Dlgkle托福语法(含笔记)

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托福语法笔记

*主谓，谓错
三、平行结构
A，B，or/and C
A, B，C三个元素必须对应
四、宾语从句结构
宾从：S+Vt+(that + SVO)
*看到这些Vt后，第一反应找that
indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate, show,hold,
insist,say,tell,believe,think,learn
*adv.不能修饰任何名词
但是adv.+同位语是正确的:...,(which is)approximately the distance .
九、形容词的并列结构--------->可参考改错类型十
(A) adj adj adj + noun.
n个adj不并列，有确定的先后顺序
(B)当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序
~~~~~~~~~现在分词与名词为修饰关系，相当于adj,所以中心词为名词
Doing exercise is a good habit.
~~~~~动名词是只有动词牲的名词，可以带宾语，与名词之间是动宾关系，
中心词是动名词
*Doing复数noun.+单V
十四、make结构
make +宾(noun.,代词)+宾补(noun.,adj),必须加宾补
(F)*what is now永远对
where + V永远错，因为where是adv.
六、介词+which结构
which只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/宾语
(A)SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)
(B)SVO+prep.+which+完整句

新东方托福冲刺精讲班笔记吐血

Listening1.开头——复习+主旨例外：①课堂复习——不考标志过去时态开始标志：now,today, OK, while②老师道歉③归纳法的开头,先给出例子,再给出结论--记例子的主体&论点2.结尾——推断+细节3.注意重复的细节与观点4.举例——记例子主体,注意提示词5.定义解释——其中的关系6.注意可以的停顿7.注意课堂引导词——remember now OK while imagine today8.讲课中的问答9.因果关系10.听清层次——firstly secondly...11.注意转折12.Listen again 专业术语不变避免原词重复Speaking notesQ1&Q2To start with I believe most of people would choose... However i would like to choose...today i have two arguments to supports to support my idea.Today i mainly have one important argument to back up my ideaTake me for example... For instance... For exampleFurthermore what's moreTo summarize to conclude all in allBased on the two points i have already mentioned ...will always be my choice...Q31.The school wants/plans to doThe school policy is...The school wants to carry out a policy which is...2.sb suggests/advises that the university should stop do...3.In the conversation, the man disagrees, and he has two pointsIn the listening material, the man agree with the policy because of the following reasons...4.First, the school think, however the man think...Second...Based on the two points the man disagree.Q4In this set of material, the reading passage introduce a theory/principle/definition...which meanssuggests that...In the lecture, the professor uses/gives us/provides us/offers us one/two examples to explain/illustrate/demonstrate/clarify this theory.The first is about...The second is ...Q51.time conflict①to find sb else to replace/take place of youto find sb to help him②drop, give up,cancel one of the plans③reschedulePut off, delay, postpone,to find another day to do.Do/finish...before...④ask for extension/extra days/putting off the dead line2.course is not available①to take the same/similar course next semester②take it in another school③choose the graduate lessonQ6The lecture is about/the topic is about...The professor mainly talked about ...According to the lecture...In this listening material the professor explain...All in all/in conclusion...Tips1.DefinitionThe term ...is defined as..The definition of the term is...2.ResultThe/it result turn out to be...pareIn the experiment, students are divided into two groups.The first group is... In the second group the situation is totally different/is on the contrary.Writing一、Heading一方案1凸显主题引述观点我的立场1.凸显主题①As is often the case, Under many circumstances,Currently / In contemporary society, +X/ the issue of X+is widely discussed.is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion.is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. is much concerned at such a degree that a wide discussion has beenaroused.is much/ widely discussed to a point where a deep contemplation has been aroused.②so…that…He is so 2 that he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. / ved. + to a / the point whereHe is 2 to a point where he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. /ved. + at such a degree that…He is 2 at such a degree that…2.引述观点againstSome people maintain/ hold that it is …that…A few people hold the opinion that…One point is that…One perspective is that…One conventional idea/ acceptance / view / notion is that…forA common belief is that…A prevailing notion/ acceptance is that…题目核心名词不动题目中观点的方向不动3.我的立场程度+ 态度①程度to large extent,at large degree,on large scale,②态度I agree with this opinion.I am on the side of this claim / assumption / assertionI side with this claim.I stand with this claim.I would nod in agreement with this claim.I lean toward this claim.I disagree with this opinion.I am on the opposite side of this claim.I side on the opposite.I stand against this claim.I would cast doubt on this claim.I would frown on this claim.全局Currently, the issue of X is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. Some people maintain that it is … that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim. 