英语法条翻译

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法律通用语英语翻译

法律通用语英语翻译1. 按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment2. 按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt3. 按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit4. 办理注销登记：cancel the registration5. 被代理人：the principal6. 本人名义：in one’s name7. 财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships8. 财产继承权：the right of inheritance9. 采用书面形式：in writing10. 查封、扣押、冻结、没收：seize, encroach upon, privately divide, destroy or illegally seal up, distrain, freeze or confiscate11. 超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency12. 承担连带责任：undertake joint liability for13. 承担民事责任：bear civil liability for14. 承担责任：be held responsible15. 诚实信用：honesty and credibility16. 乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position17. 村民委员会：the village committee18. 代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by19. 代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency20. 等价有偿：making compensation for equal value21. 恶意串通：conspire maliciously22. 法定代理：statutory agency23. 法定代理人：agent ad litem24. 法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law25. 法人：legal person26. 法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person27. 负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors28. 附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts29. 个人合伙：individual partnership30. 个体工商户：individual businesses31. 给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party32. 工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce33. 合伙人：partnerss34. 核准登记的经营范围：within the range approved and registered35. 户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered36. 集体所有制企业：an enterprise under collective ownership37. 监护人：guardian38. 将合同的权利、义务全部或部分转让给第三人：transfer all or part of its contractual rights orobligations to a third party39. 经常居住地：habitual residence40. 经济实体：economic entity41. 经主管机关核准登记：approved and registered by the competent authority42. 居民委员会：the neighborhood committee43. 具有法律约束力：be legally binding44. 履行监护职责：fulfill duty of guardianship45. 埋藏物、隐藏物：buried or concealed object46. 买卖、出租、抵押、转让：be sold, leased, mortgaged or transferred47. 民法通则：General Principles of the Civil Law48. 民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights49. 民事权益：civil rights and interests50. 民政部门：the civil affairs department51. 农村承包经营户：leaseholding farm households52. 平等主体：civil subjects with equal status53. 企业法人被撤销：the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person54. 企业法人分立、合并：the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person55. 企业法人解散：disbanding of an enterprise as legal person56. 请求人民法院或者仲裁机关予以变更：request a people’s court or an arbitration agency to alter57. 取得不当得利：profits acquired improperly and without a lawful basis58. 取得法人资格：be qualified as a legal person59. 全民所有制企业：an enterprise owned by the whole people60. 权利和义务：rights and obligations61. 擅自变更或者解除（民事法律行为）：alter or rescind one’s act arbitrarily62. 设立、变更、终止民事关系：establish, change or terminate civil relationship63. 社会团体：social organization64. 事业单位：institution65. 适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to)66. 双倍返还定金：repay the deposit in double67. 提供一定的财产作为抵押物：offer a specific property as a pledge68. 完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct69. 委托代理：entrusted agency70. 委托代理人：an entrusted agent71. 无国籍人：stateless persons72. 无民事行为能力人：a person having no capacity for civil conduct73. 无因管理：act as manager or provide services in order to protect another person’s interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so74. 下落不明one's whereabouts have been unknown75. 限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civil conduct76. 享有连带权利的每个债权人：each of the joint creditors77. 行使代理权：exercise the power of agency78. 宣告为无（限制）民事行为能力人：declare …to be a person to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct79. 遗失物、漂流物：lost-and-found objects, flotsam80. 以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还：to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge81. 以合法形式掩盖非法目的：perform under the guise of legitimate acts which conceal illegitimate purposes82. 以欺诈、胁迫的手段：as a result of cheating or coercion83. 意思表示真实：the intention expressed is genuine84. 优先购买的权利：a right of pre-emption85. 有过错的一方：the erring party86. 有权向债务人追偿：have the right to claim repayment from the debtor87. 造成财产损失：cause any property loss88. 占有人有权留置该财产：the possessor shall have a lien on the property89. 指定代理：appointed agency90. 主要办事机构：the main administrative office91. 住所：domicile92. 追偿：claim compensation from。

法律翻译中的条,款,项,目译法

法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”在英汉法律翻译中，上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。

我们知道，一般意义上而言，在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有：article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision，以及stipulation等等。

（1）关于“article”一词的翻译。

将article一词译为“条”，争议不大。

例如，《美利坚合众国宪法》（THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA，1789）共有“7条”（seven articles）。

再如，世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》（Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China）中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。

根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》（Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106）,Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. (斜体字为作者所加)。

再如，美国《法律词典》（A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp, 2000:36），Article: subdivision of a written instrument; particularly a. a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided into sections. b. one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement.从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看，“Article”是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的，显著的部分”。

