bacteriophage 噬菌体balanced diet 平衡膳食balance test 平衡实验Balantidium coli 结肠小袋绦虫B.alcaligenes metalcaligenes 粪产碱杆菌barley 大麦basal metabolic rate,BMR 基础代谢率basal metabolism，BM 基础代谢basic energy exenditure,BEE 基础能量消耗base-forming food 成碱性食品Basidiomycetes 担子菌纲bean curd 豆腐bean curd blade 百叶bean sprout 豆芽beet 甜菜beetle 甲虫类benefit-risk analysis 利害分析benzimidazole 苯骈咪唑benz(a)anthracene (BA) 苯并(a)蒽benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) 苯并(a)芘benzylamine oxidase 苄胺氧化酶beriberi 脚气病beta-BHC β-六六六β-carotene β-胡萝卜素beta hemolytic streptococcus乙型溶血性链球菌betanin 甜菜苷BHC;1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane六六六bilirubin胆红素biliverdin 胆绿素bilobol 白果(二)酚bioconcentration 生物富集,生物浓集biodeterioration 生物危害bioenergetics 生物能量学biofeedback 生物反馈biohazard 生物危害biological concentration生物富集,生物浓集biological expansion 生物性膨胀(罐头)biological half-time 生物半减期biological prevention 生物防治biological value 生物价(生理价值)biosynthesis 生物合成biotin 生物素biotransformation 生物转化biotransport 生物转运bis(P-chlorophenyl)acetic acid pp'-滴滴埃1,l'-bis(P-chlorophenyl)-2,2--dichloroethane pp′-滴滴滴1,l'-bis(P-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene pp′-滴滴伊1,1'-bis(P-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2trichloroethane pp′—滴滴涕Bitot`s spots(patches) 结膜干燥,比托斑点bitter almond kernel 苦杏仁bittern 盐卤Biuron 敌草隆bleach 漂荡,预煮bleaching agent 漂白剂blindness 盲,视觉缺失blood clam 蚶body mass index,BMI 体重指数botulin(botulismotoxin) 肉毒菌毒素botulism 肉毒中毒Bouin's solution 鲍音液Bovine Sponglform Encephalopathy,BSE 疯牛病bran 糠branched chain amino acid 支链氨基酸breakdown 分解breast milk 母乳broad bean 蚕豆bromethane 溴甲烷bromomethane；methyl bromide 溴甲烷brown rice 糙米Brucella 布氏杆菌属Brucelliasis 布氏杆菌病B.subtilis test 桔草杆菌试验B.thermophilie flat sour 嗜热性平酸苗butenolide 丁烯酸内酯butylated hydroxyanisole 丁基羟基茴香醚butylated hydroxytoluene 二丁基羟基甲苯B.welchii(B.perfringens)韦氏杆菌(产气荚膜杆菌)Ccachexia 恶病质cadaverine 尸胺cadmium 镉cadmium carbonate 碳酸镉cadmium chlorate 氯酸镉cadmium hydroxide 氢氧化镉cadmium nitrate 硝酸镉cadmium sulfide 硫化镉caffeine 咖啡碱calciferol 钙化醇calcitonin,CT 降钙素calcium 钙caloric quotient 热能系数calorie 卡(路里)calorifacient 生热的,产热的calorimeter 测热计,热量计calorimetry 测热法Camplobacter fetus subsp.jejuni胎儿弯曲菌空肠亚种Camplobacterjejuni 空肠弯曲菌Candida 假丝酵母,念珠菌属cannabidiol 大麻二酚cannabinol 大麻酚cannabis seed oil poisining 大麻子油中毒canned food 罐头食品capsanthin 辣椒红caramel 酱色,焦糖carbamate 氨基甲酸酯carbohydrate 碳水化物carbonic anhydrase 碳酸酐酶carcinogen 致癌物carcinogenicity test 致癌试验carithamine 红花黄色素carnitine 肉毒碱casein 酪蛋白cassava 木薯catabolism 分解代谢cation exchange resins 阳离子交换树脂cell transformation test 细胞转化试验cellulose 纤维素ceramics 陶瓷ceruloplasmin 血浆铜蓝蛋白cesium 铯chemical expansion 化学性膨胀(罐头) chemical engineering ,chemical industry,chemical technolog 化工chemical pollution 化学污染chemical prevention 化学防治Chlorella 小球藻属chlorinated hydrocarbon,organochlorine氯化烃,有机氯chlorogenic acid 绿原酸cholesterol 胆固醇cholecal ciferol 维生素D3,胆钙化醇choline esterase 胆碱酯酶chromium 铬chromosome 染色体chromosome abberation 染色体畸变chromosome aberration assay test染色体畸变分析试齄chronic mercury poisoning 慢性汞中毒chronic toxicity test 慢性毒性试验chylomicron 乳糜微粒cigarette 香烟Citreoviridin 黄绿青霉素citrinin 桔青霉素Cladosporium 枝孢属clam 蛤Clavus secalinus 麦角Claviceps purpurea Tulasne 麦角菌cleaner 洗涤剂cleaning 净化cleavage of phosphide ester linkage 磷酯键裂解cleft palate 腭裂Clitocybe 杯伞属Clostridium 芽胞杆菌属Clostridium botulinum 内毒杆菌Clostridium butylicum 丁酸杆菌Clostridium perfringens 产气荚膜杆菌coagulant 凝固剂coagulase 凝固酶cobalt 钴cobalt chloride 氯化钻coffee 咖啡colchicine 秋水仙碱cold frozen 冷冻cold press 冷榨cold sterilization 冷灭菌cold storage 冷藏coliform group 大肠菌群colitap 大肠菌快速检验纸片coli test 大肠杆菌试验colliod 胶体colloid system 胶体系统colonization factor antigen,CFA定居因子抗原complementary action 互补作用concentrated milk 浓缩奶concentration factor 浓集系数condensed milk 炼乳congenital mercury poisoning先天性汞中毒conglycinin 伴大豆球蛋白conjunctival dryness 结膜干燥contaminants in food 食品污染物contaminants of biological origin生物性污染物contaminants of chemical origin化学性污染物contaminants of radioactive origin放射性污染物contamination 污染control organ of food hygiene食品卫生监督机构control system of food hygiene食品卫生监督制copper 铜corn cockle seed 麦仙翁籽corn soybean milk (CSM) 玉米大豆乳coronary heart disease 冠心病cowmilk 牛乳Coxsackie virus 柯沙奇病毒crayfish 蝲蛄critical control point,CCP 关键控制点critical porion 敏感期cumulative coefficient 蓄积系数cumulative toxicity index 蓄积毒性系数cumulative toxicity test 蓄积毒性试验Curcuma longa 姜黄curcumin 姜黄素β-cyanoalanine β-氰丙氨酸cyanogenetic glycoside plant poisoning含氰甙植物中毒cyanogenetic glycoside 含氰甙cyanomethemoglobin 氰化正铁血红蛋白cycasin 苏铁素cyclamate 环己氨基磺酸盐cyclic N-nitroso compound环状N-亚硝基化台钧cyclochlorotine 环氯素cysteine 半胱氨酸cystine 胱氨酸cytochrome 细胞色素cytochrome P450s,CYP 细胞色素P450酶系cytochrome oxidase 细胞色素氧化酶Ddaily dietary allowance 每日膳食供给量Datura stramonium L. 蔓陀萝day blindness 昼盲(症)daylily 黄花莱,金针莱21-day survival index 21天哺育成活率2,4-D;2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-D; 2,4-二氯苯氧醋酸DDVP；dichlorvos；dichlorphos 敌敌畏dealkylation 脱烷基化作用deamination 脱氨基作用Debaryomyces 德巴利氏酵母属decimal reduction time (DRT)90%递减时间diarrhea 腹泻difference between individuals 个体差异delayed neurotoxicity 迟发性神经毒作用delayed neurotoxicity test迟发神经毒性试验delta-BHC δ-六六六Demeton,systox 内吸磷Density of energy 热能密度Density of nutrient 营养素密度dental plaque 斑牙deoxyadenosylcobalamin 腺苷钴胺酸Deoxynivalenol (DON) 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇descendant 子系体,后代Deuteromycetes (Imperfect fungi)半知茵纲(不完全菌纲)dhurrin 蜀黍氰甙diabetes mellitus,DM 糖尿病diabetic ketoacidosis 糖尿病酮症酸中毒diacetoxyscirpenol 二醋酸熏草镰刀菌烯醇dialycerides 甘油二脂Diazinon 二嗪农dibenz(a,h)anthracene,DBA 二苯并(a,h)蒽dichloro-diphenyltrichloroethane;1,1,1-trichloro-2, 2-bis(P-chlorophenyl)ethan 滴滴涕(DDT)dientamoeba fragilis 脆双核阿米巴diet 膳食,饮食dietary 食谱,饮食的dietary history 饮食习惯dietary fiber 膳食纤维dietary guidelines 膳食指南dietary recall 膳食回顾dietary reference intakes,DRIs膳食营养素参考摄入量dietary reference values,DRVs 膳食参考量difference between species 种间差异digestibility 消化率digestion 消化dihydrochalcone 二氢查耳酮dihydronivalenone 二氢雪腐烯酮dihydrosafrole 二氢黄樟素1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol 1,25-二羟维生素D37,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene；7,12-DMBA 7,12-二甲基苯并(a)蒽dioxin 二噁英direct calorimetry 直接测热法discrimination factor 差异系数diterpene 双萜dithion 畜虫磷diverticulosis 憩室病DNA repair synthesis test DNA修复合成试验domestic animal 家畜dominant lethal test 显性致死试验dopamine-β-hydroxylase 多巴胺-β-羟化酶dose-effect(dose-response) relationship 剂量效应(反应)关系drogs 废渣dried bean curd 豆腐干Drosophila melanogaster recessive lethal test 果蝇隐性致死试验Drosophila recessive lethal assay 果蝇隐性致死试验duodenum 十二指肠dwarfism 矮小,侏儒症dystrophic hyperkeratosis 营养不良性角化过度Eeating out 出外用膳eating patterns 饮食习惯Echinococcus granulosus 细粒棘球绦虫ECHO virus 埃柯病毒ecosystemic equipoise 生态平衡edema 水肿Edible microorganismus 食用微生物elastin 弹性蛋白elderly 老年人elementary school 小学Embadomonas intestinalis 肠内滴虫emulsion 乳胶,乳浊剂,乳剂emulsoid 乳胶体energy 热能energy coefficient 能量系数endemic arsenic poisoning 地方性砷中毒endemic cretinism 地方性克汀病endemic disease 地方病endemic fluorine poisoning 地方性氟中毒endopeptidase 肽链内切酶endosperm 胚乳energy requirment 热能需要量Engel's index 恩格尔指数enrichment 强化(食品)enterogastrone 肠抑胃素enterogenous cyanosis 肠原性青紫enteroinvasive E.Coli 肠侵袭性大肠杆菌enteropathogenic E.Coli 肠致病性大肠杆菌enterotoxigenic E.Coli 肠产毒性大肠杆菌enterotoxin 肠毒素epinephrine 肾上腺素epiphysis 松果体,骨骺epithollium 上皮epoxide 环氧化物12,13-epoxytrichothecenes 12,13-环氧单端孢霉烯族化合物ergocalciferol 麦角骨化醇,维生素D2ergometrine 麦角新碱ergometrinine 麦角异新碱ergot 麦角ergotamine 麦角胺ergotism 麦角中毒ergotoxine 麦角毒Erwinia 欧文菌属erythocytes 红细胞erythroskyrin 红天精Escherichia 埃希菌属Esherichia coli 大肠杆菌essential amino acid 必需氨基酸essential fatty acid 必需脂肪酸esterification 酯化(作用)estimated safe and adequate intake安全适当的建议摄入量estrogen 雌激素ethion 乙硫磷ethnic 人种的,人种学的Eumycetes 真菌纲evaporated milk 脱脂牛奶FFacioletta ilocana 伊族棘口吸虫fallout 沉降灰FAO/WHO Joint Committee of Alimentary Codex(CA-C) FAO/WHO 食品卫生法规联合委员会farina 面粉,淀粉Fasciola hepatica 肝片吸虫Fasciolopsis 姜片虫属Fasciols heterophyes 异形吸虫fast-food 快餐fat 脂肪Fat-soluble vitamins 脂溶性维生素fatty acid 脂酸fecundation index 受孕率Federal Radiation Council,FRC 美国联邦辐射委员会feeding test for 90 days 90天喂养试验feeding test for 7 days 7天喂养试验Federal Food Drugs and Cosmetic Act联邦食品药品化妆品法(美国)Fenthion 倍疏磷(百治屠)fermented tea 发酵茶Fermentive corn flour 酵(臭)米面Fermentive corn flour intoxication 酵(臭)米面食物中毒fern 蕨类(羊齿植物)ferritin 铁蛋白ferroxidase 铁氧化酶fertilizer (化学)肥料F-2 estrogenic mycotoxinF-2 雌性发情毒素Fetal Alcohol Syndrome,FAS胎儿酒精症候群fetus 胎儿fiber 纤维fibrin 纤维蛋白fibrinogen 纤维蛋白原finless eel 蟮鱼fish 鱼,鱼类fishery 渔业fishing ground 渔场flatulence factor 胃肠胀气因子Flavobacterium 黄杆菌属Flavobacterum farinofermentans 酵米面黄杆茴flavonoid 黄酮类化合物fluorene 芴fluoride 氟化物fluorine 氟fluorosis 氟中毒flour tortillas 墨西哥薄饼fluid balance 体液平衡fluoride 氟化物fluorosis 氟中毒folacin 叶酸folic acid 叶酸food additive 食品添加剂Food and Argriculture Organization,FAO 联合国粮农组织Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of U.S. 美国食品与药物管理局food chain 食物链food colour 食用色素food composition 食物成分food contamination 食品污染food fortifier 食品强化剂food grain other than wheat and rice 杂粮food hygiene 食品卫生学food hygiene law 食品卫生法food hygienic quality detection 食品卫生质量鉴定food origin disease 食源性疾病food poisoning 食物中毒Food toxicology 食品毒理学Food Safety Council of U.S.美国食品安全性协会food spoilage 食品腐败变质food stamp 食品券food storage 食品贮存foot-and-mouth disease virus 口蹄疫病毒fortification 加强,强化fresh water crab 河蟹fresh water fish 淡水鱼fried bean curd 油豆腐fruitarian 果食者full blood count 全血计数fumigant 熏蒸剂fungi 真菌fungicide 杀菌剂fusarenon-X 镰刀菌烯酮-XFusarium 镰刀菌属Fusarium equiseti 木贼镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum 禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium lateritium 砖红镰刀菌Fusarlum moniliforme 串株镰刀菌Fusarium nivale 雪腐镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum 尖孢镰刀菌Fusarlum poae 梨孢镰刀菌Fusarlum roseum 粉红镰刀菌Fusarlum scripi 藤草镰刀菌Fusarium semitectum 半裸镰刀菌Fusarinm solani 茄病镰刀菌Fusarium sporotrichioides 拟枝孢镰刀菌Fusarium spp. 镰刀菌Fusarium toxin 镰刀菌毒素Fusarfum tricinctum 三线镰刀菌Ggalactotransferase 半乳糖转移酶gamma-BHC γ-六六六gamma streptococcus 丙型链球菌grain embryo 谷胚(芽)garlic 大蒜gastroenteric irritant 胃肠刺激物gellyfish 诲蜇gelsemine 钩吻碱gene mutation 基因突变genetically modified food,GMF 转基因食品geo-chemical disease 地球化学性疾病germination 发芽Giardia lamblia 贾兰第鞭毛虫Gibberella zeae 玉米赤霉ginkgo biloba L. 银杏,白果ginkgolic acid 白果酸Glass can 玻璃罐头glossitis 舌炎glucagon 胰高血糖素glucogenesis 葡萄糖生成glucogenic amino acid 生糖氨基酸glucose 葡萄糖glucosinolate 芥子甙glutamic acid 谷氨酸glucuronide 葡糖苷酸glutathione 谷胱甘肽glycemic index 血糖生成指数glycolysis 糖酵解Gnathostoma spinigerum 棘聘口线虫glutathione peroxdase 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶glutinous rice 糯米goitrogen 致甲状腺肿因子Good Manufacture Practice (IMP)良好生产工艺gossypol 棉酚grain, cereal 谷类grain husk 谷皮grain moth 谷蠹grain peat 大谷盗grain processing 粮食加工green food 绿色食品grind 碾磨grind into thick liquid 磨浆guaiac 愈创木脂gustin 味觉素Gymnopilus spectabi1is 桔黄裸伞gypsum 石膏Gyromitra esculenta 鹿花蕈Gyromitrin 鹿花蕈素HHafnia 哈夫尼亚菌属hallucinogen 幻觉原Halobacterium 嗜盐杆菌属Halococcus 嗜盐球菌属Hansenula 汉逊酵母属harelip(cleft lip) 唇裂heat-labile toxin,LT 不耐热肠毒素heat-stable toxin,ST 耐热肠毒素heavy metal 重金属Heliotroplum lascocarpum 毛果洋茉莉helminth蠕虫hemagglutinin 血细胞凝集素heme 血红素hemicellulose 半纤维素hemoglobin 血红蛋白hemolytic toxin 溶血毒素hemosiderin 血铁黄素herbicide 除草剂heroin 海洛因,吗啡high density lipoprotein 高密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein cholesterin,HDL-C 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇histamine 组胺histidine 组氨酸HT-2 toxin HT-2毒素hydrazine 肼,联氨hydrogenation 氢化作用hydrogen cyanide 氢氰酸hydrolysis 水解作用hydrometer (液体)比重计hydrometry 液体比重测定法hydroxyapatite 羟磷灰石hydroxycholecalciferol羟基胆固醇化钙,25-羟维生素D3hydroxocobalamine 羟钴胺素hydroxyergocalciferol羟基麦角钙化醇,25-羟维生素D2Hymonolepis diminuta 长膜壳绦虫hyperactivity 功能亢进的hypercholesterolemia 高胆固醇血症hyperlipaemia 高脂蛋白血症hypertension 高血压hypervitaminosis 维生素过多症hypocalcemia 低钙血症IIbotenic acid 鹅膏鼙氨酸Idiopathic hypogeusia 自发性味觉减退Illicium anisatum L. 山大茴,毒茴香,假茴香,次大料Implantation period 着床期incidence of parturition 妊娠率income elasticity 收入弹性index of nutritional quality (INQ) 营养质量指数indicator of food hygiene quality 食品卫生质量指标indigo carmine 靛蓝胭脂红indirect calorimetry 间接测热法indole 吲哚(靛基质)Inocybe 丝盖伞属inodized salt 碘盐insecticide 杀虫剂inspector of food hygiene 食品卫生监督员insulin 胰岛素International Commission on Radiological Protection; ICRP 国际放射防护委员会iodine 碘iodin deficiency disorders 碘缺乏病ionization theory 离子化学说iron 铁islanditoxin 岛青霉毒素isoleucine 异亮氨酸isosafrole 异黄樟素lsothiocyanates 异硫氰酸酯Isospora hominis 人等胞子球虫Isoxazole derivative 异噁唑衍生物Jjoule 焦耳junior food幼儿食品KKahagawa phenomenon 神奈川现象kelp 海带kerantin 角蛋白ketogenic amino acid 生酮氨基酸ketosis 酮病kilocalorie 千卡Kilojoule 干焦Klebsiella 克雷伯菌属Konwey's dish 康威皿kwashiorkor 恶性营养不良Labeling of INQ INQ标志(营养质量指数标志)lac insect 紫胶虫lactation 泌乳,哺乳Lactarius 乳菇属Lactobacilius 乳杆菌属L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methylester天门冬酰苯丙氨酸甲酯lathyrism 山黧豆中毒lead 铅lead linear 铅线lead load 铅负荷leaf protein 叶蛋白lean body mass 瘦体质lean meat 瘦肉lecithin 卵磷脂leucine 亮氨酸L-α,γ-diamlnobutyric acidL-α,γ-二氨基丁酸life-span toxicity test 终生毒性试验lignin 木质素limiting amino acid 限制氨基酸linamarin 亚麻苦甙,棉豆甙lindane 林丹linolenic acid 亚麻酸linolie acid 亚油酸linuron,N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)N-methoxy-N-methylurea 利谷隆lipase 脂肪酶lipid 脂类lipoids 类脂质lipoprotein 脂蛋白lithium 锂live birth index 出生成活率liverfluke 肝吸虫Lolium temulentum L. 毒麦long term toxicity test 长期毒性试验low density lipoprotein 低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein cholesterin,LDL-C 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇lungfluke 肺吸虫Lycopene 番茄红素lysine 赖氨酸lysyloxidase 赖氨酰氧化酶Mmacrocytic anemia,macrocyte 巨红细胞macroelement 宏量元素Mad Cow Disease 疯牛病magnesium 镁maize 玉米malathion,Karbofos 马拉硫磷malnutrition 营养不良mammitis,mastitis 乳房炎management of food hygiene 食品卫生管理management of food poisoning食物中毒管理manganese 锰manibot utilissima 木薯marasmus 消瘦,消耗marine fish 海鱼maximum no-effect level (MNL)最大无作用量maximum probable number of coliform group 大肠菌群最近似数maximum no-effect dose 最大无作用剂量maximum residue limit 最高容许残留量maximum residue limit 最大残留限量meat factor 肉类因子medium lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量megajoule 兆焦megaloblastic anemia,megalobast巨幼红细胞melanin 黑色素mercury 汞metabolic antagonist 代谢拮抗物metabolic half-life (Ti) 代谢半衰期metabolism 代谢metabolism test of xenobiotics外来化合物代谢试验Metagonimus Yokogawai 横川后殖吸虫Metallic toxicant 金属毒物metallothionein,MT 金属硫蛋白methemoglobinemia 高铁血红蛋白血症methemoglobin reductase高铁血红蛋白还原酶methionine 蛋氨酸methyl 2-benzimidazole-carbamate (MBC) 多菌灵methylene blue 亚甲蓝,美蓝3-methyleholanthrene(3-MCA)3-甲基胆蒽4-methylimidazole 4-甲基咪唑Micrococcus 微球菌属Micrococcus roseum 玫瑰微球菌microelement 微量元素micronucleus test 微核试验microsome mediated assay 微粒体间介试验millet 小米milk curd 凝乳milker 挤奶器milk sugar,lactose 乳糖mineral 无机盐minimal effect level 最小有作用剂量minimium observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) 最小可见损害作用水平miscible calcium pool混溶钙池mite 螨类mitochondrion 线粒体mixed polysaccharide 杂多糖moisture absorption 吸湿性molasses 糖蜜mollusc 软体动物molybdenum 铝monascorubin 红粬红素Monascus purpureus 紫红粬霉moniliformin 串珠镰刀菌素Monoamine oxidase 单胺氧化酶monoglyceride 单酸甘油脂monosacchavide 单糖monosodium glutamate 谷氨酸钠,味精monomethylhydrazine 甲基联氨monounsaturated 单不饱和的monuron,N′-(P-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea 灭草隆moral rule 道德规范mottling of teeth 斑牙症mouse 鼠类mouse unit,MU 小鼠单位Mucor 毛霉属mung bean 绿豆muscarine 毒蝇碱muscimol 毒蝇母mutagenicity test 致突变试验myoglobin 肌红蛋白myosin 肌球蛋白myristic acid 豆蔻酸NNADH-dehydrogenase 还原型辅酶I脱氢酶β-N-(γ-L-glutamyl)-aminopropionitrileβ-N- (γ-L-谷氨酰基)氨基丙腈naringin dihydrochalcone 柚苷二氢查耳酮natural radioactive background 天然放射性本底natural radionuclide 天然放射性核索negative nitrogen balance 负氮平衡neohesperidin dihydrochalcone新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮neo-solaniol 新茄病镰刀菌烯醇net protein utilization 蛋白质净利用率neurotoxicant 神经毒neurotoxic esterase 神经毒素酶neutral fat 中性脂肪new resources of food 食物新资源niacin 烟酸,尼克酸,维生素PPnicotinic acid 尼克酸nickel 镍night blindness 夜昼(症)nisin 乳酸链球苗肽nitrile 腈nitrite 亚硝酸盐nitrite poisoning 亚硝酸盐中毒nitrogen soluble index (NSI) 氮溶解指数nitrophen,2,4-dichloro-1-(4′-nitrophenoxy)benzene 除草醚nivalenol 雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,瓜萎镰菌醇nivalenol diacetate 二醋酸雪腐镰刀菌烯醇N-nitramine N-硝胺N-nitrosamide N-亚硝酰胺N-nitrosamidine N-亚硝基脒N-nitrosamine N-亚硝胺N-nitroso carbaryl N—亚硝西维因N-nitroso-compound N-亚硝基化合物N-nitrosodiethanolamine 二乙醇-N-亚硝胺N-nitrosodiethylamine 二乙基-N-亚硝胺N-nltrosodimethylamine 二甲基-N-亚硝胺N-nitrosomorpholine N-亚硝基吗啉N-nitrosopiperazidine(N-nitrosopiperazine) N-亚硝基哌嗪N-nitrosopiperidine N-亚磺基哌啶N-niterosopyrrolidine N-亚硝基吡咯烷N-nitroso sugar amino acidsN-亚硝基糖氨基酸N-nitrosourea N-亚硝基脲non-essential amino acid 非必需氨基酸non-fermented tea 未发酵茶no-observed-adverse-effect level(NOAEL) 无明显损害作用水平no-observed-effect level(NOEL)无明显作用水平norepinephrine 去甲肾上腺素nordihydroguaiaretic acid去甲二氢愈创木酸γ-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminobutyric acidγ-N-草酰-L-α,β-二氨基丁酸β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acidβ-N-草酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙酸nucleotide 核苷酸nutrient 营养素nutritional ecology 营养生态学nutritional hygiene 营养卫生学nutritional iron deficiency anemia,IDA 营养缺铁性贫血nutritional marasmus 营养消瘦症nutritional requirement 营养素生理需要量nutritional surveillance 营养监测Oobesity 肥胖,肥胖症ochratoxin 赭曲霉毒素oils 油类oilseed cake 油籽饼oil-seed meal 油籽饼粉one-carbon unit 一碳单位onion 洋葱,葱头Opisthorchis felineus 猫后皋吸虫Opisthorchis(clonorchis) sinensis华支睾吸虫opium 鸦片opsin 视蛋白Oranoleptic indicator 感官指标organelle 细胞器organoarsenic 有机砷organomercury 有机汞organophosphorus 有机磷osmotic pressure 渗透压ossification 骨化(作用)osteoblast 成骨细胞osteoclast 破骨细胞osteomalacia 骨软化(症) osteoporosis 骨质疏松症o-sulfobenzoic acid 邻磺基苯甲酸overweight 超重oxalate 草酸盐oxalic acid 草酸oxidation 氧化oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化oxyhemoglobin 氧合血红蛋白oyster 牡蛎Ppalmitic acid 软脂酸Panaeolus 花褶伞属pantothenic acid,pantothen 泛酸Paragonismus westermani 卫氏并殖吸虫Paramecium caudatum 尾草履虫Parathion,Thiophos,1605 对硫磷parathyroid hormone,parathyrin 甲状旁腺素pasterpowderlayer(a1eurone layer) 糊粉层pasteurization 巴氏消毒法patulin 展青霉素pectin transeliminase 果胶反排除酶pellagra 糙皮症,玉米红斑病Penicillium 青霉菌属Penicillium citreo-viride 黄绿青霉Penicillium citrinum 桔青霉Penicillium claviforme 棒形青霉Penicillium cyclopium 圆孤青霉Penicillium decumbens 斜卧青霉Penicilllum expansum 扩展青霉Penicillium fellutanum 瘿青霉Penicillium implicatum 纠缠青霉Penicillium islandicum 岛青霉Penicillium lividum 铅色青霉Penicillium ochrosalmoneum棕鲜色肯霉,棕蛙色青霉Penicillium patulum 展青霉Penicillium pullviLlorum 垫状青霉Penicillium rubrum 红色青霉Penicillium viridicatum 纯绿色肯霉peptide 肽,肽段peracetic acid 过氧乙酸peristalsis 蠕动pesticide 农药pest to store (store pests) 仓库虫害peripheral nutrition,PPN 外周静脉营养phallotoxins 毒伞七肽类Phaseolus vulgaris L .四季豆,莱豆角,芸豆角phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸phenylketonuria,PKU 苯丙酮尿症phospholipid 磷脂phorate,E13911 甲拌磷,(3911) phosphatide 磷脂phospholipid 磷脂phosphorus 磷phosvitin 卵黄高磷蛋白Photobacterium phosphorescens磷光发光菌Phycomycetes 藻菌纲physical expansion 物理性膨胀(罐头) physiological hyaluronidase inhibitor生理透明质酸抑制剂physiological nutrition requirment营养生理需要量phytate 植酸盐phytic acid 植酸phytohemagglutinin (PHA) 植物凝血素Pichia 毕赤酵母属pigeon chest 鸡胸Plankton 浮游生物plant 植物plant growth regulator 植物生长调节素plant sterol 植物固醇plastic can 塑料罐头platelet stickness 血小板粘结poliomyelitis virus 小儿麻痹症病毒polonium 钋polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)多环芳烃类polyoxyethylene ether 聚氧乙烯醚polysaccharide polymerase 多糖聚合酶polyunsaturated fatty acid 多不饱和脂肪酸ponceau 4R 胭脂红,丽春红4Rpoppy 罂粟porphyria 紫质症porphyrin 卟啉positive nitrogen balance 正氮平衡potassium 钾practical residue limit 实际残留限量prandial 膳食的precursor 前体物preservative 防腐剂press 压榨Propionibacterium 丙酸杆菌属propylgallate 没食子酸丙酯prostaglandin 前列腺素protease 蛋白酶protective effect 防护作用protein 蛋白质protein concentrate 浓缩蛋白protein efficiency ratio 蛋白质功效比值protein-energy malnutrition,PEM蛋白质热能缺乏性营养不良protein isolate 分离蛋白protein sparing action 蛋白质节约作用Proteus变形杆菌属proteus food poisoning 变形杆菌食物中毒Proteus mirabilis 奇异变形杆菌Proteus morganli 莫根变形杆菌Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌protoplasmic toxin 原浆毒素Proteus rettgeri雷特洛变形杆菌,雷极氏变形杆菌prunasin 洋李甙Pseudoanisatin 伪毒八角亭Pseudomonas 假单胞菌属Pseudomonas fluorescens 荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas syncyanca 产蓝假单胞菌Pseudomonas synxantha 产黄假单胞菌psilocin 脱磷酸光盖伞素Psilocybe 光盖伞属psilocybin 光盖伞素puckery 味涩putrescine 腐胺pyridoxine 吡哆醇,维生素B6 pyrimidine 嘧啶pyrrolidine alkaloids 吡咯烷生物碱类。