二方案2一分钟快捷法：Some people hold / maintain that…I reckon/ deem thatagainstSome people maintain that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim and reckon that it assumes a distorted and narrow view.forA prevailing acceptance is that…. To large extent, I am on theside of this claim and reckon that it sensible and rational. Body structureBody+support+strong二、基本思路框架：一1.让步Concede：客观性—题目观点有点道理To begin with, I have to concede that…2.主旨段1：分析—题目观点/言论谬误NeverthelessNonethelessthe claim—problematicAttention: 探讨论点 > 议论话题3.主旨段2:推理—后果严重,危害巨大At last, the influence—negative4.其他备选思路Optional 1: 可行性欠佳not feasibleOptional 2: 效用差ineffectiveOptional 3: 当A>B时,支持弱者B is also significantOptional 4：当题目中X is the …est,质疑“最”X is not the …est. Optional 5：因果关系不合理No direct relation between A and B二中心句：1 .让步To begin with, I have to admit that…To begin with, it is undisputable that…First of all, I have to concede that X, at some / certain degree, is/ can…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree,is beneficial与题目立场一致.限制级让步—避免喧宾夺主…, to some / certain extent,……, at some/ certain degree,……, on some/ specific occasions,….…, in particular / certain cases, ……, under some / particular circumstances,……, theoretically speaking,……, in short-terms,…… is/ can somewhat…… is/ can relatively…2. against1—分析：题目观点谬误本质使然驳斥言论>质疑话题Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that…is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several defects/ irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.Do—undertake Be engaged inTip:下定义A isB B=n. –A functionA serves asB / A functions as BFriends serve as companionships.media serve as sources of influence.作判断A is B B=adj. / n.A is accepted / acknowledged as BThis proposal is accepted as beneficial.This proposal, to large extent, is accepted as beneficial.3. against2—推理：后果很严重/危害巨大effect vs influenceNegative influence—destructive consequencesdisastrous consequencesAt last, the consequences/ misleading of…would be negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences/ misleading that … is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.4.其他备选思路中心句Option1: 这样做不可行 feasible = viable--It is not feasible the feasibility of … is open to question.--It is not viable the viability of… is open to question.The feasibility/ viability of … is vulnerable to any question or challenge.… can hardly be converted from blueprint into reality.… can merely rest on the blueprint.Option1 效果欠佳--切断联系Step1 It can not solve this problemStep2 It fails to offer solutions to this problem.Step3For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a reference for...PracticeThis proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….Option2: B重要 for A>B 话题B is of great significance for …Great significance for…is closely attached to B--Great significance for the rise of a nation is closely attached to the promotion of education.--Great significance for leading a healthy life is closely attached to the preservation of environment.--Great significance for the duty of celebrities is closely attached to the participation of social services.Option4: X并非最佳There is no point to claim that X serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.It is groundless to assert that…serve as—function asOption5: 因果关系不合理There is no direct causal relation between A and BThis claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.This assumption/ assertion fails to establish a causal relation betweenA and B.三、Body一1.让步First of all/ to begin with, I have to concede that X, at certain degree, is beneficial / is effective.2.观点谬误Nevertheless, the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.3 .后果严重At last, the consequences / the misleading that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. / disastrous/ pernicious.4.可行性欠佳The feasibility / viability of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.5. Ineffective即使有结果,也很难达到目的for 建议类话题To carry the idea further, this proposal / solution/ approach is awkward in serving as a key that guarantees the effectiveness and efficiency.for 定义/结论类话题To carry the idea further, this definition/ conclusion is awkward in serving as a convincing reference that can offer objective and accurate / reliable / trustworthy guidance.6. not the best/ --est for 最…话题There is no point to claim that... serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.7. 挽救B—B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.8. 因果关系不能建立This claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.First of all, I have to concede that…, at some / certain degree, is/ can…For one thing, X, on some occasions, is/ can…For the other, it is/ can also somewhat/ relatively…, on the ground that…, for the reason that…, for the sake that…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, such exercises, on some occasions, contribute to promoting writing skills. For the other, writing can somewhat sharpen the mind.二方案1—双论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial. 