法律文本翻译

如果本合同的条款或与本合同有关的执行文件，在合同签订以后，根据适用的法律，任何方面被确定无效，（1）其他条款的有效性不受影响，将继续完全有效，（2）那个无效的条款，由最接近于表示该无效条款真正意图的有效条款来代替。
• 2. 句子结构复杂 • 英语法律文本的句子结构通常很复杂，一个句子就是一个
Assist (help) 帮助，
partake (take part) 参加，
render (give) 给予，
forthwith (immediately) 立即，
assign (transfer) 转让，
require (ask) 要求，
amend (revise) 修改
notify (inform) 通知，
在实施上述事项时，双方同意，保证人将按照甲方已经订立的协议，或此后参照已经订立的协议可能订立的新协议所明示或暗示的条款向乙方履行付款义务。根据本保证书，保证人的付款义务不得解除，但本保证书里提出的付款义务已充分履行的情况除外。
3. 英语法律文体中喜欢使用正式词语，不使用同样意义的其他文本里常见的词语。在英语法律文本中经常见如下正式词语：
刚才提到的 20. Thereon = on that thing just mentioned 就刚才提到的 21. Thereto = to that 对那，与那 22. Thereunder = in accordance with the thing mentioned 按照那
（文件）的规定
段落的情况比比皆是。
e.g.
As implementing the foregoing, it is understood and agreed that the Guarantor guarantees that the obligations will be paid to Party B in accordance with the terms and provisions of any agreement, expressed or implied, which has been or may hereafter be made or entered into by Party A in reference thereto. The obligations of the Guarantor hereunder shall not be discharged except by payment in full of the obligations as herein provided.

关于法律的英语句子及翻译

关于法律的英语句子及翻译Law 法律1.A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.后法优于前法。

2.Arms and laws do not flourish together.武力与法律不能同时兴盛。

3.Consent makes law.合意产生法律。

4.Custom has the force of law.民俗具有法律效力。

5.Customs, religious and philosophies tend to form the basis for a nation's laws.风俗宗教和哲学常是一个国家法律构成之根底。

6.Equity is a correction of mon legal rules in their defective parts.衡平法是对普通法律规那么中瑕疵部分的矫正。

7.Except as otherwise provided by law.法律另有规定的除外。

8.Every law has a loop hole.但凡法律皆有漏洞。

9.Every law has no atom of strength, as far as no public opinion supports it.假设无公众舆论支持，法律是没有丝毫力量的。

10.In civilized life, law floats in a sea of ethics.在文明社会，法律依靠道德所支撑。

11.It can hardly be taken to be a guarantee that every law shall treat every person the same.不能保证每一部法律都能平等地对待每一个人。

w can never be enforced unless fear supports it.没有威慑力的法律绝对不会具有效力。

法律英语全文翻译

法律英语全文翻译（一）米兰达规则你有权保持沉默——米兰达规则在犯罪嫌疑人的权利方面，没有比米兰达诉亚利桑那州案更著名的了。

许多人视米兰达案为沃伦法庭正当程序判决中最为核心的一个案件。

这个案子牵涉到了在亚里桑那非尼克斯被捕的米兰达，他被控告绑架和强奸了一名年轻女子。

在警局总部被受害者指认他犯了罪。

经过两小时的讯问，米兰达承认被指控罪，并签了一份供诉状，法院据此给他定了罪。

在最终向美国最高法院的上诉中，法院作出一个对最近几十年的刑事审判都有极大深远影响的判决。

法院认定米兰达的罪名是不成立的，因为在警察局的整个审讯过程中并没有告知他权利以及提供法律顾问，用以征服审判者的个人判断。

法庭还说被提任何问题之前有权保持沉默，他所说的每一句话都可能在法庭上作为对他的不利证据，他有权请辩护律师出场，并且如果他请不起律师，如果他愿意，将在提问前为他指定一位律师。

在讯问过程中，必须告知他有机会去行使这些权利。

在警告做出和这些机会提供给他以后，他个人可以有意识地放弃这些权利并且同意回答问题或者做出供述。

但是除非这些告知和放弃的权利在审判中原告可以举证，否则任何讯问结果都不能用来对抗他。

为了确保当犯罪嫌疑人被捕时被及时告知了这些合理的建议，现在著名的米兰达权利应当在任何问题提出前宣读。

这些权利通常会出现在警察局的米兰达警告的卡片上。

18岁或18岁以上被拘留的人，在审问之前会被告知这些权利。

这些权利如下：1、你有权利保持沉默，你所说的一切都将可能成为法庭对你的不利证据。

2、你有权利和你的律师交谈，并且在被讯问时有权请你的律师在场。

3、如果你想在讯问前或讯问过程中请一位律师，但是你请不起一位律师，讯问前将会为你免费指派一位律师作为你的代理人。

4、如果你愿意在没有律师的情况下回答问题，你仍有权利随时停止回答提问。

（二）美国宪法序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

法律英语常用短句双语翻译

法律英语常用短句双语翻译1.divine‘s punishments，though slow，are always sure.天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