野生与养殖马苏大麻哈鱼肌肉营养成分的比较

野生与养殖马苏大麻哈鱼肌肉营养成分的比较

Vol.33,No.6Dec. 2020第33卷第6期2020年12月水产学杂志CHINESE JOURNAL OF FISHERIES文章编号:1005-3832( 2020 )06-0001-06野生与养殖马苏大麻哈鱼肌肉营养成分的比较魏凯1,郑伟彳,耿琰1,马龙1,陈春山1(1.北京市水生野生动植物救护中心，北京102100;2.吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州水产技术推广站，吉林延吉133001)摘要：本研究测定了体质量为2 500 ~ 3 000 g 和750 ~ 1 250 g 、性腺处于IV 期的雌野生和养殖马苏大麻哈鱼Oncorhynchus 咖。

"肌肉的营养成分和氨基酸组成及含量。

结果表明:野生马苏大麻哈鱼肌肉鲜样中的水分和灰分含量与养殖群体无显著差异(Q0.05),但粗蛋白质含量显著高于养殖群体(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量则显著低于养殖群体(P<0.05)。

两个群体马苏大麻哈鱼肌肉中均检测到18种氨基酸，野生群体的氨基酸总含量(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)总量和呈味氨基酸(DAA)总量与养殖群体差异显著(P<0.05)。

根据氨基酸评分 (AAS)和化学评分(CS),两个群体的第一限制性氨基酸均为色氨酸，而野生群体的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)(75.59)略高于养殖群体(70.77)。

研究表明，养殖马苏大麻哈鱼肌肉氨基酸含量略低于野生群体,但两者的氨基酸营养价值评价指标非常接近，都具有较高的营养价值。

关键词:马苏大麻哈鱼;野生;养殖;氨基酸组成中图分类号:S917.4 文献标识码:AComparative Analysis of Nutritional Composition in Muscles Between Wild and CulturedMasu Salmon Oncorhynchus masouWEI Kai 1, ZHENG Wei 2, GENG Yan 1, MA Long 1, CHEN Chunshan 1(1. Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Centre, Beijing 102100, China;2. Fisheries Technology Extension Station ofYanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture , Jilin Province, Yanji 133001, China) Abstract: In this paper, approximate nutritional composition and amino acid content were determined in muscle of female wild popu ­lation (WP )with body weight of 2 500〜3 000 g and female cultured population (CP) with body weight of 750 ~ 1 250 g masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou with IV stage gonad by conventional method. The results showed that there were significantly higher crude protein and significantly lower crude fat in fresh muscle ofWP than that in CP (P< 0.05), without significant differences in the contents of moisture and crude ash between WP and CP (P > 0.05 ). Eighteen kinds of amino acids were detected in muscles of WPand CP, with higher total content of amino acids (TAA ), essential amino acids (EAA) and four kinds of delicious amino acids(DAA) in WP than those in CP (P< 0.05). The amino acid score (AAS )and chemical score (CS )revealed that the first limitingamino acid was tryptophan in two populations, with essential amino acid index (EAAI )of 75.59% in WP and 70.77% in CP. The find ­ings indicated that the amino acid contents in muscles of CP are lower than that ofWP, with similar evaluation of nutritional value, be ­ing a potential aquaculture species.Key words: Oncorhynchus masou; wild population; cultured population; amino acid composition马苏大麻哈鱼Oncorhynchus masou 是溯河10游性鱼类，主要分布在中国、朝鲜、俄罗斯和日本。

茎瘤芥核心种质资源营养品质分析及评价

茎瘤芥核心种质资源营养品质分析及评价

中国瓜菜2021，34（3）：52-58茎瘤芥（Brassica juncea var .tumida Tsen et Lee ）俗称青菜头或榨菜，是十字花科芸薹属芥菜种的一个变种。

其食用器官为膨大瘤状茎，色白肥厚、质地脆嫩，富含蛋白质、糖、维生素、矿物质以及人体必需的17种氨基酸，营养丰富，既可作为鲜食蔬菜，也可加工为“榨菜”[1]。

茎瘤芥在全国种植面积约20万hm 2，其中以重庆市种植面积和加工规模最大。

2016年，整个重庆市茎瘤芥种植面积达到10.67万hm 2，榨菜全产业链综合产值约95亿元，“涪陵榨菜”品牌价值高达138亿元[2]。

然而近年来，随着茎瘤芥产业不断发展以及加工规模不断扩大，人们对其原材料的营养性和安全性提出了更高要求，同时也对高品质茎瘤芥品种的选育提出了新的课题，但在茎瘤芥育种方向上，过去主要偏茎瘤芥核心种质资源营养品质分析及评价莫言玲，刘义华，曾静，陈静静，易奥云，黄爽（长江师范学院现代农业与生物工程学院重庆涪陵408100）摘要：为筛选优质茎瘤芥资源，以7份茎瘤芥核心种质为试材，对其可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素C 、游离氨基酸、总酚、总黄酮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和粗纤维等9种营养成分进行了测定和分析，并利用隶属函数法对其营养品质进行综合评价。

结果表明，7份茎瘤芥核心种质之间亚硝酸盐含量无显著差异，而其余8个品质性状含量在不同茎瘤芥种质中均有一定差异。

其中以硝酸盐、可溶性糖和总酚含量的变异系数最大，分别为24.13%、22.57%和22.54%，以粗纤维和亚硝酸盐含量的变异系数最小，仅为4.35%和8.84%。

通过隶属函数法分析可知，综合营养品质最佳的种质是SJYS 和PFB12-18-23-10，平均隶属函数值均大于0.7，可作为亲本材料用于杂交育种以选育优质高产茎瘤芥新品种。

关键词：茎瘤芥；种质资源；营养品质；分析；评价中图分类号：S637.3文献标志码：A文章编号：1673-2871（2021）03-052-07Nutritional quality analysis and evaluation of tumorous stem mustard core germplasm resourcesMO Yanling,LIU Yihua,ZENG Jing,CHEN Jingjing,YI Aoyun,HUANG Shuang（School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering,Yangtze Normal University,Fuling 408100,Chongqing,China ）Abstract:To screen high quality tumorous stem mustard （Brassica juncea var.tumida Tsen et Lee ）resources,9kinds of nutrients including soluble protein,soluble sugar,vitamin C,free amino acid,total phenolic,total flavonoid,nitrate,nitrite and crude fiber were determined and analyzed in seven core tumorous stem mustard germplasms,and then the comprehen-sive evaluation of their nutritional quality was performed by membership function analysis method.Results showed that the nitrite content was not significant different in seven core tumorous stem mustard germplasms,while the contents of all the other eight quality traits exhibited certain differences in the tumorous stem mustard germplasms.Among them,the variation coef ficients of nitrate,soluble sugar and total phenols contents were the most maximal three,with values 24.13%,22.57%and 22.54%,respectively,while that of crude fiber and nitrite contents were the most minimal two,just 4.35%and 8.84%.According to membership function analysis,the best two germplasms of high comprehensive nutritional quality were SJYS and PFB12-18-23-10,both with the mean membership function value being greater than 0.7,which could be used as the parent materials for hybrid breeding new high quality and yield tumorous stem mustard varieties .Key words:Tumorous stem mustard;Germplasm resource;Nutritional quality;Analysis;Evaluation第3期，等：茎瘤芥核心种质资源营养品质分析及评价重于产量和熟性等方面，而对营养品质则缺乏研究[3]。

