词汇学第三章Morphological structure of English words ppt

What’s the difference between them?
Inflectional Doesn’t change meaning or part of speech of the stem. (work—works) Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence. ( grammatical meaning) Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes. Occurs at margins of words. (radio—radios)
3.4 Identifying Morphemes
How to identify morphemes? They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution. e.g., mono-morphemic: sky double-morphemic: chill + y, boy + ish triple-morphemic: un+dress+ed, care+less+ness four-morphemic: un+fruit+ful+ness over-four-morphemic: un+gentle+man+li+ness
Relationship
Summary
语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。 morpheme又可称为形位、语素等。词素是 抽象的，它是通过词素形式即形素morph表 现出来的。词素还有变体形式，在语言学 中称为词素变体allomorph。
3. 3 Classifications of morphemes
• Characteristics All the morphemes have their own meanings, but they cannot be further divided, otherwise they will not make any sense. Morphemes may have some variants, e.g. - ation. May also be -tion, -sion,-ion, but they belong to the same suffix because they have the same meaning and grammatical function.
① in terms of their capacity of occurring alone Free vs. bound morphemes ② applying to affixes only Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes ③ on a semantic and syntactic basis Content/lexical vs. grammatical morphemes
Chapter 3
Morphological Structure of English Words
Key points
The definition & classification of morphemes (morphs & allomorphs) 2. How to identify morphemes
• Look at the following three words. Could you make out how many morphemes they have? Please judge which analysis is correct.
1. denaturalization: de, na, tur, -al, -i, -za, -tion 2. denaturalization: de, nature, -al, -ize, -ation 3. Individualistic: in, divide, -al, -ist, -ic 4. Individualistic: in, di, vi, du, -al, -ist, -ic 5. Undesirables: un, de, sir, -able, -s 6. Undesirables: un, desire, -able, -s
• Did you get the right answer? Because No. 1,4, and 5 divide the words according to their syllables. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit, but in No. 1,4 and 5, ….are all meaningless, so they cannot be regarded as morphemes.
1.
decontextualization
decontextualization
3.1 Morpheme
• What is a morpheme？
It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. （Crystal 1985） 语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小 的构词单位。
• Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.
3.2 Morphs and Allomorph
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 词素是抽象的单元，在言语中以名为刑素的具体 单位来体现。 The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. 体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。
Derivational
Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.( like-dislike, sleep—asleep) Indicates semantic relations within the word. (specific lexical meaning， e.g., un-) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.
②
Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes 派生语素与屈折语素
Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. 派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和 合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。 • Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. 屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限 于词缀。
• e.g. tree is a morpheme, but it is realized in speech by /tri:/.
• Mono-morphemic words 单语素单词 eg. bird, green, sad, want,desire, etc. • The morpheme of plurality {-s} has a set of morphs: /s/ in cats /z/ in dogs /iz/ in catches
Allomorph 词素变体
• An allomorph refers to a number of a set of morphs, which present one morpheme. 词素变体指一套刑素中的一个成员，表征一个 词素。 When the plural marker {s} is added to cat, dog, and horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z, -iz/ and thus has three phonological forms; the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme {s}, i.e. the allomorphs of morpheme {s}.
①
Free vs. bound morphemes 自由语素与粘着语素
Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意 义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。 e.g., man, wind, open, tour
③
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Content / lexical vs. grammatical morphemes 实义语素与语法语素
Lexical 词 汇 / content 实 义 morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words (blackbird is coined on the basis of 2 lexical morphemes: black and bird.), and derivational morphemes such as –ship, -ize. Grammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes(-books) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, have, they…functional words)
e.g., bound root: -dict-, -cedaffix: -ion, -ist, -ic
A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes, eg: ante-ced-ent. -ced- 是词根，‘接近’， ante- 是前缀，‘在…前’， -ent 是后缀，‘人，物’，
粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上 以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。
• Free morphemes are all roots /free roots, which are capable of being used as words or as wordbuilding elements to form new words. 自由语素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作 为构成新词的构词要素。 • Bound morphemes consist of either roots (bound roots) or affixes. 粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。