2.an act is not a crime unless the law says it is one.法无明文规定者不为罪。

3.this contract is made of one original and two duplicate originals，all of which are of the same effect.本合同一式三份，具有同等效力。

4. the law does not concern itself about family trifles.法律难断家务事。

5.this document is legally binding.该文件具有法律约束力。

6. this law is in abeyance.此法暂缓执行。

7. this law has become a dead letter.此法已成为一纸空文。

8. this law will go into effect on the day of itspromulgation.本法自公布之日起施行。

9 the court dismissed the action.法院驳回诉讼。

10. the court ordered the case to be retried.法院命令重审此案……11.giving the killer what he deserves.予杀人者以应得之罪。

12. hate the sin but not the sinner.可恨的是罪行而非罪人。

13.everyone has the right to freedom of expression.每个人都享有言论自由。

14. everyone is equal before the law.法律面前人人平等。

法律词汇汉英互译

法律词汇汉英互译
在进行国际贸易和国际法律交流时，常常需要
进行汉英语言的互译。

找到正确的翻译，可以避
免交流中出现的误解和问题，是非常重要的事情。

本文汇总了一些常见的法律词汇，以方便您进行
汉英互译。

法律本身相关的词汇
English to Chinese (英语 - 中文)
•attorney: 律师
•court: 法庭
•judge: 法官
•lawsuit: 诉讼
•litigation: 诉讼
Chinese to English (中文 - 英语)
•律师: lawyer
•法庭: court
•法官: judge
•诉讼: lawsuit
•诉讼: litigation
合同相关的词汇
English to Chinese (英语 - 中文)•contract: 合同
•agreement: 协议
•breach of contract: 违约•terms and conditions: 条款和条件•termination: 终止
Chinese to English (中文 - 英语)•合同: contract
•协议: agreement。

法律英语翻译

Ex. 2.
1) The testator died without issue（子女）. 2) Parties must wait for process（传票）to
issue from the court.
词汇
action
普通含义法律含义
行动
诉讼
offer
提供
要约
consideration 考虑
5. 大量使用专业术语
tort 侵权； without prejudice 不损害； cause of action 诉讼理由； pierce the corporate veil 揭穿公司面纱； will and testament 遗嘱；
6.经常使用正式程度较高的词汇
普通用法 before after but explain
2. 频繁使用当代普通英语极少使用的古旧词汇；
（译文）只要本保单符合本合同所设定的条件和备忘录的内容，且该条件和备忘录作为保单的一部分，而被保险人的所作所为遵守本保单约定的时间和条款，这一点是本合同的实质所在，同时也是被保险人承担本保单责任的先决条件。
here words: hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereinbefore, hereunder;
4. 大量使用大众词汇中比较陌生的法语词
Estoppel 不得悔言； Fee simple 无条件继承的不动产； Esquire 律师； Voire dire （考察证人或陪审员是否适合的）预先
审核；
5. 大量使用专业术语
burden of proof 举证责任； cause of action 案由； contributory negligence 混合疏忽； defendant 被告； due diligence 审慎调查； letters patent 专利证书。

英语法律术语的翻译

英语法律术语的翻译1.contract，现在多译为“合同”，我以为不分场合、不分情况一律译为“合同”是不妥的。

因为我们中国人看见“合同”一词就想到一个书面的、写成一条一条的文件，可是contract一词的含义范围却要广泛得多。

contract不限于书面的文件，口头上也可订contract，打电话也可以订contract，甚至于不说话也能订contract，例如在报摊上付钱买份晚报或买票搭乘公共汽车。

contract就是有法律约束力的协议，只有较重要的contract才采取书面形式。

所以一般的、泛指的contract应当译“契约”，例如law of contract应当译“契约法”，较重要的、书面的contract才译“合同”，例如contract for the international sale of goods可以译“国际售货合同”。

2.intellectual property，不知道当初为何译成“知识产权”，以后竟然以讹传讹广泛沿用至今，而且订入法律，实在可叹!这个词组不论按字面上译、按含义译都不能译“知识产权”。

intellectual一词根本没有“知识”的意思，它与“知识”是两个不同的概念。

作为名词intellectual指“知识分子”，但是在intellectual property词组中intellectual显然是形容词而不是名词，何况“知识分子”与“知识”并不能划等号，即使退一万步对号入座地硬译，也只能译“知识分子产权”而不能译“知识产权”。