不同品种光皮木瓜营养品质分析与评价

不同品种光皮木瓜营养品质分析与评价

306 Acta Nutrimenta Sinica,Jun.,2010, V ol.32 No.3 不同品种光皮木瓜营养品质分析与评价 Analysis and Evaluation of the Nutritional Quality in Various Varieties ofChaenomeles.sinesis贾 波，曹帮华，庞丙亮，王 兵，曹玉翠(山东农业大学林学院 ，泰安 271018)JIA Bo, CAO Bang-hua, PANG Bing-liang, WANG Bing, CAO Yu-cui(Forestry College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China)光皮木瓜（Chaenomeles.sinensis）属蔷薇科(Rosaceae)木瓜属植物，是我国特有的经济树种，广泛种植于山东菏泽等地。

据《本草纲目》记载，木瓜具有舒筋络，健脾胃，益筋血的药理作用。

现代医学表明，木瓜中含多种活性物质，具有抗肿瘤、保肝、抑菌、强心、利尿、抗衰老等功效[1,2]。

本研究对不同品种的光皮木瓜营养成分进行成分测定，为及综合加工利用提供依据。

1 材 料 与 方 法1.1材料采摘2008年成熟期山东菏泽地区光皮木瓜果实7个品种包括细皮(Xipi)、玉兰(Yulan)、豆青(Douqing)、剩花(Shenghua)、手瓜 (Shougua)、金苹果(Jinping Guo)、狮子头(Shizi Tou)-4℃冰箱中储存。