论据1For one thing, X serves as 是什么 through which 作用/效果论据2For the other, X also contributes to/ X is also effective in人例case of/ the case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which, to large extent, can support / solidify /consolidate my claim that it is… that…事例the personal experience of … serves as an example / evidence that/ which can largely consolidate/lend credible support to my claim that…方案2—单论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial, CS2. against1—本质不好i Nevertheless, the inherited/intrinsic /inborn defect of X can largelyundermine the claim/ assumption that….ii Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic /misrepresentative.For 建议类话题：复杂任务简单化As is often the case, / Under many circumstances,/ As a matter of fact, 待解决之问题/达成之目标 is acknowledged as a complicated task/ project/ cause whose solution involves/ requires a combination/ joint of efforts on both the internal and external layers and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by XAs is often the case, 待介定之事物 is acknowledged as a complicated phenomenon / concept/ existence whose definition involves/ requires/ concerns a combination of elements / factors on both the subjective and objective layers and cannot possibly be defined by highlighting X.数据With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between and in European countries / . claimed that…With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . claimed that X is the last option employed to…With reference for a survey by International …, %of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . had gloomy views over the effectiveness / the prospect of XAccording to a survey by International Deserts , the deserts all over the world are extending at a rate of 250 football fields every 3 hours.实事—caseThe case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which can, to large extent, support/ solidify/ justify / reinforce / bolster / consolidate my claim that…人例—personal experienceThe personal experience concerning … serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim that…Optional结论/建议未必适用于所有情形无视个案差异… is not unexceptionally acceptable… is not undisputable all the time / under any circumstances The other flaw is that the validation of the view presented in this topic is not universally self evident. On occasions that…,/ On conditions that… , the utmost significance is supposed to be attached to X, whereas when this prerequisite/ the condition removes, the emphasis/ focus would also be switched to other….Tip: 本段质疑言论的组织架构：言论谬误The assumption/ assertion that… is problematic.谬误/漏洞1—复杂的事物被简化X复杂,解决/定义需要诸多 a combination of 努力 efforts/ 因素elements谬误/漏洞2—观点的合理性是有条件的X 不总正确not universally self-evident, 只有在…条件下,on conditions that…, 才合理,否则就不行X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best …Any other efforts / possibilities have been proved to be vain attempts X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best … that can ruleout any other …X enjoys the widest preference后果很严重At last, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.子论据1：负面影响+小的个体 individual 大到整体 society/ system/ industry One point that is worth of mentioning is that…The negative influence of X would be infectious.The negative influence of X would result in a series of chain reaction. The negative influence of X would give rise to Domino Effect/ Butterfly Effect.it can inevitably endanger/ jeopardize both the individual… and the whole society/ industry/ system.The negative influence of X would be infectious, which can inevitably jeopardize / endanger both the individual… and the whole…子论据2：弊大于利To carry the idea further,Other than that,In addition, advantages vs. disadvantagesthe disadvantages outweigh the advantages.= the advantages are outweighed by the disadvantages.the disadvantages overshadow the advantages.= the advantages are overshadowed by the disadvantages.Advantages:The expected/ the foreseeable benefits and opportunities / solutions…can offerFor conclusion The expected reference and guidance … can offer Disadvantages:the potential risks and uncertainties … can incurFor conclusion--the potential confusions and misleading … can incurDisadvantage > advantage--the potential risks and uncertainties … incurs far outweigh the expected benefits and opportunities it can offer.--the potential confusions and misleading … incurs can rule out any reference and guidance it can offer.To be exact, it is tantamount to an act of trading A for Btrade long-term … for short term…trade … in the long run for … at presenttrade the possibility of sustainable development for the reality of present interests.trade the unique… for common…trade the cherished… for common / ordinary …trade the invaluable … for the valueless …trade everything for nothing子论据3影响负面且深远Even worse, It runs the risk of driving …to a dead end.This proposal / conclusion is acknowledged as an illogical and irrational assumption/ assertion which indicates / reveals / mirrors a set of misplaced values that run the risk of driving … to a dead end.