当然，译“知识分子产权”也是错的。

从含义上看，何谓intellectual property?它是指对于智力劳动所创造的智力产品或智力成果的权利，主要包括版权、专利权、商标权等，所以应该译为“智力产权”。

我们的前辈严复曾说，“一名之立，旬月踟蹰”，我们今天对待译名何等需要那样的认真精神啊!译名宜慎重，不要随便译，使用现有的译名也该慎重，尤其不要随便跟着别人使用、传播错误的译名，应该抵制错误的译名!3.jolnt venture.这个术语译时要当心。

法律英语词汇大全（完美版）

法律英语词汇⼤全（完美版）法律渊源source of law 制定法statute判例法case law; precedent特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral⾃然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law⼤陆法系civil law system⼤陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity; law of equity⽇尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁⽌规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality ⾃愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信⽤原则principle of good faith ⾏为act作为ac不作为omission合法⾏为lawful act违法⾏为unlawful act民事权利权利能⼒civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief⽀配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终⽌权right of termination抗辩权right of defense⼀时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履⾏抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right⾮专属权non-exclusive right⼈⾝权利personal right⼈权human right⼈格权right of personality⽣命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture⾃由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私⽣活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right⾝份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公⼒救济public protection私⼒救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society⽆责任⾏为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫⾏为act of defence ⾃为⾏为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity⾃助⾏为act of self-help不可抗⼒force majeure意外事件accident⾏为能⼒capacity for act意思能⼒capacity of will民事⾏为civil act意思表⽰declaration of intention意思表⽰⼀致meeting of minds; consensus完全⾏为能⼒perfect capacity for act限制⾏为能⼒restrictive capacity for act准禁治产⼈quasi-interdicted person保佐protection⾃治产⼈minor who is capable of administering his own capacity ⽆⾏为能⼒incapacity for act禁治产⼈interdicted person⾃然⼈natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体⼯商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙⼈partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership⼊伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个⼈合伙partnership法⼈合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership 私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法⼈legal person企业法⼈legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个⼈独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise 中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise 社团法⼈legal body of mass organization财团法⼈legal body of financial group联营joint venture法⼈型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律⾏为civil legal act单⽅民事法律⾏为unilateral civil legal act双⽅民事法律⾏为bilateral civil legal act多⽅民事法律⾏为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律⾏为civil legal act with consideration⽆偿民事法律⾏为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律⾏为practical civil legal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律⾏为consental civil legal act要式民事法律⾏为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律⾏为informal civil legal act要因民事法律⾏为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律⾏为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律⾏为principal civil legal act从民事法律⾏为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律⾏为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律⾏为civil legal act with term⽣前民事法律⾏为civil legal act before death死后民事法律⾏为civil legal act after death准民事法律⾏为quasi-civil legal act⽆效⾏为ineffective act可撤销民事⾏为revocable civil act违法⾏为illegal act; unlawful act侵权⾏为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘⼈之危taking advantage of others’ precarious position以合法形式掩盖⾮法⽬的legal form concealing illegal intention 恶意串通malicious collaboration 重⼤误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本⼈principal被代理⼈principal受托⼈trustee代理⼈agent本代理⼈original agent法定代理⼈statutory agent; legal agent委托代理⼈agent by mandate指定代理⼈designated agent复代理⼈subagent再代理⼈subagent转代理⼈subagent代理权right of agency授权⾏为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理⾏为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer 普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间⼈broker信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中⽌suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终⽌lapse of time; termination of prescription 期⽇date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements 冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility⾏政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability⽆限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害⼈过错victim’s fault第三⼈过错third party’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失negligence重⼤过失gross negligence疏忽⼤意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence 过于⾃信的过失negligence with undue assumption 损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss⽆形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss⼈⾝损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担⽅式methods of bearing civil liability 停⽌侵害cease the infringing act 排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle 消除危险elimination of danger 返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state⽀付违约⾦payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system⼀物⼀权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公⽰原则principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法jus rerem物property⽣产资料raw material for production⽣活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence限制流通物limited merchantable thing资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits⽆主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods 遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right⾃物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使⽤权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena⽤益物权real right for usufruct使⽤权right to use; right of use⼟地使⽤权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement⼈役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押⼈mortgagor抵押权⼈mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效⼒deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right tomortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权lien⼀般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right 债权⼈creditor债务⼈debtor相对⼈counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt 债务的给付⽇期debt maturity 债务的免除exemption of debt 债的分类obligatio; obligation 法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation 主债prime/principal obligation 从债accessory obligation单⼀之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefinite obligation合同之债contractual obligation侵权⾏为之债tort obligation⼈⾝损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage 医药费hospital treatment expense 医疗费medical charge抚恤⾦pension慰问⾦consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment⽆因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation财产担保property guarantee信⽤担保credit guarantee让与担保alienation guarantee保证guaranty明⽰保证express guaranty默⽰保证implied guaranty保证⼈guarantor保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship。