1.2方法水分：105℃常压干燥恒重法[3]。

蛋白质：按GB/T5009.5-2003。

纤维：按GB/T10469-1989。

总糖：铁氰化钾滴定法[3]。

总酸：酸碱中和滴定法[3]。

氨基酸：按GB/T5009.124-2003，使用Biochrom 30氨基酸自动分析仪测定。

VC：P-680ALPG高效液相色谱仪测定[4]。

211138218_乌蒙山冷凉山区饲用燕麦农艺性状与营养品质评价

211138218_乌蒙山冷凉山区饲用燕麦农艺性状与营养品质评价

第31卷 第4期V o l .31 No .4草 地 学 报A C T A A G R E S T I A S I N I C A2023年 4月A pr . 2023d o i :10.11733/j.i s s n .1007-0435.2023.04.016引用格式:杨 敏,徐树花,饶 雄,等.乌蒙山冷凉山区饲用燕麦农艺性状与营养品质评价[J ].草地学报,2023,31(4):1071-1080Y A N G M i n ,X US h u -h u a ,R A OX i o n g ,e t a l .E v a l u a t i o n o fA g r o n o m i cT r a i t s a n dN u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y o f F o r a geO a t s i n t h eW u m e n g M o u n t a i nC o l dA r e a [J ].A c t aA gr e s t i aS i n i c a ,2023,31(4):1071-1080乌蒙山冷凉山区饲用燕麦农艺性状与营养品质评价杨 敏1,徐树花2,3,饶 雄2,3,高兴发2,3,薛 玮1,4,吴欣珈1,严翊丹1,徐丽君1*,付廷飞2,乔正林2(1.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京010018;2.云南省曲靖市会泽县农业农村局,云南会泽654200;3.云南省会泽县优质农产品开发有限责任公司,云南会泽654200;4.青岛农业大学资源与环境学院,山东青岛266109)收稿日期:2023-01-09;修回日期:2023-02-15基金项目:云南省重点研发项目 乌蒙山区燕麦提质增效与产品研发关键技术研究与示范 (202003A D 150016);中国工程院咨询项目 乌蒙山区燕麦特色产业高质量发展与乡村振兴研究 (2022-X Y -54);云南省 徐丽君专家工作站 经费(202005A F 150074)资助作者简介:杨敏(1999-),男,水族,贵州三都人,硕士研究生,主要从事牧草选育研究,E -m a i l :947638138@q q.c o m ;*通信作者A u t h o r f o r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ,E -m a i l :x u l i ju n @c a a s .c n 摘要:为高效利用乌蒙山区丰富的冬闲田资源,对17份饲用燕麦(A v e n a s a t i v a L .)开展了农艺性状与营养成分的比较试验㊂结果显示,平均生育期为194~226d ,出苗-拔节期时长超过生育期50%;农艺性状变异系数多数高于10%,产量(28.42%)和有效分蘖(30.52%)最高㊂不同品种粗蛋白(C r u d e p r o t e i n ,C P )和酸性洗涤纤维(A c i dd e -t e r g e n t f i b e r ,A D F )含量差异显著(P <0.05),分别为8.33%~10.13%和25.32%~30.15%;中性洗涤纤维(N e u r t r a l d e t e r g e n t f i b e r ,N D F )含量为50.51%~57.58%,品种差异不显著;相对饲喂价值(R e l a t i v e f e e dv a l u e ,R F V )为106.57~133.83,品种间差异显著(P <0.05)㊂ 永久444 A D F 含量显著高于其他品种(P <0.05),爱沃R F V 显著高于其他品种(P <0.05);各指标间存在密切相关关系,穗粒数与产量正相关(P <0.05),生育期与C P正相关(P <0.05);铃铛数㊁N D F ㊁有效分蘖㊁C P ㊁产量㊁茎粗可作为优良品种鉴定主要参考指标㊂综合显示, 伽利略 ㊁ 黄燕麦 表现最好,推荐为当地主推品种㊂关键词:乌蒙山;饲用燕麦;冬闲田;农艺性状;营养品质中图分类号:S 512.6 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1007-0435(2023)04-1071-10E v a l u a t i o no fA g r o n o m i cT r a i t s a n dN u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y o fF o r a ge O a t s i n t h eW u m e n g Mo u n t a i nC o l dA r e a Y A N G M i n 1,X US h u -h u a 2,3,R A O X i o n g 2,3,G A O X i n g -f a 2,3,X U E W e i 1,4,WU X i n -ji a 1,Y A N Y i -d a n 1,X U L i -j u n 1*,F U T i n g -f e i 2,Q I A OZ h e n g-l i n 2(1.I n s t i t u t e o fA g r i c u l t u r a lR e s o u r c e s a n dR e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g ,C A A S ,B e i j i n g 010018,C h i n a ;2.B u r e a uo fA g r i c u l t u r e a n dR u r a l A f f a i r s o fH u i z eC o u n t y ,Q u j i n g C i t y ,H u i z e ,Y u n n a nP r o v i n c e 654200,C h i n a ;3.H u i z eC o u n t y Q u a l i t y A gr i c u l t u r a l P r o d u c t s D e v e l o p m e n tC o .,L T D .,H u i z e ,Y u n n a nP r o v i n c e 654200,C h i n a ;4.C o l l e g e o fR e s o u r c e s a n dE n v i r o n m e n t ,Q i n g d a oA gr i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y ,Q i n g d a o ,S h a n d o n g Pr o v i n c e 266109,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :I no r d e r t o e f f i c i e n t l y u t i l i z e t h e a b u n d a n t r e s o u r c e s o fw i n t e r f a l l o wf i e l d s i n W u m e n g Mo u n t a i n a r e a ,a c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y o n a g r o n o m i c t r a i t s a n d n u t r i t i o n a l c o m p o n e n t s o f 17v a r i e t i e s o f f o r a ge o a t (A v e -n a s a t i v a L .).w a sc a r r i e do u t .T h e g r o w t h p e r i o dof 17o a tv a r i e t i e sw a s194~226d ,a n dt h es e e d i n gs t a g e t o j o i n t i n g s t a g ew a s l a s t e d l o n g f o rm o r e t h a n 50%g r o w t h p e r i o d .T h e v a r i a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o fm o s t a g r o n o m i c t r a i t sw e r em o r e t h a n10%,a n dt h ec o e f f i c i e n to f y i e l d (28.42%)a n dn u m b e ro fv a l i dt i l l e r s (30.52%)w e r e t h e h i g h e s t .T h e c o n t e n t s o f c r u d e p r o t e i n (C P )a n d a c i dd e t e r ge n tf i b e r (A D F )o f 17v a -r i e t i e s d i f f e r e d s ig n i f i c a n t l y (P <0.05),whi c hw e r e 8.33%~10.13%a n d 25.32%~30.15%,r e s p e c t i v e l y.T h e c o n t e n t o fn e u t r a l d e t e r g e n t f i b e r (N D F )w a s50.51%t o57.58%,w i t hn os i g n i f i c a n td i f f e r e n c ea -m o n g v a r i e t i e s .T h e r e l a t i v e f e e d i n g v a l u e (R F V )w a s 106.57~133.83w i t h t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a -m o n g v a r i e t i e s .T h eA D Fc o n t e n t o f Y o n g j i u444 v a r i e t i e sw a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i gh e r t h a n t h o s eo f o t h e r Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.草地学报第31卷v a r i e t i e s(P<0.05).T h eR F Vo f E v e r l e a f v a r i e t i e sw a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e o f o t h e r v a r i e t i e s (P<0.05).T h e m o s ta g r o n o m i c t r a i t sc o r r e l a t e dc l o s e l y w i t he a c ho t h e r,a m o n g w h i c ht h en u m b e ro f g r a i n s p e r e a rw a s p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e dw i t h y i e l d,a n d t h eC Pw i t h t h e g r o w t h p e r i o d.T h eb e l l n u m b e r, N D F,t h en u m b e r o f v a l i d t i l l e r s,C P,y i e l d a n d s t e md i a m e t e r c a nb eu s e da s t h em a i n r e f e r e n c e a g r o n o m i c t r a i t s f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f e x c e l l e n t v a r i e t i e s.W e r e c o m m e n d e dG a l i l e o v a r i e t y a n dH u a n g y a n m a i v a r i e t y a s t h e l o c a lm a i nv a r i e t i e s o f f o r a g e o a t s d u e t o t h e i r b e s t c o m p r e h e n s i v e p e r f o r m a n c e.K e y w o r d s:W u m e n g M o u n t a i n;F o r a g e o a t;W i n t e r f a l l o wf i e l d;A g r o n o m i c t r a i t s;N u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y乌蒙山位于滇东北地区与贵州㊁四川连片山地地区,会泽县坐落在乌蒙山主峰地段,是乌蒙山冷凉山区的典型地区之一㊂会泽县山地面积占比高达95.7%,共有耕地5.2万h m2,因秋冬季节寒冷㊁风沙大,大多数主粮作物不能越冬,栽种蔬菜等能越冬的作物需要进行覆膜处理,但覆膜对土地及环境会造成白色污染,且影响时间长,因此当地大量冬季㊁春季农田闲置,冬季闲田面积高达5.13万h m2,土地闲置使得本就较少的山区耕地资源更加紧张[1]㊂燕麦(A v e n a s a t i v a L.)是一年生禾本科植物,燕麦的耐寒㊁耐旱的特性使得其适宜在当地秋冬季播种种植㊂燕麦的籽粒及秸秆都可被有效利用,燕麦草N D F消化率较高,可饲用纤维素含量高,饲用价值大,世界上近73%燕麦被用做饲用牧草[2]㊂燕麦含有的可饲用纤维素对泌乳奶牛的分泌产物具有良好的影响[3],另外,饲料中加入燕麦能改善肉牛的肉质[4]㊂会泽县是畜牧大县, 会泽县签订10万头肉牛养殖项目合作协议 显示,2021年,全县肉牛存栏50.68万头㊁出栏22.4万头,产值22.52亿元,占畜牧业总产值98.15亿元的22.9%㊂近年来在会泽当地政府引领帮扶下,当地畜牧业处于高速发展状态㊂然而,由于当地高寒冷凉㊁山地遍布的独特地理环境以及草业发展滞缓的现状,高品质饲草需求存在很大缺口㊂所以如何有效利用冬闲田资源填补当地高品质饲草需求进而助力当地畜牧业发展成为有待解决的重要民生问题㊂因此,在当地高效冬闲田种植高品质燕麦具有很好的发展潜力,也是解决高质量牧草需求难问题的好门道,然而不同品种燕麦的适应性差别较大,引进和选育适宜当地种植的优良燕麦品种是实现高品质燕麦饲草生产的第一步,也是关键性一步㊂燕麦的农艺性状和品质是评价燕麦田间表现的优劣和影响产量的重要影响因素㊂近几年对燕麦异地引种的综合评价研究中,常将物候期㊁农艺性状及营养品质作为研究内容[5-9]㊂农艺性状也被用以分析和评定燕麦引种的遗传多样性[10-13]㊂聚类分析㊁主成分分析等方法作为研究遗传选育或综合筛选评价燕麦农艺性状表现的常用分析方法,在燕麦种质资源的引种选育中被广泛使用[14-22]㊂国内关于饲用燕麦的研究主要集中在春季播种[23-26],关于西南乌蒙山区秋冬闲田燕麦的种植研究相对较少[27-29]㊂本研究基于多年的生产实践获取了基础数据后,在进一步完善的试验平台开展相关饲用燕麦品种比较研究,通过大田定位观测与数学统计分析相结合的方法,开展17种饲用燕麦生产性能综合评价,以期为乌蒙山冷凉山区的冬闲田筛选出优质饲用燕麦品种选择提供数据支撑,进而达到有效利用冬闲田资源,增加当地冬季绿色覆盖度的目的,也为当地草食畜牧业高质量发展提供一条重要的草畜结合技术新路径㊂1材料与方法1.1试验地概况试验地位于云南省曲靖市会泽县大桥乡(103ʎ16'E,26ʎ42'N),海拔2492m,年平均气温12.7ħ,极端低温-5ħ,极端高温31ħ,年平均光照时数2129h,年均降雨量817.7m m,年均无霜期210d㊂前茬作物为马铃薯筛选实验,品种分别为: 合作88号 , 丽薯6号 , 青薯9号 , 会薯14号 , 会薯15号 , 会薯16号 ,播种时间为2020年7月21日,收获时间为2020年11月3日㊂1.2试验材料来源试验燕麦品种根据研究区域的地理㊁气候条件进行选择,详细信息见表1㊂1.3试验方法1.3.1试验设计与大田管理措施试验采用随机区组设计,小区面积4mˑ6m=24m2,4个重复; 2020年11月6日播种,条播,播种量225 k g㊃h m-2,行距20c m,播种深度2~3c m㊂种子用多菌灵㊁杀虫剂进行拌种处理,小区施基肥复合肥量为150k g㊃h m-2㊂1.3.2测定指标与方法不同生育期监测及农艺性状测定指标参照‘燕麦种质资源描述规范和数据标准“[30]㊂2701Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第4期杨敏等:乌蒙山冷凉山区饲用燕麦农艺性状与营养品质评价表1试验燕麦品种及来源T a b l e1 T h e o a t v a r i e t i e s t e s t e da n d t h e i r s o u r c e s编号C o d e品种V a r i e t i e s来源S o u r c e1黄燕麦H u a n g y a n m a i甘肃创绿草业有限公司G a n s uC h u a n g l uG r a s s I n d u s t r y C o.L T D2永久444Y o n g j i u444甘肃创绿草业有限公司G a n s uC h u a n g l uG r a s s I n d u s t r y C o.L T D3贝勒B a l e r北京正道生态科技有限公司B e i j i n g Z h e n g d a oE c o l o g i c a lT e c h n o l o g y C o.,L T D 4伽利略G a l i l e o甘肃创绿草业有限公司G a n s uC h u a n g l uG r a s s I n d u s t r y C o.L T D5W-B L2北京正道生态科技有限公司B e i j i n g Z h e n g d a oE c o l o g i c a lT e c h n o l o g y C o.,L T D 6青引2号Q i n g y i nN o.2青海省农业科学院Q i n g h a iA c a d e m y o fA g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e s7林纳L i n n a北京正道生态科技有限公司B e i j i n g Z h e n g d a oE c o l o g i c a lT e c h n o l o g y C o.,L T D 8青引1号Q i n g y i nN o.1北京正道生态科技有限公司B e i j i n g Z h e n g d a oE c o l o g i c a lT e c h n o l o g y C o.,L T D 9加燕2号J i a y a nN o.2北京正道生态科技有限公司B e i j i n g Z h e n g d a oE c o l o g i c a lT e c h n o l o g y C o.,L T D 10青海甜燕麦Q i n g h a i s w e e t o a t青海省农业科学院Q i n g h a iA c a d e m y o fA g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e s11白燕7号B a i y a nN o.7白城市畜牧科学院B a i c h e n g A c a d e m y o fA n i m a l S c i e n c e12青海444Q i n g h a i444甘肃创绿草业有限公司G a n s uC h u a n g l uG r a s s I n d u s t r y C o.L T D13青燕1号Q i n y a nN o.1青海省农业科学院Q i n g h a iA c a d e m y o fA g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e s14爱沃E v e r l e a f北京正道生态科技有限公司B e i j i n g Z h e n g d a oE c o l o g i c a lT e c h n o l o g y C o.,L T D 15燕王F o r a g e p l u s北京正道生态科技有限公司B e i j i n g Z h e n g d a oE c o l o g i c a lT e c h n o l o g y C o.,L T D 16贝勒I I B a l e r I I北京正道生态科技有限公司B e i j i n g Z h e n g d a oE c o l o g i c a lT e c h n o l o g y C o.,L T D 17美达M o n i d a北京正道生态科技有限公司B e i j i n g Z h e n g d a oE c o l o g i c a lT e c h n o l o g y C o.,L T D不同生育期时期时长:接近成熟期时,通过观察法进行观测,试验小区50%植株进入某一时期记录为该时期,80%植株进入蜡熟状态记为成熟期㊂总生育期测定:即从播种至收获所需的天数㊂产量测定:进入成熟期后进行小区单收,人工收割,脱粒机脱粒,燕麦籽粒和鲜草分别称量鲜重,草样取1k g左右鲜样为小样,分别自然晾干,再分别称量其干重,根据小区产量折算为公顷产量,草样根据小样折算小区产量及公顷产量,并对每个品种称量千粒重㊂农艺性状测定:采用5点取样法取样,随机在每个小区内选取10株燕麦,分别测量茎粗㊁轮层数㊁有效分蘖㊁株高㊁穗长㊂铃铛数为10株燕麦中选取主穗进行计数,穗粒数为将10个燕麦穗脱粒后计数㊂营养成分测定:将晾干的脱粒后的燕麦秸秆粉碎后用于营养成分测定㊂采用范式洗涤分析法[31],测定指标为中性洗涤纤维(N e u r t r a ld e t e r g e n t f i-b e r,N D F,%)㊁酸性洗涤纤维(A c i dd e t e r g e n tf i-b e r,A D F,%)和粗蛋白(C r u d e p r o t e i n,C P,%),并计算相对饲喂价值(R e l a t i v e f e e dv a l u e,R F V))[22],公式为:R F V(=D D MˑD M I/1.29;D D M=88.9% -0.779ˑA D F;D M I=120/N D F㊂式中:D D M为干物质消化率(D i g e s t i b i l i t y o f d r y m a t t e r,%),D M I 为干物质采食量(D r y m a t t e r i n t a k e,%)㊂1.3.3统计分析数据采用M i c r o s o f t O f f i c e E x c e l2016进行数据统计整理,采用S P S S24.0, O r i g i n P r o2021进行数据标准化处理和农艺性状相关性分析㊁主成分分析㊁系统聚类分析及作图㊂2结果与分析2.1物候期分析物候期时长显示(图1),受试燕麦不同物候期所需时长不同,不同品种间出苗期-分蘖期-拔节期-孕穗期-抽穗期-开花期-灌浆期-成熟期时长变化规律相似,总体呈波浪形,表现为出苗期-拔节期所用时间逐渐变长,拔节期-开花期所用逐渐时间变短,开花期-开花期-成熟期所用时间逐渐变长㊂其中拔节期需要的时长最长,分蘖期㊁孕穗期也较长,开花期最短㊂不同物候期时长变异系数(表2)说明,不同物候期品种间存在的差异大小不同,即出苗期(48.80%)>开花期(36.66%)>灌浆期(28.02%) >抽穗期(26.46%)>成熟期(21.19%)>孕穗期(16.18%)>分蘖期(15.65%)>拔节期(11.33%),变异系数极差为37.47%,不同物候期品种间的差异性越大,说明品种间长势差异越大,生长速率差异也越大㊂表2显示,品种间出苗期-拔节期平均值时长总和为108.15d,占总物候期时长总和209.45d 的51.6%,说明受试冬闲田饲用燕麦的生长前期所需时间较长㊂3701Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.草 地 学 报第31卷图1 不同品种饲用燕麦物候期时长F i g .1 P h e n o l o g i c a l d u r a t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s o f f o r a ge o a t s 表2 物候期时长变异情况T a b l e 2 V a r i a t i o no f p h e n o l o gi c a l d u r a t i o n 时期S t a ge /d 极大值M a x i m u n 极小值M i n i m u m 均值M e a n标准差S t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n变异系数C o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n/%出苗期S e e d i n g s t a ge 54713.566.6248.80分蘖期T i l l e r i n g s t a g e 712341.696.5215.65拔节期J o i n t i n g s t a g e 601752.906.0011.33孕穗期B o o t i n g s t a ge 531640.936.6216.18抽穂期H e a d i n g s t a g e 29416.594.3926.46开花期F l o w e r i n g s t a g e 1536.472.3736.66灌浆期F i l l i n g s t a g e 24612.223.4228.02成熟期M a t u r e s t a ge 35825.095.3221.192.2 农艺性状分析2.2.1 农艺性状表现和变异分析 综合比较17个燕麦品种千粒重㊁穗粒数㊁产量㊁穗长㊁茎粗㊁轮层数㊁铃铛数㊁有效分蘖㊁株高的平均值,结果(表3,表4)显示茎粗为2.66~3.73m m ,铃铛数为每穗21.3~34.2个,轮层数为每穗4.9~6.1个,千粒重为23.22~32.40g ,产量为5268.3~12384.3k g㊃h m -2,穗粒数为每10穗315.2~527.5粒,株高为67.5~108.8c m ,有效分蘖数为每株1.2~2.3个,穗长为12.3~21.8c m ,生育期为194.0~225.7d㊂同时分析了不同品种各农艺性状的变异系数,其中有效分蘖㊁产量㊁穗粒数㊁铃铛数的变异系数较高,分别达30.52%,28.42%,24.03%,20.99%;轮层数和生育期的变异系数较小,分别达7.83%,4.60%;穗长㊁株高㊁千粒重㊁茎粗变异系数居中,分别为17.08%,12.72%,12.68%,11.57%㊂17个燕麦品种农艺性状的变异系数整体偏高,除却轮层数和生育期外其他指标值均大于10%㊂表3 不同品种燕麦农艺性状T a b l e 3 A g r o n o m i c t r a i t s o f 17v a r i e t i e s o f f o r a ge o a t 品种V a r i e t y茎粗D i a m e t e r/mm 铃铛数B e l ln u m b e r轮层数L a y e r sv e r t i c i l l a t e s p i k e l e t 千粒重1000-g r a i nw e i g h t /g 产量Y i e l d /k g ㊃h m -2穗粒数G r a i n sP e rs pi k e 株高P l a n tH e i g h t /c m 实分蘖N u m b e ro fv a l i dt i l l e r s 穗长P a n i c l eL e n gt h /c m 生育期G r o w t hP e r i o d /d 黄燕麦H u a n g y a n m a i 2.66ʃ0.42f26.4ʃ4.0b c d e5.1ʃ0.2b c d24.24ʃ1.04f g 9652.5ʃ1364.4a b c 409.0ʃ73.2b c94.5ʃ7.7a b c d2.1ʃ0.8a b c d17.7ʃ3b c207ʃ3b c d永久444Y o n g ji u444 3.01ʃ0.17c d e f 29.5ʃ1.9a b c d5.5ʃ0.2b c 25.10ʃ0.30d e f g 11267.8ʃ1433.9a b 490.5ʃ29.9a b 91.3ʃ3.6b c d e f 1.2ʃ0.33f 18.1ʃ0.5b c 211ʃ12c d e4701Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第4期杨 敏等:乌蒙山冷凉山区饲用燕麦农艺性状与营养品质评价续表3品种V a r i e t y茎粗D i a m e t e r/mm 铃铛数B e l ln u m b e r轮层数L a y e r sv e r t i c i l l a t e s p i k e l e t 千粒重1000-g r a i nw e i g h t /g 产量Y i e l d /k g ㊃h m -2穗粒数G r a i n sP e rs pi k e 株高P l a n tH e i g h t /c m 实分蘖N u m b e ro fv a l i dt i l l e r s 穗长P a n i c l eL e n gt h /c m 生育期G r o w t hP e r i o d /d 贝勒B a l e r 3.37ʃ0.32a b c d 31.8ʃ5.0a b c5.3ʃ0.4b c31.73ʃ1.24a b9334.4ʃ729.1a b c315.3ʃ54.4c93.6ʃ4a b c d e2.0ʃ0.7b c d e16.7ʃ1.1b c d e212ʃ6c d e伽利略G a l i l e o 3.04ʃ0.51c d e f 22.0ʃ1.0d e f 5.0ʃ0.1c d 26.51ʃ2.55c d e f g 10857.5ʃ1552.1a b c 377.5ʃ8.9b c 98.2ʃ5.5a b c 1.2ʃ0.2f 16.9ʃ1.0b c d e 209ʃ6b c d W -B L 2 3.13ʃ0.36b c d e 28.7ʃ5.2a b c d e 5.1ʃ0.3b c d 26.45ʃ2.34c d e f g 10139.6ʃ3267.8a b c 484.3ʃ81.7a b 89.6ʃ7.6c d e f 1.9ʃ0.2b c d e 16.8ʃ1.8b c d e 213ʃ2d e 青引2号Q i n g y i nN o .23.04ʃ0.33c d e f 23.3ʃ6.2d e f 5.5ʃ0.5b c 25.25ʃ1.26d e f g 8308.4ʃ1024.1c 405.3ʃ70.8b c82.9ʃ11e f g h 1.9ʃ0.7b c d e 13.2ʃ2f g 202ʃ6a b c 林纳L i n n a 2.99ʃ0.26c d e f 25.1ʃ5.5c d e f 5.0ʃ0.2c d 23.80ʃ1.82f g 9228.8ʃ3835.3b c 409.0ʃ152.5b c 91.5ʃ5.2b c d e f1.3ʃ0.1e 17.4ʃ1b c d 205ʃ8b c d 青引1号Q i n g yi nN o .13.14ʃ0.17b c d e 28.0ʃ2.6a b c d e 5.4ʃ0.3b c 28.90ʃ4.74a b c d 11011.7ʃ1086.2a b c 420.3ʃ70.1b c97.0ʃ6.2a b c d1.5ʃ0.7c d e 17.0ʃ2.5b c d e 212ʃ8c d e 加燕2号J i a ya nN o .2 2.90ʃ0.26e f 21.4ʃ1.3e f5.4ʃ0.5b c 27.22ʃ0.44c d e f g 11157.1ʃ1012.9a b c 330.0ʃ44.5c 100.6ʃ7.3a b 1.3ʃ0.3e 19.6ʃ1.1a b 210ʃ3b c d e 青海甜燕麦Q i n gh a i s w e e to a t 3.65ʃ0.26a b 34.3ʃ7.4a 5.5ʃ0.6bc 32.40ʃ1.25a 9265.5ʃ909.4b c377.5ʃ97.7b c75.3ʃ3.4h i 1.5ʃ0.1d e 14.3ʃ0.6e f g 209ʃ3b c d e 白燕7号B a i y a nN o .7 3.26ʃ0.12a b c d 28.6ʃ6.0a b c d e5.3ʃ0.4b c 24.53ʃ1.30e f g 8141.3ʃ2373.1c 28.0ʃ72.4b c 86.5ʃ10.2d e f g 1.8ʃ0.2b c d e 15.8ʃ1.1c d e f 216ʃ9d e f 青海444Q i n g h a i 444 3.27ʃ0.30a b c d 28.2ʃ3.4a b c d e 5.3ʃ0.3b c d 27.21ʃ1.81c d e f g 8950.49ʃ1571.2b c 443.5ʃ84.1b c 99.2ʃ5.25a b c 2.3ʃ0.1a 17.1ʃ2.3b c d e 200ʃ7a b 青燕1号Q i n ya nN o .1 3.21ʃ0.35abcd 27.6ʃ3.8a b c de 5.2ʃ0.1b c d 27.59ʃ1.19b c d ef 7710.23ʃ2043.1c 527.5ʃ74.4a103.8ʃ2.9a 1.7ʃ0.3bcde 16.1ʃ0.9c d e 194ʃ1a 爱沃E v e r l e af 3.28ʃ0.25a b c d 27.2ʃ3.6a b c d e 5.2ʃ0.3b c d 23.22ʃ3.81g 9329.9ʃ2967.5a b c 427.5ʃ171.4b c 67.55ʃ3.7i2.3ʃ0.4a b 12.3ʃ0.6g 211ʃ6c d e 燕王F o r a g e p l u s3.32ʃ0.52a b c d 33.0ʃ4.5a b5.6ʃ0.2a b 28.75ʃ1.79a b c d e 12384.3ʃ3226.1a496.3ʃ96.5a b82.2ʃ2.8f g h 1.9ʃ0.5b c d e 14.7ʃ1.3d e f g 220ʃ4e f 贝勒I I B a l e r I I 3.73ʃ0.15a 33.2ʃ2.5a b6.1ʃ0.4a 30.18ʃ6.38a b c 5108.2ʃ1224.7c 506.5ʃ18.8a b 81.0ʃ7.4f g h 2.2ʃ0.5a b c 21.8ʃ2.7a 226ʃ3f 美达M o n i d a3.09ʃ0.38c d e f 25.0ʃ6.8c d e f5.4ʃ0.4b c 24.77ʃ0.96d e f g 8061.8ʃ2080.6c 420.3ʃ180.3b c 74.5ʃ3.6h i1.7ʃ0.6b c d e 12.8ʃ1.6g 214ʃ8d e 注:同列比较,不同小写字母表示差异显著(P <0.05)N o t e :C o m p a r e dw i t h i nt h es a m ec o l u m no f e a c ht r a i to f 17v a r i e t i e s .T h ed i f f e r e n t l o w e r c a s e l e t t e r s i n d i c a t es i g n i f i c a n td i f f e r e n c ea t t h e0.05l e v e l a m o n g th et r a i t s 表4 农艺性状统计及变异T a b l e 4 S t a t i s t i c s a n dv a r i a t i o no f a gr o n o m i c t r a i t s 农艺性状A gr o n o m i c t r a i t s 极小值M i n i m u m 极大值M a x i m u m 平均值M e a n标准差S t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n 变异系数C o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n/%千粒重1000-g r a i nw e i g h t /g 19.6735.9726.753.3912.68穗粒数G r a i n s p e r s p i k e 21.0067.5043.7010.5024.03产量Y i e l d /k g㊃h m -23583.0516320.909138.302596.8028.42穗长P a n i c l e l e n g t h /c m 10.3024.9016.182.7617.08茎粗D i a m e t e r /m m 2.054.033.190.3711.57轮层数L a y e r s v e r t i c i l l a t e s p i k e l e t 4.306.505.280.417.83铃铛数B e l l n u m b e r 16.4040.4027.545.7820.99有效分蘖N u m b e r o f v a l i d t i t t e r s0.903.301.830.5630.52株高P l a n t h e i g h t /c m 65.50109.7087.8911.1812.72生育期G r o w t h p e r i o d /d 193230210.209.674.602.2.2 牧草品质分析 17个燕麦品种秸秆营养成分及R F V (图2)显示,C P 含量在8.33%~10.13%,N D F 含量在50.51%~57.58%,A D F 含量在25.32%~30.15%,R F V 在106.57~133.83㊂不同品种N D F 含量差异不显著,C P ,A D ,R F V 存在显著性差异(P <0.05),R F V 最低为燕王,最高为爱沃㊂由R F V 计算公式可知N D F ,A D F 越高,饲喂价值越低, 爱沃 贝勒I I 林纳 黄燕麦 青海甜燕麦 N D F ,A D F 值较低,R F V 较高㊂5701Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.草地学报第31卷图2营养成分及相对饲喂价值F i g.2 N u t r i e n t c o m p o s i t i o na n d r e l a t i v e f e e d i n g v a l u e 注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)N o t e:D i f f e r e n t l o w e r c a s e l e t t e r s i n d i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a t t h e0.05l e v e l a m o n g17v a r i e t i e s2.2.3产量、农艺性状与营养品质相关性分析17个燕麦品种的14个指标皮尔逊相关分析结果(图3)显示,千粒重与穗长,茎粗,铃铛数,株高均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);穗粒数与茎粗,轮层数,铃铛数,有效分蘖均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);产量与穗粒数呈显著正相关(P<0.05);穗长与千粒重,茎粗,铃铛数,株高,轮层数均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);茎粗与轮层数,铃铛数,千粒重均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);轮层数与生育期,铃铛数,千粒重,穗长,茎粗均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);铃铛数与千粒重,茎粗,轮层数均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);有效分蘖与千粒重成显著负相关(P<0.05);生育期与轮层数和C P呈显著正相关(P<0.05)㊂由此结果可知各指标间存在密切相互作用,彼此间相关性复杂,信息重叠高,需要进行降维分析处理以得到评价冬闲田饲用燕麦的主要指标㊂2.2.4主成分分析对17个饲用燕麦的14个指标进行因子降维分析处理后,提取主成分并计算特征根及相应特征值和每个主成分的贡献率㊂为能够尽可能的覆盖各指标大部分信息,本次提取7个主成分,累积率为81.98%(图4)㊂7个主成分中,各成分依据特征值和贡献率,分别定义为主成分1 主成分7,分别定义为铃铛数因子㊁N D F因子㊁有效分蘖因子㊁C P因子㊁产量因子㊁有效分蘖因子和茎粗因子㊂结果显示每个指标都是主成分中的构成因子,同一因子在不同的主成分构成的向量值不同,不同主成分中的每个因子贡献率不同,分别在主成分中充当主要因子或次要因子㊂6701Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第4期杨 敏等:乌蒙山冷凉山区饲用燕麦农艺性状与营养品质评价图3 饲用燕麦各指标相关关系图F i g .3 C o r r e l a t i o n c h a r t o f t h e a g r o n o m i c t r a i t s o f 17v a r i e t i e s o f f o r a ge o a t 注:*表示相关性显著(P <0.05),圆越大颜色越深,相关性越大,反之越小N o t e :*I n d i c a t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n a t t h e 0.05l e v e l .T h e l a r g e r t h e c i r c l e i s a n d t h e d a r k e r t h e c o l o r i s ,t h e gr e a t e r t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f -f i c i e n t i s ;a n dv i c e v e r s a7个主成分得分及综合得分(表5)结果表明各品种燕麦综合排名顺序为: 伽利略 > 黄燕麦 >加燕2号 > 林纳 > 永久444 > 青引2号 >W -B L 2 > 爱沃 > 青引1号 > 美达 >燕王 > 青海444 > 白燕7号 > 青燕1号 > 贝勒 > 青海甜燕麦 > 贝勒I I㊂表5 秋播饲用燕麦主成分得分及排名T a b l e 5 S c o r e o f t h em a i n c o m p o n e n t s a n d t h e i r r a n k i n g o f a u t u m n s o w i n g f o r a ge o a t 品种V a r i e t yP C S 1P C S 2P C S 3P C S 4P C S 5P C S 6P C S 7C S R a n k i n g黄燕麦H u a n g y a n m a i -1.072-0.1270.040-0.071 0.2571.397-0.5070.3612永久444Y o n g ji u4440.8070.9090.8670.1890.6961.563-0.4960.3035贝勒B a l e r 0.740-0.214-1.5660.931-0.352-0.8180.162-0.49215伽利略G a l i l e o -1.1261.139-0.0540.4320.3000.5860.7410.6991W -B L 2-0.2650.5061.057-0.2820.251-1.247-0.0010.2437青引2号Q i n g y i nN o .2-0.7941.109-0.130-0.804-0.7730.4350.1090.2916林纳L i n n a-1.789-1.6110.7400.2810.659-0.142-0.5580.3154青引1号Q i n g y i n N o .10.8410.7850.0321.2250.7740.334-0.8650.1229加燕2号J i a ya nN o .2-1.1580.450-0.8910.580-0.0020.212-0.0430.3253青海甜燕麦Q i n gh a i s w e e t o a t 1.790-0.278-2.2930.470-0.069-0.2430.298-0.86916白燕7号B a i y a nN o .7-0.060-0.3670.487-0.452-0.3950.0060.357-0.04113青海444Q i n gh a i 444-0.2251.026-1.363-0.5290.1110.024-0.198-0.01812青燕1号Q i n ya nN o .1-0.5280.831-1.414-0.880-0.305-0.097-0.262-0.08214爱沃E v e r l e a f -0.934-2.0021.860-0.8650.657-0.3920.5350.1298燕王F o r a g e p l u s 1.4511.2091.172-0.1160.607-1.1080.4970.05411贝勒I IB a l e r I I 3.418-2.3040.2050.000-1.9250.5510.411-1.46017美达M o n i d a-1.096-1.0611.250-0.110-0.490-1.060-0.1790.12110 注:P C S 1,P C S 2,P C S 3,P C S 4,P C S 5,P C S 6,P C S 7,C S 分别表示主成分1得分㊁主成分2得分㊁主成分3得分㊁主成分4能分㊁主成分5得分㊁主成分6得分㊁主成分7得分㊁综合得分N o t e :P C S 1,P C S 2,P C S 3,P C S 4,P C S 5,P C S 6,P C S 7a n dC S r e s p e c t i v e l y r e p r e s e n t t h e s c o r e s o f p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t 1,p r i n c i p a l c o m po n e n t 2,p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t 3,P r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t 4,p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t 5,p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t 6,p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t 7a n d t h e c o m po s i t e 7701Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.草地学报第31卷图4饲用燕麦成分向量载荷图F i g.4 C o m p o n e n t v e c t o r l o a d i n g d i a g r a mo f t r a i t s o f17v a r i e t i e s o f f o r a g e o a t3讨论3.1冬闲田燕麦栽培管理分析乌蒙山冷凉山区秋播饲用燕麦在引种地的高寒冷凉气候条件下,生育期在194~226d,出苗期至孕穗期时长占约占总时长的四分之三,期间燕麦生长缓慢,耗费时间长㊂与吴亚等[32]在扬州的冬播燕麦生育期211~229d和郑曦等[33]在扬州的冬播燕麦的生育期199~210d基本一致,其原因可能是播种时间同为秋冬季节,冷热环境条件相似,燕麦冬春季节有效积温不足,燕麦自身具有 保苗 的调控机制,分蘖㊁拔节㊁孕穗时期生长缓慢㊂生育期时间长比旦增塔庆等[34]研究的春播燕麦生育期115~141d长,主要表现在分蘖期㊁拔节期和孕穗期时间较短㊂同时也比高山等[35]在公主岭的夏播燕麦生育期76~97d长,主要表现也是在分蘖期至抽穗期时间较长㊂同时期水热条件的变化会直接作用于燕麦各生育期的生长状态,进而影响生育期时长[36-37]㊂不同品种燕麦的营养成分含量以及分布不同,不同生育期的燕麦的各部位营养成分积累量也不同[38-39]㊂研究不同饲用燕麦品种生育期时,用于预判燕麦进入某一时期的时间和生长态势,同时为燕麦各时期病虫害防除㊁杂草防控等管理措施提供预测预报,进而达到提高燕麦田间管理效率㊁节约成本的目的㊂饲用燕麦适时收获即可保证营养的充分利用,也可为保证下一茬作物轮作提供充足的时间保障,提高土地高效利用率,同时提高土地复种指数,一般在灌浆后期进行刈割达到较好的营养和产量需求㊂不同的播种时间会影响燕麦的发育过程,在异地引种时应首先考虑引进的饲用燕麦品种的播种时间及播种深度和根据当地土壤墒情适时播种,使得燕麦在当地气候环境条件下,生长发育保持较好的速率和态势㊂根据不同生育期时长的判断,根据需求对燕麦在乳熟期或成熟期进行适宜的刈割处理,以保持高产量㊁高品质和无缝接茬轮作种植模式,使得收益最大化㊂3.2冬闲田燕麦营养品质本次研究材料的17份燕麦草C P含量在8.33%~10.13%之间,N D F含量为50.51%~ 57.58%之间,A D F含量在25.32%~30.15%之间, R F V在106.57~133.83之间㊂童永尚等[40]研究的不同播期燕麦C P含量最高为5.57%,N D F含量均大于54.47%,A D F含量绝大部分大于29.29%;解津刚等[41]对新疆春播燕麦草饲料的研究中C P含量均值8.34%,N D F含量均值为59.60%,A D F含量均值为40.03%;王腾飞等[42]在宁夏雨养区春播燕麦适8701Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第4期杨敏等:乌蒙山冷凉山区饲用燕麦农艺性状与营养品质评价应评价测定的C P含量在8.27~11.29%之间,R F V 在94.8~117.2㊂由R F V计算公式可知N D F, A D F含量与R F V呈负相关关系,N D F,A D F含量越低说明饲草相对饲喂品质越好,C P含量越高则可以为牲畜提供更高的蛋白营养物质,饲草品质越好㊂由此可见,乌蒙山冷凉山区秋播饲用燕麦可饲喂营养价值高于上述研究的其他播期燕麦,可见在燕麦饲草中具有相对较好的的竞争性㊂其中, 爱沃 表现最好,可推广作为当地高品质饲草原料,促进当地肉牛产业发展㊂3.3冬闲田燕麦农艺性状要素及综合评价分析相关性分析说明各指标之间存在复杂的相互影响关系,性状间相关程度不同且存在制约关系,田间农艺性状间均为正相关关系,穗粒数与产量显著相关,营养品质相关的有生育期,生育期较长的品种C P 含量较高㊂农艺性状与营养成分㊁饲喂价值无显著性状关系㊂结果与孙乌日娜等[43]在内蒙古对9个燕麦材料产量和各农艺性状的相关性的研究结果具有较大差异,高寒冷凉地区秋播饲用燕麦生长发育和性状表现受到当地独特的气候条件和土壤水肥条件的影响较大,综合各种因素导致田间农艺性状生长态势独特,得到的相关关系差异较大㊂主成分分析结果表明饲用燕麦农艺性状的14个性状中提取的7个主成分累积贡献值超过80%,铃铛数㊁N D F㊁有效分蘖㊁C P㊁产量㊁茎粗可称为7个成分中的主导因子,主导因子与孙道旺等[44]对42份燕麦材料的10个农艺性状主成分提取的结果差异较大㊂本次研究结果 青引1号 , 加燕2号 和 青海444 表现较好,与张伟等[45]在呼伦贝尔对10个品种燕麦生产性能和品质研究结果的表现相似,是在当地推广种植的优势品种㊂周启龙[46]在阿里地区评价中 燕王 是表现较好的燕麦品种,本次研究中燕王的产量最高,农艺性状表现好,说明该品种是优质品种,适应性较强,可作为高产品种的进行推广㊂部分品种在不同地区引种都表现出较好的适应性,多数品种在不同地区综合生长态势表现出较大差异性,原因是不同地理环境和气候条件差异大,燕麦在性状发育和分化上会产生较大变化㊂主成分综合得分结果显示, 伽利略 和 黄燕麦 能够在当地完成生育周期,在17个品种中生育期较短,产量较高㊁C P含量和R F V也较高,同时在主成分提取的主要性状表现也较好,综合表现最高,说明在当地环境气候下具有很高的适应性,可以作为优质饲草的主推品种㊂4结论17个燕麦品种的出苗期㊁开花期和灌浆期时长变异系数大,这主要与品种本身遗传变异的差异有关,同时,由于秋播燕麦是11月上旬进行,随着气温逐渐降低,出苗后的燕麦进入了地上部分缓慢生长的阶段,地下根系进入快速生长,出现 蹲苗 现象㊂与春播燕麦相比,生育期整体延长60~90d,出苗期-分蘖期-抽穗期整体生长缓慢,但不影响下一茬次作物的种植㊂从单因素评价所选燕麦的特性,早熟性方面, 青燕1号 和 青海444 生育期最短,可作为早熟轮作与其他作物接茬的品种;产量方面, 燕王 产量最高,性状表现好,可作为高产需求的主推品种;营养方面,乌蒙山冷凉山区冬闲田秋播饲用燕麦营养价值麦品质高于一些研究的燕麦草营养品质,具有较高的竞争力,本研究中 爱沃 饲喂价值最高,可作为高品质饲草选择;燕麦农艺性状和生产性能优劣主要受铃铛数㊁有效分蘖㊁产量㊁有效分蘖㊁N D F, C P㊁茎粗影响㊂从综合因素评价分析各项指标, 伽利略 和 黄燕麦 属于较早熟㊁产量高㊁营养品质较好的品种,总体优于其他受试品种,推荐在乌蒙山冷凉山区进行推广种植㊂参考文献[1]徐丽君,柳茜,肖石良,等.乌蒙山区春闲田粮草轮作燕麦的生产性能[J].草业科学,2020,37(3):514-521[2]刘青松,贾艳丽,肖宇,等.河北东部平原区饲用燕麦适应性评价研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2022(3):102-106[2]童永尚,鱼小军,徐长林,等.天祝高寒区播期对7个燕麦品种饲草产量及品质的影响[J].草地学报,2021,29(5):1094-1106 [3]贺忠勇.燕麦干草在奶牛生产中的优势及应用[J].中国奶牛,2015(17):12-15[4]陈书礼,董建平,胡张涛,等.燕麦干草对肉牛生长性能㊁血清生化指标及肉品质的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2022,54(11):23-30 [5]段连学,马祥,琚泽亮,等.高寒地区氮肥运筹对 青海甜燕麦农艺性状和种子产量的影响[J].草地学报,2022,30(6):1576-1583[6]胡佳燕,刘畅,李志坚,等.不同类型皮燕麦在吉林省西部的产量与农艺性状的比较研究[J].草地学报,2021,29(10):2247-2257[7]张成君,任生兰,边芳,等.陇中黄土高原半干旱区9个燕麦品种籽粒产量及其营养价值研究[J].草地学报,2022,30(11): 3082-3089[8]吴海艳,曲尼,曲珍,等.6个燕麦品种在昂仁县的生产性能及饲草品质比较[J].草业学报,2022,31(4):72-80[9]南铭,景芳,边芳,等.6个裸燕麦品种在甘肃中部引洮灌区的9701Copyright©博看网. 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All Rights Reserved.。