三思路框架：1.让步To begin with, I have to concede that knowing how to use money effectively, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, it somewhat minimizes the risk of financial problems in the future. For the other, the acquisition of such knowledge and skills, at certain degree, contributes to relatively sensible consuming habits.2．因素分析Nevertheless, the claim of emphasizing the role that learning money management at young age plays in making a financially responsible adult is contaminated with several intrinsic irrationalities. As is often the case, implanting a sense of financial responsibility into an individual is acknowledged as a complicated task whose solution involves a combination of efforts on both the internal and external respects and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by simply making children learn management. The personal experience of Madoff serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim. Although Madoof received good education for money management since he was young, he did not have any sense of responsibility and was labeled as a cheater in 2008. The other flaw this assumption suffers from is that it ignores the differentials among cases. On conditions that that the learning of managing money is combined with the instillation of conscience and moral, or that this proposal has been proved as the most effective measure which can rule out any other solutions, making children learn to manage money is acceptable, whereas when this prerequisite removes, the things would be otherwise.3. 演绎推理At last, the consequences that this proposal is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. One point that is worth of mentioning is that the misleading and confusion that relating managing money to financial responsibility can incur far outweigh the expected benefits and solutions it can offer. Other than this, learning money management on early stage bears the possibility of bringing in materialism into our education and misplacing the values, which runs the risk of driving the healthy growth of our next generation to a dead end.EndingTo sum up, at large degree, I would cast doubt on this assumption. What is more, it is essential for us to have circumspection over all the factors before any critical decision-makings.Tip:其他备用思路：Option1--可行性欠佳What is more, the feasibility of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.A host of impediments that are expected to encounter like A, B, C andD are acknowledged as significant factors that play decisive rolesin minimizing the viability.In this sense, it is almost a mission impossible to…重要因素表达—用于论点+论据… serves as a significant factor that plays decisive role in….… serves as an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.Tip :不可行的障碍--show no respect the legal principles--overlook the basic laws of nature--violate the ethical bottom line--the unsatisfactory voices from the public--limited budgets or financial problemsOption2--即使有结果,也很难达到目的个性化方案—选配--牵强的联系For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...教师是否应该根据他们的表现而支付薪水Paying teachers in accordance with their performance is awkwardin serving as a key to enhancing / improving/ promoting /upgrading the education.This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….+切断联系 For 建议As a matter of fact/ In effect, A/ the former does not function as the exclusive prerequisite for B/ the latter.+冲淡联系1 原因多样Under many circumstances, a host of solutions/ possibilities such as A1, A2, A3 and A4 are also indispensable/ significant approaches that are not supposed to be overlooked....is a significant factor that plays a decisive role in…… is also an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.+冲淡联系2 结果无效On the other hand, such oversimplified strategy would be doomed/ deemed as counterproductive.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A andB the result and the proposal.For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...+切断联系For 结论A does not serve as an exclusive prerequisite for gaining a betterunderstanding about B+冲淡联系1可能性多样Under certain circumstances, B can be concluded as A1, whereas under others, the definition/ conclusion like A2, A3, A4 are also sensible/ acceptable/ rational.+冲淡联系2 定义/概括无效GeneralOn the other hand, such over generalized conclusion fails to be representative.