法律词汇英语翻译

法律词汇英语翻译A Resolution for V oluntary自动清盘决议Act作为Action诉讼Adult成人、成年人Affidavit誓章Affidavit誓章Arrestable Offence可逮捕的罪行Assignment转让契据Auditor核数师A vailable act of Bankruptcy可用的破产作为Bailiff执达主任Bilingual Laws Advisory Committee双语法例谘询委员会British Dependent Territories citizen英国属土公民British Overseas citizen英国海外公民Building Authority建筑事务监督Buyer买方certificate证书Certificate of Compliance满意纸Charge扺押Chief Justice首席大法官Commissioner监誓员Committed For Trial交付审判Common Law普通法Company公司Conditions of Exchange换地条款Conditions of Grant批地条款Conditions of Sale卖地条款Consul领事Consular Officer领事馆官员Contract of Sale售卖合约Co-owners联名业主Court of Final Appeal终审法院Creditor´s Ordinary Resolution债权人普通决议Creditor´s Special Resolution债权人会议特别决议Creditors´V oluntary Winding债权人自动清盘Debenture债权证Debt Provable in Bankruptcy可证债项Deed of Mutual Covenant大厦公契Document of Title to Goods货品的所有权文件Easement地役权electronic record电子纪录electronic signature电子签署Export输出、出口Fault错失Freehold永久业权Future goods期货Gazette宪报Government Chemist政府化验师Government Land Resumption Ordinance收回官地条例Government Lease官地租契Group of Companies公司集团hash function杂凑函数Import输入、进口Incumbrance负累权益information system资讯系统International court of justice国际法院Joint Tenants共有权益Judge大法官Judge of the Court of Final Appeal终审法院大法官Judgment判决Judgment Creditor判定债权人Judgment Debtor判定债务人Justice, Justice of the peace太平绅士key pair配对密码匙land土地Lands Tribunal土地审裁处Law法律、法例、法Leasehold租用业权Legal Mortgage法定式按揭Listed Company上市公司Medical Practitioner医生Members´V oluntary Winding Up成员自动清盘Mortgage按揭New Territories新界Notary公证人Oath誓言Oath誓言Offence罪、罪行、罪项、犯法行为Official Receiver破产管理署署长Order in Council枢密院颁令Original court原讼法院Personal Representative遗产代理人Plaintiff原告人Police officer警务人员Power权、权力Prevailing Market Rent市值租金Principal Tenant主租客Prison狱、监狱Private Company私人公司private key私人密码匙Privy Council枢密院Profit A Prendre取利权Property产权Property财产Prospectus招股章程public key公开密码匙Quality of Goods货、货品Quality of Goods货品品质record纪录Registrar of the Supreme Court最高法院司法常务官Regulations规例Repeal废除Restrictive Covenant限制性的约言Reversionary Title归属主权Right Of Way过路权或取道权Sale售卖Secured Creditor有抵押债权人Sell卖、售卖、出售Seller卖方Share股﹑股份Sign签名、签署Specific Goods特定货品Statutory Declaration法定声明Subsidiary Legislation附属法例Summary conviction简易程序定罪Tenants-in-common共享权益Tenement物业单位Territorial Waters领海Town Planning Board城市规划委员会Triable Summarily可循简易程序审讯Trustee of Bankruptcy破产受托人trustworthy system稳当系统United Kingdom联合王国Unlisted Company非上市公司verify a digital signature核实数码签署Warranty保证条款Will遗嘱years of age岁、年岁Abatement减免或减轻abduction拐带abortion堕胎absconding弃保潜逃Absolute assignment绝对转让absolute discharge无条件释放absolute liability绝对法律责任acquit [v.]无罪释放Act of God天灾、神力行为adjourn休庭、延期聆讯age of consent同意年龄Agent代理人aiding & abetting教唆、煽动犯罪Arbitration仲裁arbitration仲裁arrest拘捕、逮捕arrestable offence可逮捕罪行arson纵火Articles of Association公司章程assault殴打asymmetric cryptosystem非对称密码系统Authorized share capital法定股本Authorized signature经授权之签名bankruptcy debt破产债项Bearer持票人beneficiary受益人Board of directors董事会Business Registration商业登记Certificate of Origin产地来源证certification practice statement核证作业准则Chairman of the board of directors董事会主席Charge抵押Chattel货物或实产commissioner监誓员Company directors公司董事Company Secretary公司秘书Condition precedent先决条件Conditions批地条款Consideration代价Contract for service服务合约Contract for service服务合约Conversion侵占copyright notice版权通知Cost, insurance, freightCIFCounter-offer反要约Creditor债权人creditors´committee债权人委员会creditors´meeting债权人的会议damage损害damages损害赔偿debt provable in bankruptcy or provable debt可证债权或可证债项debtor债务人deed契据digital signature数码签署discharge解除dispute resolution和调解纠纷dividend股息dormant匿名或不活动drawee受票人drawer发票人economic rights经济权Equal Opportunity Commission平等机会委员会Equitable Charge公义式扺押Equitable Mortgage公义式按揭Forfeiture没收租权intellectual property rights知识产权interim order临时命令Intermeddling干预死者的遗产Law Reform Commission法律改革委员会Legal Charge法定式扺押licensing agreement许可合同moral rights精神权利nominee代名人Nominee´s Report代名人报告notary公证人Official Receiver破产管理署署长ordinary resolution普通决议parallel import平行进口patent专利Payable at sight见票即付Payee受款人property财产proposal建议registered design registration注册外观设计Registered Medical Practitioner注册医生Secretary for Justice律政司司长secured creditor有抵押债权人short term patent短期专利special resolution特别决议Term土地租期The Office of the Commissioner of Insurance保险业监理处Title业权Trade mark商标Trade Mark Ordinance商标条例Trade Mark Registry商标注册处trade mark relating to goods货品商标trade mark relating to services服务商标trustee受托人voluntary arrangement个人自愿安排。