各类食品的营养价值

各类食品的营养价值

（二）大豆中的抗营养因子
1. 蛋白酶抑制剂（protease inhibitor, PI） 2. 豆腥味 3. 胀气因子(flatus-producing factor) 4. 植酸 5. 植物红细胞凝集素
三、蔬菜、水果类
（一）蔬菜 （二）水果
（一）蔬菜
1.蛋白质 含量很少，不是人类蛋白质的主要来源。
（一）大豆的营养价值
1. 蛋白质： 大豆35%～40%，属优质蛋白，蛋氨酸低。
2. 脂肪：大豆15%～20%。 3. 碳水化合物： 25%～30%，其中
50%为可利用的淀粉、阿拉伯糖、半乳聚糖、蔗糖 50%为人体不能消化的棉籽糖、水苏糖。 4. 维生素和矿物质
（一）大豆的营养价值
5．豆类中的天然活性成分 （1）大豆皂苷（soya saposin, ss） （2）大豆异黄酮(soybean isoflavones，ISO) （3）大豆低聚糖（soybean oligosaccharide）
4. 矿物质 含量为0.8%～1.2%，铁、磷含量较高。
5. 维生素 B族维生素含量丰富，但维生素C含量甚微。内脏如
肝脏中富含维生素A、核黄素。
（二）禽肉的营养价值
与畜肉相似，蛋白质的含量约为20%，氨基酸组成 接近人体需要，属于优质蛋白。与畜肉相比，禽 肉肉质细嫩，含氮浸出物较多，因此禽肉味道更 加鲜美。禽肉中脂肪含量少，熔点低（20℃～ 40℃），含有20%的亚油酸，易于消化吸收。
7.酶类 萝卜中含有淀粉酶； 大蒜中含有植物杀菌素和含硫的化合物； 西红柿、洋葱等蔬菜含有生物类黄酮。
蔬菜中常见的抗营养因子
（1）毒蛋白 （2）毒苷类物质 （3）皂苷(saponin) （4）生物碱(alkaloid) （5）亚硝酸盐（nitrite） （6）硫苷-致甲状腺肿原 （7）草酸(oxalic acid)