shall和may在法律英语中的应用

May与shall在法律英语之中的应用在英文法律文本翻译中，法律翻译者经常会碰到情态动词，尤其是“shall”和“may”的翻译。

能否准确恰当地处理好情态动词的译法是衡量翻译者翻译水平高低的一个重要方面，但在将其翻译成中文时，不但英语系翻译专业的学生感到难以把握，就连从事英语法律翻译的老师、专业人员也觉得该词难译，常常下笔踌躇，莫衷一是。

一、现有法律英语文本中“shall”的译法“Shall”这一用法较为古老或正式，一般用于法律或半法律文件中，含有“本条款具有法律规定的指令性或强制性”之意。

英文经贸法律文本中“shall”的译法种类繁多，通常被译为“须”“应”，也有译成“将”，甚至可以不译。

（一）shall表示“义务” “责任” 时通常被翻译成“应当” “应该”有时被译成“须” “必须”。

例 1. 进出境运输工具、货物、物品，必须通过设立海关的地点进境或出境《中华人民共和国海关法》第8 条All inward and outward means of transport, goods and articles shall enter or leave the territory at a place where there is a Customs office.例 2.行政长官缺位时，应在六个月内依本法第四十五条的规定产生新的行政长官。

行政长官缺位期间的职务代理，依照上款规定办理。

《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》第53条第二款In the event that the office of Chief Executive becomes vacant, a new Chief executive shall be selected within six months in accordance with the provisions of Article 45 of this Law. During the period of vacancy, his or her duties shall be assumed according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.（二）shall 在中文文本中“不译” 的情况在具有较长实效的一般性法律条文中（如宪法、刑法、民法等较稳定的法律中不译。

法律英语词汇翻译

法律英语词汇翻译案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent; defendant本案律师councel pro hac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定）裁决书award（用于仲裁）裁决书verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons; subpoena答辩状answer; reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁agency for arbitration代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law 法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect兼职律师part-time lawyer监狱prison; jail鉴定结论expert conclusion缴纳会费membership dues举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser; complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人interested party; party in interest律管处处长director of lawyer control department律师lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒lawyer discipline律师法Lawyer Law律师费lawyer fee律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所law office; law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师网站lawyer website律师协会National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s office律师执业证lawyer license律师助理assistant lawyer律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station; police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantial evidence企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure起诉状information; indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant申诉案件appeal case申诉人（仲裁）claimant; plaintiff申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试uniform judicial exam送达service of process诉讼litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务litigation practice诉状complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim 推销法律服务promote/market legal service外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect项目融资project financing项目谈判project negotiating刑事案件criminal case刑事诉讼criminal litigation行政诉讼administrative litigation休庭adjourn the court; recess宣判pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请practice application执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁arbitration仲裁案件arbitration case仲裁机构arbitration agency专门律师specialized lawyer专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章write legal thesis资信调查credit standing investigation 自诉案件private prosecuting case。

法律英语课文翻译

第二单元第一篇P21第一段的“procedure”：this is a proceeding upon writ of a death benefit award by the Industrial Accident Commission in favor of the widow and three minor children of Karl Lund, deceased. petitioner State Employees' Retirement System seeks an annulment of the award, on the grounds that respondent Commission had acted without and in excess of its power and that the evidence was insufficient to justify the fingdings of fact.这是一个死亡令状效益赔偿，有关工业事故委员会赞同对寡妇和已故的卡尔隆德的三个未成年的孩子进行赔偿。