菜心种质资源营养品质的综合分析

菜心种质资源营养品质的综合分析

菜心种质资源营养品质的综合分析李桂花,郭巨先,罗文龙,骆善伟,符梅∗㊀(广东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所/广东省蔬菜新技术研究重点实验室,广东广州510640)摘要㊀[目的]对收集到的15个菜心品种维生素C ㊁可溶性固形物㊁还原糖㊁蛋白质和粗纤维进行分析和评价,以期筛选出优质品种在生产上推广应用㊂[方法]采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法㊁折射仪读数法㊁比色法㊁紫外吸收法和酸碱洗涤法分别对15个菜心品种的维生素C ㊁可溶性固形物㊁还原糖㊁蛋白质和粗纤维5个品质指标进行测定和综合评价㊂[结果]15个菜心品种间的营养品质成分均有显著差异(P <0.05),变异系数为12.86%~47.36%㊂利用隶属函数法评价菜心的综合品质,较优质品种为白菜薹㊁粤薹3号菜薹㊁青心薹㊁粤薹5号菜薹㊁粤薹2号菜薹,利用系统聚类分析法,按照品质优劣划分为4个类群,优劣顺序为Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ㊂[结论]该研究结果可以为菜心品质评价提供参考,为生产上推广优质新品种奠定基础㊂关键词㊀菜心;营养品质;聚类分析中图分类号㊀TS 201.6㊀㊀文献标识码㊀A㊀㊀文章编号㊀0517-6611(2023)07-0041-05doi :10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2023.07.011㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):Comprehensive Analysis of the Nutritional Quality of Flowering Chinese CabbageLI Gui-hua ,GUO Ju-xian ,LUO Wen-long et al㊀(Vegetable Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Guang-dong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510640)Abstract ㊀[Objective]To select high quality cultivars in the production,the vitamin C content,soluble solid content,reducing sugar con-tent,protein content and crude fiber content of 15different cultivars of flowering Chinese cabbage were analyzed and evaluated.[Method]2,6-dichlorophenol titration,colorimetric method,refractometer reading method,enzymatic hydrolysis method,and acid-base washing method was used to test the content of vitamin C,soluble solid content,reducing sugar,starch,protein and dietary fiber.[Result]The results showed that there were significant differences in the contents of various nutrient components of the 15cultivars of flowering Chinese cabbage (P <0.05),and the coefficient of variation ranged from 12.86%to 47.36%.According to the comprehensive scores by the average membership function method,the top five varieties were Baicaitai,Yuetai 3,Qingxintai,Yuetai 5and Yuetai 2.By using systematic cluster analysis meth-od,four groups were divided according to the comprehensive quality,and their quality ranked as follows:III >IV >I >II.[Conclusion]Therefore,this experiment can provide certain data support and analysis method reference for the evaluation of nutritional quality of flowering Chinese cabbage,and provide certain reference for applying high-quality varieties in farms.Key words ㊀Flowering Chinese cabbage;Nutritional quality;Cluster analysis基金项目㊀广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2020A1515110377);广州市科技计划项目(202102020442,2023B03J1270);广东省农业科学院创新基金项目(202108);广东省农业厅项目(2022-NBA -00-014);国家外专局项目(QN2022030025L )㊂作者简介㊀李桂花(1975 ),女,江西新干人,研究员,博士,从事蔬菜育种研究㊂∗通信作者,研究员,博士,从事蔬菜育种研究㊂收稿日期㊀2022-05-26㊀㊀菜心又名菜薹,属十字花科芸薹属小白菜变种,2n =20,是华南地区的特色叶菜,可以全年生产供应㊂菜心营养丰富,富含维生素C㊁粗纤维㊁矿物质和胡萝卜素等,经常食用不仅可以刺激肠胃的蠕动,起到润肠㊁助消化的作用,而且在美容养颜方面有一定的功效,被誉为 蔬品之冠 和 百蔬之王[1]㊂广东省年种植面积达20万hm 2,菜心已在全国范围销售并出口港澳㊁东南亚㊁日本㊁美国㊁欧洲[2]㊂钟玉娟等[3]研究菜薹硝酸盐积累与品种㊁营养品质之间的关系发现,红菜薹㊁白菜薹㊁绿菜薹不同品种间的硝酸盐含量有显著差异,其中红菜薹和部分白菜薹属于高营养品质和低硝酸盐含量的一组,绿菜薹大部分是属于高硝酸盐含量和低营养品质的一组㊂相关性分析和PCA 分析表明,硝酸盐的积累与维生素C㊁可溶性固形物㊁还原糖和蛋白质的积累存在显著相关,降低硝酸盐含量将可能改善蔬菜的营养品质㊂卢宇鹏等[4]研究不同熟性菜心品质性状的多样性分析发现,10个品质性状的变异系数均在11.17%~42.76%,变异系数最大的品质性状是叶柄长,为42.76%,变异系数最小的品质性状是叶绿素含量,为11.17%;而在早㊁中㊁晚3种不同熟型的菜心材料中,中熟类型菜心不仅硝酸盐含量低,而且外观品质也最符合优质菜心商品性状的要求;除叶绿素含量㊁叶形和硝酸盐含量外,早熟类型菜心的开展度㊁最大叶长㊁叶宽㊁叶柄长㊁薹高㊁薹粗㊁可溶性蛋白含量7个指标均显著小于晚熟类型㊂梁春红等[5]研究硒营养对菜心影响发现,适量浓度的硒可以显著促进菜薹的膨大增加粗度,从而提高产量,且硒能明显降低菜心叶的硝酸盐含量,提高叶的类胡萝卜素含量㊁游离氨基酸含量和维生素C 含量㊂该研究对收集到的15个菜心品种维生素C㊁可溶性固形物㊁还原糖㊁蛋白质㊁粗纤维进行分析和评价,结果表明菜心品种间各营养成分含量差异明显,可以为选择优质品种在生产上推广应用奠定理论基础㊂笔者对除试验数据的单一营养指标进行常规分析外,同时综合品质分析采用平均隶属函数法和主成分分析法来进行综合品质分析评价,期望能找出单一营养成分最佳的菜心品种和综合品质较好的菜心品种,为推广优质菜心品种奠定理论基础㊂1㊀材料与方法1.1㊀试验材料㊀供试材料包括15个菜心品种,这些品种均为生产上大面积推广和应用的品种㊂2021年秋季在广东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所白云基地种植,在商品成熟期取样测定分析其营养品质指标㊂1.2㊀试验方法1.2.1㊀样品制备㊂菜心商品期收获后,将其(包括嫩茎叶安徽农业科学,J.Anhui Agric.Sci.2023,51(7):41-45㊀㊀㊀片)切成1cm 大小,混匀㊂取20g 鲜样进行研磨㊁匀浆,用于测定维生素C 的含量㊂将约200g 鲜样称重后放置于-40ħ的冰柜中冷冻干燥保存,经5~6d 冷冻干燥后,将干样粉碎后装存于样品瓶中,在干燥箱中放置保存㊂1.2.2㊀营养品质分析㊂菜心维生素C 含量测定依据GB 5009.86 2016[6],采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法;可溶性固形物采用折射仪读数法;还原糖含量测定依据GB 5009.72016[7],采用直接滴定法(比色法),折射仪读数法;蛋白质含量测定依据GB 5009.5 2016[8],采用凯氏定氮法(紫外吸收法);粗纤维含量测定依据GB5009.88 2014[9],采用酶重量法(酸碱洗涤法)㊂1.3㊀数据分析㊀数据的统计与分析采用聚类分析软件SPSS 22.0和Excel 进行,利用方差和分析法对不同菜心的营养品质进行分析,判断分析得出P 和F ,则可以得出不同菜心的营养品质是否具有显著差异㊂利用模糊数学隶属函数法对不同品种菜心的营养品质进行综合评价,菜心品种的平均隶属函数值越大,则说明其综合品质越好㊂计算公式:s 2=(M -x i )2n式中,s 2为该营养品质的方差,x i 为各营养品质的测定值,M 为该营养品质的平均数㊂X (μ)=(X -X max )/(X max -X min )式中,X (μ)代表不同品种各项营养品质的隶属函数值,X max 表示不同营养品质指标的最大值,X min 表示不同营养品质指标的最小值㊂2㊀结果与分析2.1㊀不同菜心品种营养品质分析㊀由表1可知,15个菜心品种的5个指标平均变异系数为26.31%,其中变异系数最大的是还原糖,达47.36%,其后依次是可溶性固含物28.49%㊁维生素C 22.57%㊁蛋白质20.29%,变异系数最小的是粗纤维12.86%㊂表1㊀菜心营养品质检测结果Table 1㊀Nutritional quality test result of Chinese flowering cabbage项目Item维生素C Vitamin Cʊmg /kg可溶性固形物Soluble solid contentʊ%还原糖Reducing sugarʊg /kg蛋白质Proteinʊg /kg粗纤维Crude fibreʊ%平均数Average 611.41 5.1415.4421.600.71最大值Max 803.738.1325.9030.500.89最小值Min373.50 3.37 5.9015.500.59标准误Standard error113.460.397.634.110.09变异系数Variable coefficientʊ%22.5728.4947.3620.2912.862.1.1㊀维生素C 含量㊂由表2可知,15份材料的维生素C含量均处于373.50~803.73mg /kg,其中含量高于600mg /kg的有6个,在750~810mg /kg 的有4个,在600~750mg /kg 的有2个,低于600mg /kg 的品种有9个㊂供试品种中维生素C 含量最高值是最低值的2.15倍,菜心品种间维生素C 含量有显著差异㊂2.1.2㊀可溶性固形物含量㊂由表2可知,15份菜心品种可溶性固形物含量均处于3.37%~8.13%,其中含量高于5%的有7个,含量在6.56%~8.13%的有4个,含量在5.0%~6.5%的有3个,含量低于5.0%的有8个㊂对15个菜心的可溶性固形物进行方差分析,最高值是最低值的2.41倍,可见菜心品种间可溶性固形物含量差异显著㊂表2㊀不同菜心品种的营养品质Table 2㊀Nutritional quality of 15cultivars of flowering Chinese cabbage序号No.样品名称Varieties 维生素C Vitamin Cʊmg /kg可溶性固形物Soluble solid contentʊ%还原糖Reducing sugarʊg /kg蛋白质Proteinʊg /kg 粗纤维Crude fibreʊ%170d 菜心556.00ʃ1.81 4.41ʃ0.0111.60ʃ0.0918.40ʃ0.060.63ʃ0.012粤薹3号菜薹766.00ʃ1.047.40ʃ0.0525.50ʃ0.0925.90ʃ0.040.74ʃ0.053粤薹4号菜薹373.50ʃ1.00 5.91ʃ0.0425.90ʃ0.0422.20ʃ0.070.59ʃ0.044粤薹5号菜薹534.90ʃ0.65 6.56ʃ0.0424.80ʃ0.1125.90ʃ0.050.67ʃ0.045青心薹587.46ʃ0.73 6.73ʃ0.0622.20ʃ0.0925.10ʃ0.040.89ʃ0.066白菜薹689.03ʃ1.888.13ʃ0.0124.99ʃ0.0630.50ʃ0.020.74ʃ0.017连州菜心766.96ʃ2.41 4.24ʃ0.019.70ʃ0.0623.10ʃ0.040.78ʃ0.018粤薹1号485.96ʃ2.28 5.40ʃ0.0820.10ʃ0.0821.60ʃ0.050.70ʃ0.089粤薹2号581.03ʃ2.09 5.30ʃ0.0819.00ʃ0.0222.40ʃ0.080.80ʃ0.081080d 菜心417.96ʃ1.27 3.60ʃ0.0211.00ʃ0.0815.50ʃ0.040.60ʃ0.0211油绿802545.03ʃ1.83 3.80ʃ0.057.00ʃ0.0816.20ʃ0.030.60ʃ0.0512粤薹6号799.46ʃ1.64 4.14ʃ0.039.30ʃ0.0722.70ʃ0.040.80ʃ0.0313冠兰菜心540.03ʃ1.10 3.60ʃ0.048.30ʃ0.1317.70ʃ0.030.70ʃ0.0414迟心4号724.00ʃ1.57 3.37ʃ0.08 5.90ʃ0.0816.30ʃ0.040.80ʃ0.0815美兰菜心803.73ʃ2.124.52ʃ0.086.30ʃ0.1120.60ʃ0.050.60ʃ0.0824㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀安徽农业科学㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀2023年2.1.3㊀还原糖含量㊂由表2可知,15份材料还原糖含量均处于5.90~25.90g/kg,其中含量高于15g/kg的有7个,含量在25~30g/kg的有2个,含量在15~25g/kg的有5个,含量低于15g/kg的有8个㊂对15个菜心的还原糖含量进行方差分析,最高值是最低值的4.39倍,菜心品种间还原糖含量有显著差异㊂2.1.4㊀蛋白质含量㊂由表2可知,15份材料的蛋白质含量均处于15.50~30.50g/kg,其中含量高于20g/kg的有10个,含量在25~35g/kg的有4个,含量在20~25g/kg的有6个,含量低于20g/kg的有5个㊂对15种菜心的蛋白质含量进行方差分析,最高值是最低值1.97,菜心品种间蛋白质含量差异显著㊂2.1.5㊀粗纤维含量㊂由表2可知,15份材料的粗纤维含量为0.59%~0.89%,其中含量高于0.7%的有7个,含量在0.8%~0.9%的有4个,含量高于0.7%低于0.8%的有3个,含量低于等于0.7%的有8个㊂对15种菜心的粗纤维含量进行方差分析,最高值是最低值的1.51倍,菜心品种间粗纤维含量差异显著㊂2.2㊀菜心不同营养成分含量相关性分析㊀从表3可以看出,菜心各个营养品质中,维生素C含量与还原糖含量在0.05水平上呈显著负相关,其相关系数为-0.294,与粗纤维含量在0.01水平上呈显著正相关,其相关系数为0.453;可溶性固形物含量与还原糖含量在0.01水平上呈显著正相关,其相关系数为0.908,与蛋白质含量在0.01水平上呈显著正相关,其相关系数为0.903;还原糖含量与蛋白质含量在0.01水平上呈显著正相关,其相关系数为0.760;蛋白质含量与粗纤维含量在0.01水平上呈显著正相关,其相关系数为0.392;其他各项营养品质之间均呈不显著正相关关系㊂表3㊀菜心5种营养品质的相关性分析Table3㊀Correlation analysis of the contents of five nutrients of Chinese flowering cabbage营养成分Nutrient content维生素CVitamin C可溶性固形物Soluble solid content还原糖Reducing sugar蛋白质Protein 可溶性固形物Soluble solid content0.036 1.000还原糖Reducing sugar-0.294∗0.908∗∗ 1.000蛋白质Protein0.2930.903∗∗0.760∗∗ 1.000粗纤维Crude fibre0.453∗∗0.2190.1330.392∗∗㊀注:∗表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;∗∗表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关㊂㊀Note:∗indicated significant correlation at0.05level;∗∗indicated significant correlation at0.01level.2.3㊀不同菜心品种间综合营养品质分析㊀菜心的营养品质是一个综合指标,利用模糊数学的平均隶属函数值的大小,可以表示其相对的优劣㊂维生素C㊁可溶性固形物㊁还原糖㊁蛋白质和粗纤维均为优质营养品质指标㊂分别计算不同营养物质含量的隶属函数值,并求平均值,当一个品种的平均隶属函数值越大,则说明其综合营养品质越好㊂菜心不同品种的平均隶属函数值见表4㊂对不同品种菜心的各项营养指标的平均隶属函数值进行分组(降序),结果见表5㊂从表4㊁5可以看出,菜心综合营养品质较好(X>0.5)的品种有5个,约占33%,分别是白菜薹(0.836)㊁粤薹3号菜薹(0.785)㊁青心薹(0.732)㊁粤薹5号菜薹(0.591)㊁粤薹2号(0.543)㊂综合营养品质相对较好(0.4<Xɤ0.5)的品种有3个,占20%,分别是粤薹6号(0.499)㊁连州菜心(0.487)㊁粤薹1号(0.436)㊂综合营养品质较次(0.3<Xɤ0.4)的有3个,占20%,分别是粤薹4号菜薹(0.396)㊁美兰菜心(0.327)㊁迟心4号(0.316)㊂综合营养品质相对较差(Xɤ0.3)的有4个,约占27%,分别是70d菜心(0.251)㊁冠兰菜表4㊀15个菜心品种营养成分含量平均隶属函数值Table4㊀Average membership function value of nutrient of15cultivar of Chinese flowering cabbage序号No.样品Cultivar维生素CVitamin C 可溶性固形物Soluble solidcontent还原糖Reducing sugar蛋白质Protein粗纤维Crude fibre平均隶属函数Mean membershipfunciton位次Ranking170d菜心0.4240.2190.2860.1900.1360.25112 2粤薹3号0.9120.8480.9820.6930.4920.7852 3粤薹4号0.0000.533 1.0000.4470.0000.3969 4粤薹5号0.3750.6710.9450.6900.2710.5914 5青心薹0.4970.7060.8170.640 1.0000.7323 6白菜薹0.733 1.0000.955 1.0000.4920.8361 7连州菜心0.9150.1820.1880.5070.6440.4877 8粤薹1号0.2620.4270.7120.4070.3730.4368 9粤薹2号0.4820.4060.6570.4600.7120.5435 1080d菜心0.1030.0490.2560.0000.0340.08815 11油绿8020.3990.0910.0550.0470.0340.12514 12粤薹6号0.9900.1630.1700.4770.6950.4996 13冠兰菜心0.3870.0490.1200.1470.3730.21513 14迟心4号0.8150.0000.0000.0560.7120.31611 15美兰菜心 1.0000.2420.0180.3400.0340.327103451卷7期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀李桂花等㊀菜心种质资源营养品质的综合分析心(0.215)㊁油绿802(0.125)㊁80d菜心(0.088)㊂在所选的菜心品种中,综合营养品质最高白菜薹的平均隶属函数值为0.836,是综合营养品质最低品种80d菜心的平均隶属函数值0.088的9.5倍,其综合营养品质差异较大㊂表5㊀菜心品种间营养品质的平均隶属函数值分组Table5㊀Grouping according to average membership function values of nutritional quality of Chinese flowering cabbage组别Group 平均隶属函数值X(μ) Average membership function value菜心品种个数No.of cultivars个第一组The first group0.5<X5第二组The second group0.4<Xɤ0.53第三组The third group0.3<Xɤ0.43第四组The fourth group Xɤ0.342.4㊀不同菜心品种营养品质聚类分析㊀对15个不同品种菜心的5个营养品质进行聚类分析,结果见图1㊂由图1可知,在欧氏距离为13时,可将15中菜心品种按照品质优劣划分为4个类群㊂Ⅰ类群包括4个品种,分别是连州菜心㊁粤薹6号㊁迟心4号㊁美兰菜心(平均隶属函数排名分别为7㊁6㊁11㊁10);Ⅱ类群包括4个品种,分别是70d菜心㊁油绿802㊁冠兰菜心㊁80d菜心(平均隶属函数排名分别为12㊁14㊁13㊁15);Ⅲ类群包括2个品种,分别是粤薹3号菜薹㊁白菜薹(平均隶属函数排名分别为2㊁1);Ⅳ类群包括5个品种,分别是粤薹4号菜薹㊁粤薹5号菜薹㊁粤薹1号㊁粤薹2号㊁青心薹(平均隶属函数排名分别为9㊁4㊁8㊁5㊁3),Ⅲ类群的维生素C㊁可溶性固形物㊁还原糖㊁蛋白质均高于其他类群,说明其营养品质优于其他类群,按照平均隶属函数的优劣分出4个类群大小排序为Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ(表6)㊂图1㊀15份菜心品种聚类系谱图Fig.1㊀Clustering pedigree of15cultivars of Chinese flowering cabbage表6㊀不同类群菜心营养品质特征Table6㊀Characteristics of nutritional quality of Chinese flowering cabbage in different groups类群Group维生素CVitamin Cʊmg/kg可溶性固形物Soluble solid contentʊ%还原糖Reducing sugarʊg/kg蛋白质Proteinʊg/kg粗纤维Crude fibreʊ%Ⅰ类群(4)Ⅰgroup764.5ʃ41.5 3.92ʃ0.617.8ʃ2.119.6ʃ3.60.70ʃ0.11Ⅱ类群(4)Ⅱgroup487.0ʃ70.0 3.96ʃ0.469.4ʃ2.517.0ʃ1.50.64ʃ0.06Ⅲ类群(2)Ⅲgroup728.0ʃ41.07.76ʃ0.4025.2ʃ0.728.4ʃ2.40.73ʃ0.05Ⅳ类群(5)Ⅳgroup482.0ʃ109.0 5.98ʃ0.7822.6ʃ3.624.0ʃ2.50.74ʃ0.16㊀注:括号内数字表示相应类群所包含的材料数㊂㊀Note:The numbers in parentheses indicated the number of cultivars contained in the corresponding group.3㊀讨论维生素C㊁可溶性固形物㊁还原糖㊁蛋白质㊁粗纤维是菜心品质的重要指标,在菜心育种中,也是育种的重要目标,是提高菜心品质的重要环节㊂因此,对于菜心营养成分的测定与分析有极其重要的意义㊂对15种菜心品种进行营养品质的分析表明,变异系数最大的是还原糖,为47.36%,最小的是粗纤维,为12.86%㊂15个菜心品种的维生素C㊁可溶性固形物㊁还原糖㊁蛋白质㊁44㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀安徽农业科学㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀2023年粗纤维等含量均存在显著差异(P<0.05)㊂各营养成分之间,可溶性固形物含量㊁还原糖含量㊁蛋白质含量之间相互存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),维生素C含量与粗纤维含量存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与还原糖含量存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05),蛋白质含量与粗纤维含量存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),其他各项营养品质之间均为不显著正相关关系㊂在15个菜心品种中,没有某个菜心品种各项营养成分含量均高,仅有某一项营养成分含量高,维生素C含量最高的是美兰菜心,为803.67mg/kg,可溶性固形物含量最高的是白菜薹,为8.3%,还原糖含量最高的是粤薹4号菜薹,为25.90g/kg,蛋白质含量最高的是白菜薹,为30.50g/kg,粗纤维含量最高的是青心薹,为0.89%,但在对菜心营养品质的综合评价中,筛选了综合营养品质较高的5个菜心品种,其由高到低分别是白菜薹㊁粤薹3号菜薹㊁青心薹㊁粤薹5号菜薹㊁粤薹2号菜薹㊂聚类分析中,将15个品种大体聚类为4个类群,优劣顺序为Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ㊂陈荣宇等[10]在‘不同菜心品种的营养品质及外在感官品质评价分析“中得出 菜心可溶性糖含量与可溶性固形物含量之间存在显著正相关性;可溶性糖含量与维生素C含量之间存在显著负相关性 ㊂与该研究结果相类似,即菜心可溶性固形物含量和还原糖含量在0.01水平上呈显著正相关,维生素C含量与还原糖含量呈负相关关系㊂黄颖等[11]基于主成分和聚类分析的油菜薹营养与感官品质评价中,认为狮山菜薹㊁白菜薹和红菜薹综合品质优良,具有较好的推广价值,与该研究中评选出的综合品质优良的白菜薹结果部分重合,认为白菜薹具有较好的推广价值㊂利用模糊数学的隶属函数法对菜心的营养品质进行综合评价,是根据性状与研究目标的正负相关性分别计算隶属度,依靠隶属度平均值进行分类,可以消除个别指标带来的片面性㊂张素君[12]对萝卜耐抽薹性使用隶属函数法的评价结果与主成分分析的结果基本一致,可证明使用隶属函数法对蔬菜的综合营养品质分析具有科学性,聚类分析主要是用来研究多个要素事物之间分类问题的一种方法,属于多元统计的分支,充分展示了现代多元分析和分类学的有机结合㊂该研究对菜心品种间营养品质进行了综合分析主要是为了选出品质更好㊁价值更高㊁值得推广的菜心品种,可结合柴喜荣等[13]花生麸处理对菜心品质及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响研究结果,王湛等[14]生物炭对有机菜心产量㊁品质及水分利用的影响研究结果以及陈文康等[15]广州地区有机菜心标准化栽培技术的研究结果,将白菜薹等优质品种进行种植示范和推广,让广大市民有更多优质蔬菜可供筛选㊂参考文献[1]黄曲英,苏蔚,刘少群,等.低温㊁包装和茉莉酸甲酯处理对菜心贮藏及品质的影响[J].广东农业科学,2009,36(12):126-128,138.[2]范勇新,罗妙明,彭维,等.菜心优质高产栽培技术[J].广东农业科学, 2009,36(5):177-178.[3]钟玉娟,张白鸽,罗少波,等.菜薹硝酸盐积累与品种㊁营养品质之间的关系[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(18):49-55.[4]卢宇鹏,夏岩石,温少波,等.不同熟性菜心品质性状的多样性分析[J].广东农业科学,2020,47(5):29-36.[5]梁春红,康云艳,柴喜荣,等.硒营养对菜心(菜薹)植株生长㊁产量和品质的影响[J].广东农业科学,2014,41(7):33-37.[6]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准食品中抗坏血酸的测定:GB5009.86 2016[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2017.[7]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准食品中还原糖的测定:GB5009.7 2016[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.[8]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理总局.食品安全国家标准食品中蛋白质的测定:GB5009.5 2016[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.[9]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准食品中膳食纤维的测定:GB5009.88 2014[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2016.[10]陈荣宇,钟玉娟,谢大森,等.不同菜心品种的营养品质及外在感官品质评价分析[J].广东农业科学,2020,47(5):21-28.[11]黄颖,吴婷,曹伟伟,等.基于主成分和聚类分析的油菜薹营养与感官品质评价[J].食品与发酵工业,2020,46(17):253-258.[12]张素君.萝卜种质资源耐抽薹性鉴定评价及相关基因的克隆分析[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2013.[13]柴喜荣,杨锦荣,王惠,等.不同花生麸处理对菜心品质及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响[J].中国瓜菜,2022,35(3):48-52.[14]王湛,李银坤,王利春,等.生物炭对有机菜心产量㊁品质及水分利用的影响[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(12):273-280.[15]陈文康,卢波斯,马硕,等.广州地区有机菜心标准化栽培技术[J].现代农业科技,2018(14):82,86.5451卷7期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀李桂花等㊀菜心种质资源营养品质的综合分析。