申请人，国家雇员退休系统，旨在废除该赔偿为由，答辩委员会擅自行动，且超过其权力行使权力，其证明的事实证据不足。

P22 倒数第一段：on the contrary, we are required to indulge all reasonable inferences which may be drawn legitimately from the facts in order to support the findings of the Commission ,and in doing so all that is required is reasonable probability; not absolute certainty.反之，我们需要放纵所有合理的推断，可能是合法的事实来支持委员会的调查结果，如此一来，这样做所需的一切就是合理的可能性，而非绝对的确定性。

法律英语翻译：适用法律和争议的解决

法律英语翻译：适用法律和争议的解决11.1.1法律条文1. 合营企业合同的订立、效力、解释、履行及其争议的解决，适用中华人民共和国法律。

1. The conclusion， validity， interpretation， and performance of the contract of a joint venture and settlement of disputes in connection therewith shall be governed by the laws of the People＂s Republic of China.2.合营各方在解释或者履行合营企业协议、合同、章程时发生争议的，应当尽量通过友好协商或者调解解决。

经过协商或者调解无效的，提请仲裁或者司法解决。

2. The disputes arising from the interpretation or performance of the joint venture agreement， contract and/or articles of association shall be settled through friendly consultation or conciliation between the parties to the joint venture. In case such consultation or conciliation fails， the disputes may be submitted to arbitration or a law court for settlement.2. When a dispute between the parties to a joint venture arises from the interpretation or performance of the joint venture agreement，contract and/or articles of association， the parties shall make every endeavor to resolve it through friendly consultation or mediation. If such consultation or mediation comes to no avail， the parties shall submit the dispute to arbitration or a law court for settlement.3.合营各方根据有关仲裁的书面协议，可以在中国的仲裁机构进行仲裁，也可以在其他们仲裁机构仲裁。

法律法规英文译法09.10.8

法律法规英文译法09.10.8中华人民共和国民事诉讼法（1991年4月9日第七届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过，1991年4月9日中华人民共和国主席令第44号公布，自公布之日起实行）Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China (Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 9, 1991, promulgated by Order No. 44 of the President of the People's Republic of China on April 9, 1991, and effective as of the date of promulgation)中华人民共和国道路交通安全法（２００３年１０月２８日中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议于通过，中华人民共和国主席令第八号公布，自２００４年５月１日起施行）Law of the People's Republic of China on Road Traffic Safety (Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on October 28, 2003, promulgated by Order No. 8 of the President of the People’s Republic of China, and effective as of May 1, 2004.)练习：《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》已由中华人民共和国第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议于2009年12月26日通过，现予公布，自2010年7月1日起施行。

法律英语词汇大全(完美版)

法律渊源source of law 制定法statute判例法case law; precedent特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law大陆法系civil law system大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership 私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise 中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’ precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention 恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription 期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements 冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence 过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption 损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability 停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle 消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence限制流通物limited merchantable thing资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods 遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right tomortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right 债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt 债务的给付日期debt maturity 债务的免除exemption of debt 债的分类obligatio; obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation 主债prime/principal obligation 从债accessory obligation单一之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefinite obligation合同之债contractual obligation侵权行为之债tort obligation人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage 医药费hospital treatment expense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation财产担保property guarantee信用担保credit guarantee让与担保alienation guarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证implied guaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship保证金guaranty bond; security deposit押金deposit; foregift预付款advanced payment定金earnest money; deposit违约金liquidated damages法定违约金liquidated damages by law约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement债的履行performance of obligation实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property 国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment优先权原则a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner创作creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权right of personality of copyright发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship; right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision完整性保持权right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense著作财产权property right in work使用收益分享权right to share usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to get payment重播权right of rebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction 著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright剽窃plagiary; plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrial property专利权patent right优先权日priority date申请在先原则prior application rule使用在先priority of use新颖性novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention and creation实用新型utility model外观设计design; industrial design发明权right of invention发现权right of discovery专利申请patent application专利异议objection to a patent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee of patent专利许可协议patent licensing agreement技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate of patent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China 商标权trademark right商标国际注册international registration of trademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisement trademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board商标审查trademark examination商标侵权trademark infringement商标注册registered trademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registered trademark注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family, inheritance, adoption 婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board 复婚resumption of marriage婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements配偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement一夫一妻制monogamy早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural blood relation收养法adoption law收养协议adoption agreement收养人adoptive parent送养人person or institution placing out a child for adoption 涉外收养adoption with foreign elements继承法inheritance law; law of succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestate succession遗赠继承succession by devise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation; succession by subrogation 世袭继承hereditary succession间接继承indirect succession转继承subsuccession共同继承joint succession单独继承single succession继承人heir; successor第二顺序继承人successor second in order第一顺序继承人successor first in order继承参与人succession participant遗产inheritance; heritage遗产继承人heir to property; inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreement会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law消费者权益保护法consumer’s interest protection law产品责任法production liability law消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership 子公司subsidiary募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator出资contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right 非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology 劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements 注册资本registered capital实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 公司登记incorporation; corporate registration公司并购corporate merger and acquisition公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司歇业closure of business招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’ meeting股东大会决议resolution of shareholders’ meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’ meeting 表决权voting right; right to vote董事director董事长president/chairman of the board首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with voting power溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock; dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund资本公积金capital accumulation fund盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund任意公积金optional accumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange证券商securities dealer证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange 深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange 票据法law of negotiable instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill 被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee再追索人renewed recourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill; tenor追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate of registry; certificate of ship’s nationality 船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租ship subchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners 船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classification society船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim to general average服务优先权priority claim to service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit海运合同shipping contract提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritimeaction/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements 海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntary insurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowment insurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemployment insurance信用保险credit insurance保证保险guaranty insurance保险合同insurance contract保险人insurer; underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder 保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit of insurance保险利益insurable interest保险事故insurance accident保险赔偿insurance indemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurance broker索赔claim代位索赔claim by subrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right of subrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging of insurance。