人营养状况评价

人营养状况评价
的趋势. 6、为国家、军队制定政策和社会发展规划提供信
息.
营养监测（nutritional surveillance）： 是指连续观察某特定人群的营养状况及其 产生这种营养状况的原因的活动。包括收 集分析对居民营养状况有制约作用的因素 和条件，预测居民营养状况在可预见的将 来可能发生的动态变化趋势等。
营养状况测定与评价
要想身体健康， 必须做到合理营养
怎样吃才算合理营养呢？ 那就要学会科学搭配食物
如何知道膳食搭配是否科学呢？ 这就需要通过营养状况评价来检验
军人营养状况评价的重要性
兵马未动，粮草先行 三军未动，粮油先行
营养缺乏病导致非战斗减员
抗美援朝志愿军中某师夜盲发病者为5770 例，占一半以上。
营养调查（监测）的组成 （营养状况评价的内容）
膳食调查 体格测量 营养缺乏病的临床检查 营养状况实验室生化检验 人口经济等方面调查
二、膳食调查与评 价
膳食调查（dietary survey）：是 通过调查食物摄入量来计算每人 每日能量和各种营养素的摄取量 及评价膳食构成情况和膳食质量。
DRIs达标情况 营养素的比例关系 营养素的来源情况等
（二）膳食调查方法
称量(重)法 查账法 24小时回顾法（询问法） 化学分析法 食物频率法(食物频数法)
1.称量(重)法
对某一个伙食单位或个人一日各餐食物食 用量进行称重，计算每人每日的营养素摄 入量。
称重法准确性高，可作为膳食调查的“金 标准”，用以衡量其他方法的准确性
称重法步骤
1
馄饨 9～10个 50
1
油条 1根
50
1
油饼 1个
70～80 1.4～
1.6
炸糕 1个
50

不同品种竹笋营养品质分析与综合评

不同品种竹笋营养品质分析与综合评

陈中爱，耿阳阳，黄珊，等. 不同品种竹笋营养品质分析与综合评价[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（3）：262−268. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022030236CHEN Zhongai, GENG Yangyang, HUANG Shan, et al. Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Nutritional Quality of Bamboo Shoots from Different Cultivars[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(3): 262−268. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022030236· 分析检测 ·不同品种竹笋营养品质分析与综合评价陈中爱1,2，耿阳阳3, *，黄　珊2，吕　都2，唐健波2，王　梅2，王德斌4（1.云南农业大学食品科学技术学院，云南昆明 650000；2.贵州省农科院生物技术研究所，贵州贵阳 550000；3.贵州省林业科学研究院，贵州贵阳 550000；4.贵州红赤水集团有限公司，贵州遵义 563000）摘　要：为探究方竹笋、马蹄笋、大头笋、麻竹笋、甜笋的主要营养成分含量差异，对其基本成分、氨基酸及矿物质含量进行分析。

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定矿物质含量，采用氨基酸分析仪测定游离氨基酸含量，进行氨基酸比值分析及主成分综合评价。

结果表明：方竹笋的蛋白质含量（3.73 g/100 g ）、K 含量（4031.52 mg/kg ）、Ca 含量（276.82 mg/kg ）、马蹄笋的粗纤维含量（1.59 g/100 g ）显著高于其他四个品种。

矿物质元素分析中，甜竹笋Mg 、Fe 、Mn 含量较其他竹笋高，分别为153.16 mg/kg 、5.57 mg/kg 、17.46 mg/kg ，大头笋和甜笋含有少量的Se ，有害元素Cr 、Pb 、Hg 含量均在允许国家允许范围内，因此，方竹笋可作为补充蛋白质和K 、Ca 元素的来源，马蹄笋可被看作是高富含膳食纤维的食物，甜竹笋可作为补充Fe 元素的来源，大头笋和甜笋可作为富硒蔬菜。

营养筛查标准

营养筛查标准

营养筛查标准Nutritional screening standards are essential for assessing the nutritional status of individuals in various healthcare settings. These standards help healthcare professionals identify individuals who are at risk of malnutrition and provide timely interventions to prevent adverse health outcomes. In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of nutritional screening in improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs. The development of standardized nutritional screening tools has made it easier for healthcare providers to identify individuals who are at risk of malnutrition and provide appropriate interventions.营养筛查标准对于在各种医疗保健环境中评估个体营养状况至关重要。

这些标准帮助医护人员识别处于营养不良风险中的个体，并及时提供干预以预防不良健康结果。

近年来，人们越来越认识到营养筛查对改善患者结果和降低医疗费用的重要性。

标准化营养筛查工具的开发使医护人员更容易识别处于营养不良风险中的个体，并提供适当的干预。

北美营养品评鉴指南范文

北美营养品评鉴指南范文

北美营养品评鉴指南北美（美国和加拿大）市场上保健品牌多达上千种。

从1998年开始，加拿大的相关机构对这些保健品进行了比较研究，以后每隔两三年就会更新评比一次，迄今为止共进行了4次，所有结果都会集结出版于专著《Comparative Guide to Nutritional Supplements》中，其中第3版（2003年）有中文版《营养补品的比较指导》。

最新的第4次结果于2007年出版，在亚马逊网上书店可以买到。

中文版在中国有繁体和简体两种翻版。

缘起：评比缘起于1998年，加拿大卫生部长要求为加拿大政府管理保健品提供一个参考框架，确保普通民众能够享受安全、有效和高品质的营养补充品。

研究时间跨度：1999年公布第一次结果，2001年公布第二次结果，2003年公布第三次结果，2007年公布第四次结果。

研究范围：北美（美国和加拿大）市场上的保健品，在2003年进行第三次评比时，比较了1000多个保健品牌，而2007年比较了1500多种品牌。

研究执行人：Lyle Mac William ，生物化学家，曾任加拿大国会议员，现任加拿大多个政府部门和多家公司的科学顾问。

专家团队：美国和加拿大7位著名的医学和营养学家，他们都是本领域的权威人士，出版过一部或多部对每日营养摄取量作出特殊推荐的著作。

其中有些人在中国知名度很高。

例如，《维生素圣典》的作者Earl Mindell （艾尔·敏德尔）医学博士，《别人不懂营养学的医生害了你》的作者Ray Strand （雷·D·斯全德）医学博士。

在2007年第4次比较中，专家团队增加到13位。

以下辑录的是第三次和第四次比较研究的结果：第三次比较研究（2003年正式出版）理论研究：各种衰老和退化性疾病成因探讨，着重于氧化压力和自由基的负面作用；建立先进营养补品的品质标准：引用正式发表的数百份营养补品作用的最新研究成果，分门别类专章探讨出理想的营养补充品的14条品质标准（中文正版P30-69页）；比较程序：1. 专家们各自提出每日营养摄取量，然后综合算出一个平均数作为比较标准。

凹尾拟鲿的肌肉营养品质评价

凹尾拟鲿的肌肉营养品质评价

凹尾拟鲿的肌肉营养品质评价作者：孙家贤秦友存颉江韩永望覃川杰来源：《安徽农业科学》2021年第23期摘要采用常规营养分析方法测定凹尾拟鲿肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸的百分含量，并评价其营养价值。

结果表明，凹尾拟鲿的肌肉中含有16种氨基酸，氨基酸总量为73.67%，其中7种必需氨基酸总含量为30.40%，6种鲜味氨基酸含量为3.39%;必需氨基酸指数为73.48。

凹尾拟鲿的第一限制性氨基酸是甲硫氨酸。

此外，肌肉中含有25种脂肪酸，包括11种多不饱和脂肪酸，其总含量为23.77%。

C22：6为4.41%，高于黄颡鱼。

凹尾拟鲿肌肉中氨基酸种类齐全、必需氨基酸与鲜味氨基酸含量较高，是营养价值与经济价值都较高的优质鱼类。

关键词凹尾拟鲿;肌肉;营养成分;氨基酸;脂肪酸中图分类号 TS 254 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2021）23-0203-03doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.23.057Evaluation of Muscle Nutritional Quality of Pseudobagrus emarginatusSUN Jia-xian1， QIN You-cun2，3，XIE Jiang2，3 et al（1.Tongwei Co.， Ltd.， Chengdu，Sichuan 610095;2. Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River， Neijiang Normal University， Neijiang，Sichuan 641100;3. College of Life Science， Neijiang Normal University， Neijiang，Sichuan 641100）Abstract The conventional nutritional analysis method was used to determine the content of amino acids and fatty acids in the muscles of Pseudobagrus emarginatus， and to evaluate its nutritional value.The result showed that there were 16 kinds of amino acids in the muscles of Pseudobagrus emarginatus， and the total amount of amino acids was 73.67%， of which the total content of 7 essential amino acids was 30.40%， the content of 6 kinds of delicious amino acids was 3.39%， and the essential amino acid index（EAAI） was 73.48.The first limited amino acid of the species was methionine. In addition， muscle contained 25 fatty acids， including 11 polyunsaturated fatty acids， with a total content of 23.77%. C22：6 was 4.41%， which was higher than that of yellow catfish.There were a wide range of amino acids， essential amino acids and umami-flavored amino acids in the muscle of Pseudobagrus emarginatus. It was a high-quality fish with high nutritional value and economic value.Key words Pseudobagrus emarginatus;Muscles;Nutritional composition;Aamino acids;Fatty acids基金項目四川省科技厅项目（2016NYZ0024）。

消费者保健计划评估调查英语

消费者保健计划评估调查英语

消费者保健计划评估调查英语Consumer Health Plan Evaluation SurveyIntroductionHealthcare is one of the most important sectors that affect the quality of life of individuals. However, not all healthcare plans are created equal, and consumers need to choose the best plan for their needs. In this survey, we aim to evaluate the satisfaction of consumers with their health plans and identify areas for improvement.MethodologyThe survey was conducted online, and participants were recruited using social media platforms and email. The survey consisted of 26 questions divided into three sections: demographics, health plan evaluation, and suggestions for improvement. The survey was anonymous, and participants were assured of the confidentiality of their responses.ResultsDemographicsA total of 500 consumers participated in the survey, with 250 males and 250 females. The age range of participants was between 18 and 65 years, with the majority falling between 25 and 45 years. The participants were from different regions of the country, with the highest percentage coming from urban areas.Health Plan EvaluationThe health plan evaluation section consisted of 16 questions that aimed to evaluate the satisfaction of consumers with their health plans. The questions covered various aspects of health plans, including coverage, cost, access to care, and quality of care.CoverageThe majority of participants (80%) reported that their health plan covered the services they needed. However, 20% reported that their plan did not cover some services they needed, such as mental health services.CostThe cost of healthcare is a major concern for consumers, and the survey results showed that 60% of participants weresatisfied with the cost of their health plan. However, 40% reported that the cost of their health plan was too high, and they struggled to pay for it.Access to CareAccess to care is another important aspect of health plans, and the survey results showed that 70% of participants were satisfied with their access to care. However, 30% reported that they had difficulty accessing care, either because of long waiting times or because they had to travel long distances to access care.Quality of CareThe quality of care is perhaps the most important aspect of health plans, and the survey results showed that 75% of participants were satisfied with the quality of care they received. However, 25% reported that they were notsatisfied with the quality of care, either because they received poor quality care or because they did not receive the care they needed.Suggestions for ImprovementThe suggestions for improvement section consisted of 10 questions that aimed to gather suggestions from consumers on how health plans can be improved. The questions covered various aspects of health plans, including coverage, cost, access to care, and quality of care.CoverageThe majority of participants (70%) suggested that health plans should cover more services, particularly mental health services, dental services, and vision care.CostThe majority of participants (60%) suggested that health plans should be more affordable, either by reducing the cost of premiums or by reducing the cost of services.Access to CareThe majority of participants (70%) suggested that health plans should improve access to care, either by reducing waiting times or by increasing the number of providers.Quality of CareThe majority of participants (75%) suggested that health plans should improve the quality of care, either byincreasing the number of providers or by improving the training of providers.ConclusionIn conclusion, the survey results showed that consumers are generally satisfied with their health plans, but there are areas for improvement. Consumers want health plans to cover more services, be more affordable, improve access to care, and improve the quality of care. Health plans should take these suggestions into account when designing their plans to ensure that they meet the needs of consumers.。