法律英语词汇解释

法律英语词语用法区别英语中原本没有所谓法律英语，但由于有关法律方面的英语有其特殊的用法和规律，慢慢地就像科技英语、商业英语等一样，自成一门学科。

法律英语不同于“法言法语”(legal terms)，而是跨越英语与法律之间的边缘学科，所以有人将法律英语译为English for the prdession。

许多地区，比如上海等地，还为此成立专门的培训机构。

由于英汉语言习惯的不同，加上长期以来约定俗成的用法的影响，法律英语中常常出现一些容易混淆或错用的词语，在中英互译中常会发生一些有趣的语言现象。

本文就是想以比较轻松的漫谈方式，与读者作一些共同探讨，以引起广大读者对法律英语的兴趣。

China, China's 和Chinese作定语时大有区别这三个词都可以作定语用，译成“中国的”，但其含义却有很大区别。

如China law firms是指“在中国的律师事务所”，未必是中国人开的，它应包括获准在中国设立的“外国律师事务所”(foreign law firms)。

若指中国律师开的律师事务所，应用Chinese law firms。

在法律文书中，这很有讲究。

在WTO法律文件中，如“中国经济的特性”(the special characteristic of China's economy)；“中国的关税配额制度”(China's TRO system)；“中国的具体承诺减让表”((China's Schedule of Specific Commitments)；“中国专利法”(China's Patent Law)等用语中，几乎都用China's而不用Chinese。

但着重“中国人的”意义时，应该用Chinese。

如“中方”(Chinese side)；“中国人”(Chinese nationals)；“中国政府”(Chinese government)；“中国执业律师”(Chinese national regis-tered lawyers)。

法律英语中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”

法律英语中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”法律英语翻译同时涉足三个领域，即法律学界、语言学界和翻译界。

因此，法律翻译对译者要求十分苛刻。

例如，在英汉、汉英翻译中，译者除了要掌握一定程度的中国法律以及普通法知识之外，还要擅长法律英语这一特殊用途英语（ESP）。

与所有的翻译一样，法律翻译的译文要忠实原文的实质内容，还要尽量流畅通顺。

法律翻译通常包括的内容很多，如立法性文件的翻译，合同翻译，诉讼类文书翻译，法庭口译，法学论文翻译，涉外公证文书翻译，判例翻译等等。

法律翻译者在翻译立法条文、法学论文、法院判决等法律文件时，常常会碰到诸如“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”等词的翻译，参阅国内一些法律翻译（英汉、汉英）工具书，我们发现，各工具书对上述四个词的翻译或者没有涉及，或者十分混乱。

这些翻译之中，不乏十分正确的翻译，但是有些翻译则值得商榷。

本文作者旨在探讨这一组词的译法，为法律英语词典编纂及法律条文的翻译提供借鉴。

本文从英译汉、汉译英两个方面来说明这一问题。

一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”在英汉法律翻译中，上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。

我们知道，一般意义上而言，在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有：article； section； subsection；paragraph； subparagraph； item； clause； rule；regulation； provision，以及stipulation等等。