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Evaluation of nutritional quality of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.)leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus L.)Nahid Richter,Perumal Siddhuraju,Klaus Becker *Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition,Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics,University of Hohenheim,D-70593,Stuttgart,Germany Received 17June 2002;received in revised form 9September 2002;accepted 9September 2002AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of freeze-dried moringa leaf meal,Moringa oleifera ,as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia.Three experimental diets were formulated to contain moringa leaf meal at levels of 10%,20%and 30%of the total dietary protein (Diets 2,3and 4,respectively)and one diet acting as a control (Diet 1)which included only fish meal and wheat meal as protein sources.All diets were isonitrogenous (35%crude protein)and isoenergetic (20kJ g À1).A 7-week feeding trial was carried out on triplicate groups of seven fish (9–11g)in 45-l aquaria connected to a recirculating system.The daily fish ration was calculated at 15-g feed per metabolic body weight (kg 0.8)per day (about five times maintenance).No feed-related mortality was observed during the whole experimental period.Diets with higher inclusion levels of moringa leaves (Diets 3and 4)significantly depressed growth performance of the fish (SGR:2.0%in both groups)compared to Diets 1and 2(SGR: 2.7%and 2.4%,respectively).The relatively high total phenolics (0.7%and 1%),nonhaemolytic saponin (1.5%and 2.3%)and phytic acid (0.5%and 0.8%)in Diets 3and 4,respectively,as well as NDF (3.8%and 5.7%)and ADF (3.0%and 4.5%)in the aforementioned diets may have contributed to the poorer growth performance in these groups.These results0044-8486/03/$-see front matter D 2003Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.PII:S 0044-8486(02)00497-0*Corresponding author.Tel.:+49-711-459-3645;fax:+49-711-459-3702.E-mail address:inst480@uni-hohenheim.de (K.Becker)./locate/aqua-onlineAquaculture 217(2003)599–611suggest that moringa leaf meal can be used to substitute up to 10%of dietary protein in Nile tilapia without significant reduction in growth.D 2003Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Nile tilapia;Moringa oleifera ;Protein replacement;Antinutrients1.IntroductionAquaculture is the fastest growing sector of world human food production and has an annual increase of about 10%(FAO,1997).To sustain such a high rate of growth,a matching increase in fish feed production is imperative (Francis et al.,2001a).On the other hand,the high cost and fluctuating quality of fish meal as well as its uncertain availability (Alceste,2000)have led to the need to identify alternative protein sources for fish feeds.Considerable emphasis has been focused on the use of conventional plant protein sources,such as soybean (Jackson et al.,1982;Sadiku and Jauncey,1995),groundnut (Jackson et al.,1982),cottonseed (Jackson et al.,1982;El-Sayed,1990)and rapeseed meal (Jackson et al.,1982).However,their scarcity and competition from other sectors for such conven-tional crops for livestock and human consumption as well as industrial use make their costs too high and put them far beyond the reach of fish farmers or producers of aquafeeds (Fasakin et al.,1999).Therefore,in order to attain a more economically sustainable,environmentally friendly and viable production,research interest has been directed towards the evaluation and use of unconventional protein sources,particularly from plant products such as seeds,leaves and other agricultural by-products (Olvera-Novoa et al.,1988;El-Sayed,1999;Siddhuraju and Becker,2001).Ogino et al.(1978)showed that the inclusion of a protein concentrate derived from rye grass leaves of up to 43%of total protein for common carp and 40%for rainbow trout,respectively,had beneficial effects on the growth performance as compared to a control diet.The use of leaf protein concentrate as a potential dietary feed ingredient has also been evaluated with regard to tropical and subtropical plant leaves.Olvera-Novoa et al.(1990)showed that 35%replacement of fish meal with purified alfalfa protein concentrate had no adverse effect on Mossambique tilapia.Successful replacement of 25%processed (soaked)Leucaena leaf meal has also been reported for Nile tilapia (Wang and Wee,1987).However,only limited information is available on the utilisation prospects of foliages directly as alternative or additional protein sources as fish feed.Moringa oleifera Lam.,a member of the family Moringaceae,is a fast-growing plant widely available in the tropics and subtropics with great economic importance for the food and medical industry (Becker and Makkar,1999;Foidl et al.,2001).The seeds are a rich oil and protein source and can also be used for the purification of water.The roots are a source of spices.The leaves are rich in carotenoids,ascorbic acid and iron (Siddhuraju and Becker,unpublished data).Although the leaves and pods are widely recognised as a food source for humans and a dry season feed for animals (Makkar and Becker,1997),there is no information regarding the utilisation of moringa leaves in fish feed.Therefore,the present study was carried out to evaluate the suitability of moringa leaves as a partial protein replacement for fish meal (10%,20%and 30%replacement ofN.Richter et al./Aquaculture 217(2003)599–611600N.Richter et al./Aquaculture217(2003)599–611601 total dietary protein)in practical diets for Nile tilapia based on its effects on growth performance and body composition.2.Materials and methods2.1.Experimental setup and fishA group of210Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fingerlings(8–13g)reared at the University of Go¨ttingen(Germany)were transferred to Hohenheim University,and kept in 200-l tanks to be acclimatised.They were fed at around maintenance energy requirement with a standard diet containing approximately40%protein,10%lipid,10%ash and a gross energy content of20kJ gÀ1dry matter.After1week,84fish were randomly selected and divided into12groups of seven fish(9–11g),each of which were stocked in 1245-l aquaria at27F1j C.The aquaria were integrated into a recirculatory system.The system was subjected to a photoperiod of12-h light/12-h dark.Water quality was monitored during the experiment and DO and pH fluctuated between7.0F1.1and 7.3F0.8mg lÀ1,respectively.Water flow was adjusted to keep the oxygen saturation above80%.The12groups of seven fish were randomly assigned to four treatments,one for each experimental diet,so that there were three replicate groups per treatment.The fish were starved for2days before the start of experiment,while during the experimental period,the fish were fed at15-g feed per metabolic body weight(kg0.8)per day(around five times their maintenance energy requirement)in five equal installments using an automatic feeder.Fish were weighed individually at the beginning and end of the experiment,but weighed in bulk at weekly intervals to adjust the feeding level for the subsequent week.No feed was given on the weighing days.Before starting the experi-ments,10fish of the same population were killed and analysed for initial body composition.At the end of seventh week,fish were weighed,sacrificed and analysed for whole body composition and hepatosomatic index.Prior to the chemical analyses,both the initial and experimental groups of fish were autoclaved at121j C for30min, homogenised and freeze-dried.2.2.Diet formulationThe M.oleifera leaves,obtained from Niger where they were freshly harvested and immediately freeze-dried on site,were finely ground in a laboratory mill and stored at À18j C before feed formulation and analysis.Fish meal and wheat meal were obtained from Kurt Becker,Bremen,Germany and the experimental station of the Universita¨t Hohenheim,Reutlingen,Germany,respectively.Prior to feed formulation,the proximate composition and amino acid analysis of moringa leaves,wheat meal and fish meal were determined(Table1).Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to include35%total dietary protein.Freeze-dried moringa leaves were included in the diets at levels of12%,24%and36%to replace10%,20%and30%of total dietary protein and were designated as Diets2,3and4,respectively(Table2).A diet which contained no moringa leaves served as the control(Diet1).2.3.Biochemical analysesThe proximate analyses of diet ingredients,diets and whole bodies of fish (CP,CL,CF and ash)were based on the procedures of the AOAC (1990)standard methods.Moisture content was measured by putting samples in an oven for 24h at 105j C.Fibre constituents such as neutral detergent (NDF)and acid detergent (ADF)fibres of moringa leaves were determined according to the procedure described by van Soest et al.(1991).Gross energy was measured by bomb calorimetry (IKA-calorimeter C7000)using benzoic acid as a standard.An automated amino acid analyser (LKB 4151,Alpha-plus,LKB-Biochrome,UK)was used to determine the amino acid composition of feed ingredients.The samples were hydrolysed for 24h with 6M HCl at 110j C and the sulfur-containing amino acids were oxidised using performic acid before acid hydrolysis.The tryptophan content of feedingredients was determined by the method of Pinte´r-Szaka ´cs and Molna ´r-Perl (1990).The total phenolics,tannins and condensed tannins were determined by the spectrophotometric methods described by Makkar et al.(1993).Phytic acid estimation was carried out by the modified photometric procedure of Vaintraub and Lapteva (1988).Trypsin inhibitor activityTable 1Proximate composition,essential amino acid composition and antinutrient content of ingredients (g 100g À1DM)MoringaWheat meal Fish meal DM 93.887.792.4CP 25.013.470.6CL 10.6 1.111.8CF 7.9 1.70.0Ash 8.4 1.315.7NDF 15.9––ADF12.6––Methionine +cystine 0.60.7 2.9Valine 1.10.8 4.0Isoleucine 0.90.6 3.3Leucine1.8 1.0 5.6Phenylalanine +tyrosine 1.9 1.4 4.9Histidine 0.60.4 1.5Lysine 1.10.5 5.1Threonine 0.80.8 5.0Arginine 1.20.5 3.1Tryptophan 0.70.20.8Total phenolics a2.7––Tannins a0.5––Condensed tannins b trace ––Phytic acid2.3––Trypsin inhibitor activity c ND ––Saponins d6.4––Values are means of triplicate determinations F standard deviations.ND not detected.aAs tannic acid equivalents.bAs leucocyanidin equivalents.cmg pure trypsin inhibited per g of sample.dAs diosgenin equivalents.N.Richter et al./Aquaculture 217(2003)599–611602was measured by the enzymatic method of Smith et al.(1980).The total saponin content was determined by the method of Hiai et al.(1976).2.4.Evaluation of growth parametersGrowth performance and diet nutrient utilisation were analysed in terms of body weight gain (BWG),feed intake (FI),feed conversion ratio (FCR),specific growth rate (SGR),protein efficiency ratio (PER),protein productive value (PPV),apparent net lipid utilisation (ANLU)and energy retention (ER).In addition,the hepatosomatic index (HSI)and chemical composition of gain (CCG)were also calculated.The following formulae were used:2.5.Statistical analysisAll data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA and the significance of the difference between means was tested using Duncan’s multiple range test.Differences were deemed to be significant at P <0.05.The software used was Statistica R Version 5.1(Statsoft,Tulsa,USA).Values are expressed as means F standard deviation.Table 2Formulation of experimental diets (g 100g À1DM)Components 1234Wheat a 52433425Moringa 0122436Fish meal b 40373431Sunflower oil 4444Mineral mix c 2222Vitamin mix d 2222Total100100100100a Meal of whole wheat.bFish meal 65,Normtyp.cMineral premix (g kg À1premix):CaCO 3,336;KH 2PO 4,502;MgSO 4Á7H 2O,162;NaCl,49.8;Fe(II)gluconate,10.9;MnSO 4ÁH 2O,3.12;ZnSO 4Á7H 2O,4.67;CuSO 4Á5H 2O,0.62;KI,0.16;CoCl 2Á6H 2O,0.08;NH 4–molybdate,0.06;NaSeO 3,0.02.dVitamin premix (g or IU kg À1premix):retinol palmitate,500000IU;thiamin,5;riboflavin,5;niacin,25;folic acid,1;pyridoxine,5;cyanocobalamine,5;ascorbic acid,10;cholecalciferol,50000IU;a-tocopherol,2.5;menadione,2;inositol,25;pantothenic acid,10;choline chloride,100;biotin,0.25.FI (g)total dry matter feed intakeFCR dry matter feed intake/body mass gainSGR (%)100Â(ln[final body weight]Àln[initial body weight])/no.of days PER wet body mass gain/crude protein intakePPV (%)100Â(final fish body protein (g)Àinitial fish body protein (g))/crude protein intake (g)ANLU (%)100Â(final fish body lipid (g)Àinitial fish body lipid (g))/crude lipid intake (g)ER (%)100Â(final fish body energy Àinitial fish body energy)/gross energy intake HSI (%)100Â(liver mass/total body mass)CCG (%)100Â(final fish body component (g)Àinitial fish body component (g))/total wet weight gain (g)[where ‘‘component’’is protein,lipid or ash]N.Richter et al./Aquaculture 217(2003)599–6116033.Results 3.1.Feed qualityThe proximate and amino acid composition as well as the antinutrient content of feed ingredients and diets are presented in Tables 1and 3,respectively.The crude lipid content of moringa leaf meal is conspicuously high (10.6%)and is comparable to that of fish meal (11.8%),whereas the levels of crude protein and ash (25%and 8.4%,respectively)are lower than those of fish meal (70.6%and 15.7%,respectively).Relatively high concen-trations of NDF (15.9%)and ADF (12.6%)in moringa leaves were observed.In moringa leaves,all amino acids meet the requirements of Nile tilapia,as demonstrated by the factTable 3Proximate composition,amino acid composition,antinutrient content of experimental diets and amino acid requirements of tilapia (%on dry matter base)Components1234Tilapia’s requirement a Dry matter 94.993.894.995.4–Crude protein 35.335.435.335.4–Crude lipid 9.99.710.811.4–Ash9.09.29.710.2–Crude fiber 0.9 2.4 3.1 3.6–NDF – 1.9 3.8 5.7–ADF – 1.5 3.0 4.5–NFE39.837.136.034.8–Gross energy (kJ g À1)20.120.520.420.6–Methionine +cystine 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.30.9Valine 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.80.8Isoleucine 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.50.9Leucine2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 1.0Phenylalanine +tyrosine 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 1.6Histidine 0.80.80.80.80.5Lysine 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.4Threonine 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.2Arginine 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.1Tryptophan 0.40.50.50.60.3Total phenolics b –0.30.7 1.0–Tannins b–0.10.10.2–Condensed tannins c –trace trace trace –Phytic acid–0.30.50.8–Trypsin inhibitor activity d –ND ND ND –Saponins e–0.81.52.3–Values are means of triplicate determinations F standard deviations.ND:not detected.aAmino acid requirements of tilapia (NRC,1993).bAs tannic acid equivalents.cAs leucocyanidin equivalents.dmg pure trypsin inhibited per g of sample.eAs diosgenin equivalents.N.Richter et al./Aquaculture 217(2003)599–611604that all were found to exceed the amino acids pattern of the National Research Council (1993)reference protein and were comparable to those of other plant-based proteins (Table 3).The leaves were found to contain about 0.53%tannins and only trace levels of condensed tannins,but a substantial concentration of total phenolics (2.74%)was measured.Nonhaemolytic saponins (6.38%,as diosgenin equivalents)and phytic acid (2.25%)were also detected in the leaves.However,no activity of the potent antinutrient trypsin inhibitor was found.Thus,by increasing moringa leaf content in feeds,crude lipid and fibre as well as NDF and ADF,ash and total phenolics,saponin and phytic acid were increased.3.2.Feed intake,growth performance and feed utilisationFish in dietary Groups 1and 2fed actively on the experimental diets throughout the experiment,while Groups 3and 4were slightly reluctant to consume the feed when this was presented,particularly in Week 1.There was no feed-related mortality observed during the entire period of the experiment (49days).The growth performance of tilapia fed with different diets is shown,for the entire experimental period,in Fig.1.The overall performance is summarised in Table 4together with the nutrient utilisation.A significant (P <0.05)reduction in the FBW and %BWG of Groups 3and 4when compared to fish fed with the control diet (Group 1)was observed,but compared to Group 2,this difference was not statistically significant.This was also the case with the FCR in which an increasing trend was observed with increasing moringa leaf content,but only the value found in fish fed with Diets 3and 4differed significantly from fish fed with the control diet.The SGR and PER were found to be similar in Diets 1and 2and those valueswereFig.1.Growth performance of fish fed experimental diets.N.Richter et al./Aquaculture 217(2003)599–611605significantly higher than those of fish fed with Diets 3and 4.When compared to the control diet (1),significantly lower FI,PPV ,ER and ANLU were observed in fish fed with all other diets.3.3.Whole body compositionThe whole body composition of fish at the beginning and at the end of the experiment are given in Table 5,while Table 6shows the chemical composition of the weight gain of fish fed with different diets.By increasing the inclusion level of moringa leaves in diets,body moisture increased,while on the other hand,lipid and gross energy values decreased significantly (P <0.05).The crude protein and crude ash content remained constant in all experimental groups.Although the higher inclusion of moringa leaf meal in the diets significantly reduced the hepatosomatic index (HSI),the lower inclusion level (Diet 2)did not influence the HSI value as compared to those of fish fed with control diet.Table 5Whole body proximate composition (%fresh weight basis)at the beginning and at the end of the experimentInitial fishFinal fish 1234Moisture 74.971.9F 0.52c 73.9F 1.36b 75.1F 0.54ab 76.7F 1.08a Crude protein 13.614.9F 0.2914.8F 0.2414.9F 0.2014.6F 0.40Crude lipid 4.58.03F 0.21a 6.03F 0.89b 4.89F 0.25c 3.50F 0.70d Ash5.4 3.95F 0.11 3.91F 0.15 3.98F 0.12 3.95F 0.07Gross energy value (kJ g À1) 5.16.98F 0.05a 6.01F 0.39b 5.59F 0.30c 4.98F 0.33d HSI 12.9F 0.25a2.9F 0.27a1.7F 0.35b1.2F 0.04c1HSI:hepatosomatic index.Table 4Growth performance and nutrient utilisation of tilapia fed with experimental diets1234IBW (g)10.09F 0.1410.02F 0.0710.16F 0.1910.34F 0.27FBW (g)37.19F 2.72a 32.12F 4.59ab 27.37F 1.52b 27.68F 1.75b BWG (%)269.0F 24.29a 221.0F 45.32ab 169.0F 11.21b 168.0F 14.09b FI (g)24.0F 0.43a 22.4F 1.72ab 21.2F 0.63b 21.0F 0.73b SGR (%day) 2.7F 0.13a 2.4F 0.28a 2.0F 0.08b 2.0F 01b FCR 0.9F 0.07b 1.0F 0.13b 1.2F 0.06a 1.2F 0.08a PER 3.2F 0.23a 2.8F 0.37a 2.3F 0.12b 2.3F 0.14b PPV (%)49.3F 2.24a 42.7F 4.47b 36.4F 1.59c 35.0F 2.36c ER (%)43.4F 2.82a 31.0F 3.67b 23.7F 1.16c 19.6F 1.19c ANLU (%)106.6F 6.70a68.4F 13.42b39.0F 1.5c20.9F 7.26dIBW (g)—initial body weight,FBW (g)—final body weight,BWG (%)—body weight gain,FI (g)—total feed intake.Values are mean of triplicate determinations F standard deviations.Values for each experiment in the same row followed by different superscripts are significantly (P <0.05)different.N.Richter et al./Aquaculture 217(2003)599–611606N.Richter et al./Aquaculture217(2003)599–611607 Table6Chemical composition of weight gain of fish fed with different diets(%fresh weight basis)1234Weight gain(g)27.1F2.34a22.1F4.58ab17.2F1.37b17.3F1.60b CP(%)15.4F0.5015.4F0.4815.7F0.3615.2F0.70 CL(%)9.35F0.35a 6.77F1.54b 5.13F1.23b 2.93F1.27c Ash(%) 3.42F0.10a 3.23F0.18ab 3.14F0.18ab 3.08F0.07b GE(kJ gÀ1)7.68F0.10a 6.44F0.60b 5.88F0.54b 4.91F0.59c The CCG values(Table6)make these differences even more obvious.Although the fish on Diet4were able to maintain their body lipid content close to the initial value over the experimental period,the CCG highlighted a disproportionally low net lipid gain in these fish.The net gain included the same proportion of protein in all groups,while the contribution of ash declined with increasing dietary moringa content.4.DiscussionThe results obtained in the present study show that the performance of the fish fed with higher levels of moringa(20%and30%of protein base)was inferior to those of fish fed with the control diet(Diet1)and the diet containing10%moringa leaf meal (Diet2).The significantly higher FCR value in Diets3and4was obviously the result of poor feed intake of this group of fish during the first week of the experiment while adapting to the new diet.The depression of growth performance and growth parameters could likely be attributed to several factors,among which the presence of antinutrients will have been important.A high level of saponins(1.5%and2.3%in Diets3and4, respectively),total phenolics(0.7%and1.0%in Diets3and4,respectively)and phytic acid(0.5%and0.8%in Diets3and4,respectively)could be the main factors causing growth retardation.Saponins,which are found in many of the potential alternative plant-derived feed sources,are considered to have a detrimental effect on fish.It has been reported that saponins in lupin seed meal(1.1%)and alfalfa(<0.30%in low saponin varieties to>1.5%in high saponin varieties)impaired the growth performance of rainbow trout(de la Higuera et al.,1988)and tilapia(Olvera-Novoa et al.,1990;Yousif et al.,1994).The negative effect of saponins might be because of their well-known effect as a surface-active component on the biological membrane by which the permeability of the intestinal mucosal cells is increased and the active nutrient transport hindered(Johnson et al.,1986),even though at low dietary levels(150mg kgÀ1),they have been shown to increase growth in tilapia(Francis et al.,2001b).Phytate,on the other hand,can reduce the bioavailability of minerals,reduce the protein digestibility by the formation of phytic acid–protein complexes and damage the pyloric caecum by depressing the absorption of nutrients(Francis et al.,2001a).It has been reported that 5–6g of phytic acid per kilogram diet can impair the growth of rainbow trout(Spinelli et al.,1983)and common carp(Hossain and Jauncey,1993).The level of phytic acid in our experiment for the fish fed with Diets3and4was0.5%and0.8%,respectively. With respect to total phenolics,Al-Owafeir(1999)showed growth reduction in tilapiawhen fish were fed with low levels (0.27%)of tannic acid.On the other hand,Becker and Makkar (1999)reported that 2%inclusion of quebracho tannins (condensed tannins)were shown to be tolerated without any adverse effect on growth,whereas similar levels of hydrolysable tannins (tannic acid)reduced the feed acceptability after 4weeks of feeding.A relatively higher concentration of total phenolics from mucuna beans (<0.72%)in common carp diet has also been shown to significantly reduce the growth performance and feed utilisation in common carp (Siddhuraju and Becker,2001).The presence of higher concentrations of total phenolic substances is known to reduce the protein digestibility and amino acid availability through phenolics–protein and/or phenolics–protein–enzyme complexes.A further possible reason for low growth at high moringa inclusion levels might be the levels of cell wall constituents (NDF and ADF)in Diets 3and 4.Although the NDF (3.8%and 5.7%)and ADF (3.0%and 4.5%)content of Diets 3and 4are in the acceptable range based on the literature,the combination of aforementioned antinutrients with fibre could have caused the significant decreases in PPV ,ANLU and ER in Diets 3and 4.Anderson et al.(1984)showed drastic reduction in growth,PER,FCE and whole body fat of Nile tilapia when more than 10%a -cellulose was included in the diet.Hilton et al.(1983)also reported a similar reduction in growth performance of rainbow trout when fed with a high fibre diet.Shiau et al.(1988)observed a significant decrease in lipid content of Nile tilapia fed diets containing 6%,10%and 14%of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)as compared to those fed 2%CMC.Hilton et al.(1983)mentioned that this phenomenon was associated with a decrease in gut passage time and diet digestibility.Furthermore,Shiau (1997)reported the importance of nutrient absorption dependency on the time for which nutrients are in contact with the absorptive epithelium.Dietary fibre apparently influences the movement of nutrients along the gastrointestinal tract and significantly affects nutrient absorption.Another exacerbating effect might be a change in enzyme activity,possibly through adsorption or immobilization of enzymes by dietary fibre.It has also been shown that fibre can bind nutrients like fat,protein (Shah et al.,1982;Ward and Reichert,1986)and minerals (Ward and Reichert,1986),and reduce their bioavailability.It is likely that the higher concentrations of CL in the diets at increasing levels of moringa inclusion did not contribute towards dietary digestible energy since CL in moringa will probably have contained a considerable amount of indigestible waxes and cutins.On the whole,a higher level of moringa inclusion would therefore probably have reduced the energy available needed for protein synthesis and led to lower growth performance and nutrient utilisation.Nevertheless,it should be stressed that even at high levels of moringa inclusion (Diet 4),the CCG values for lipid were positive.By definition,negative values are possible even when the fish are gaining weight,which would indicate that energy for the deposition of other tissues must come at least partly from the body lipid available at the start of the trial.These results show that even Diet 4,although resulting in a leaner fish,was of sufficiently high quality for the fish not to have to fall back on its energy reserves for protein deposition.The level of whole body moisture was also significantly higher in Groups 2,3and 4compared to the control group.This agrees with the results of Siddhuraju and Becker (2001)who reported a similar reduction in whole body lipid and energy content ofN.Richter et al./Aquaculture 217(2003)599–611608N.Richter et al./Aquaculture217(2003)599–611609 common carp and increasing moisture after feeding diets with plant-based proteins,in their cases derived from mucuna.Shearer(1994)also observed that the body moisture is inversely related to body lipid.The hepatosomatic index was also significantly lower in fish fed with Diets3and4.This might be explained by a reduced deposition of fat in these groups which obviously affected the size of the liver.The results of our preliminary study on nutritional quality of raw moringa leaves as partial feed for fish indicate that up to10%inclusion of this material can be recommended for Nile tilapia.In view of the favourable amino acid profile of moringa leaves and their wide and ready availability throughout the tropics and subtropics,moringa can be considered as a potential feed component with high nutritive value for fish.However, more investigations must be done for finding feasible and simple methods for inactivating/ reducing the antinutritional factors for inclusion of moringa leaves in practical diet for tilapia at higher levels.AcknowledgementsN.Richter is grateful to the‘Katholischer Akademischer Ausla¨nder Dienst’,Bonn,for providing her with a scholarship for the degree of Master of Science at Hohenheim University in Germany.The authors thank Dr.G.Francis,H.Baumga¨rtner,B.Fischer and H.Richter for their assistance throughout the period of this study.ReferencesAlceste,C.,2000.Tilapia:alternative protein sources in tilapia feed formulation.Aquac.Mag.Online,Jul/Aug 26(4).Al-Owafeir,M.,1999.The effect of dietary saponin and tannin on growth performance and digestion in Oreochromis niloticus and Claias gariepinus.PhD thesis,Institute of Agriculture,University of Stirling, UK,p.220.Anderson,J.,Jackson,A.J.,Matty,A.J.,Capper,B.S.,1984.Effects of dietary carbohydrate and fiber on the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus(L.).Aquaculture37,303–314.AOAC,1990.Official Methods of Analysis,15th ed.Association of Official Analytical Chemists,Arlington,V A. 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