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct relation between the conclusion/ definition and the phenomenon.In this sense, A can tell just part of the story.Option 3-- ... is not the ..estThere is no point to claim that A serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.A multitude of other options/ elements/ possibilities / solutions such as B, C, and D are also significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In this sense, it is groundless to put ultimate premium on A.Option 4--挽救B-B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.Option5—因果无法建立：Furthermore, the claim that… suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.Furthermore, the claim that … rests on a gratuities causal relationship which is in short of legitimacy.In effect, the former does not serve as the exclusive prerequisite for the latter.Under many circumstances, a host of approaches / solutions/ reasons/ possibilities as A, B, C and D are also acknowledged as significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In addition, this conclusion runs the risk of misleading the understanding / the definition of…In addition, this proposal bears the possibility of driving the result to quite different paths.In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A and B.Topics:Because we are busy, we can do few things well.Because we are busy, politeness has become unnecessary and out of fashion. In order to make ourselves happy, we should learn how to make others happy first.For这样很好本性使然… is blessed/ gifted withadvantagemerit in …./thatgeniusX is blessed with a multitude of merits.As it stands, X enjoys many advantages like A, B, C and D.According to a survey by…, X% of the respondents …这是不可避免的 indispensable / 重要部分A is a part of B= A is included in B= A serves as / functions as an indispensable episode in composing B the absence of… would result in…Families serve as indispensable episode in composing our society.Failures in every segment of our life serve as indispensable episodes in composing our growth.Competition serves as indispensable episode in composing our market. The multimedia and the internet serve as indispensable episodes in composing our modern life.The quantum leaps in science and technology serve as indispensable episode in composing our civilization.这样做可行且运转良好What is more, the feasibility of X can withstand question or challenge.A host of factors such as A, B, C and D are acknowledged as significantelements that play decisive roles in maximizing the viability.Not only does it enjoy feasibility, but also it can operate in a smooth way.如果这样,结果诱人Other than this, the positive consequences of X would turn out to be profound.it will benefit both the individual and the whole systemit contributes to promoting …., boosting …..and …will thereafter beenhancedIt contributes to promoting the advance of economy, boosting the communication among cultures and the reputation of a city is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting the efficiency, boosting the effectiveness and our self-confidence is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting our skills in getting along with others, boosting our abilities in thinking over things and our minds are thereafter sharpened.Advantage> Disadvantage应该这样,因为这样做不仅有益,而且无害;A andB can co-exist harmoniouslyA andB are not 2 mutually exclusive matters.A andB are compatibleA andB are 2 mutually exclusive matters. As a matter of fact, the former andthe latter can co-exist harmoniously.The existence/ advance of A does not act/ serve as a terminator forBThe existence / advance of A does not bring negative influence / consequenceon BTo sum up, I side on the opposite of the claim that… What is more, it is essential for us to pay more attention to …/ What is more, special attention is called for to四、Tip1.若要/为了X目的, 就得YX and Y are closely relatedthere is a direct causal relation between X and YY serves as the exclusive prerequisite for Xcreate—creativity,advent,reckon,doomed to be,the sin revelation 2.这样不好/不应该本性/本质使然be born with / to be inherit intrinsic natureinborn problematiclast, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.and more--an/ the increasing number of +可数名词--the increasing + 不可数名词--the increasingly + adj. + n.Give rise toof great significance for…great significance for… is closely attached to…great significance for your future career is closely attached to your study.great significance for the effectiveness of leadership is closely attached to the respect from the public.7.可能…, to large extent, …… bears the possibilities that…… runs the risk of…--This measure runs the risk of triggering disasters.switch alter convertDo undertake be engaged in estimate assess9.10.没有上过大学Lyndon Johnson AbrahamLincolnGrover Cleveland—honest + independent Andrew Jackson—the incarnation of courageMike Dell Stephen Jobs Zuckburge接受过优秀教育OxfordMargaret Hilda Thatcher David Cameron Bill ClintonStephen Hawking Mr. BeanHarvardFranklin Roosevelt Obama John F. KennedyGeorge W. Bush Gary Faye Locke素材accumulate the knowledge train the skills broaden the horizon experience the defeats/ failures strengthen the willsharpen the mind develop personalities shape valuespurify the soul detach the view12.媒体books:magazine; text book; bibliography; encyclopedia; novelTV programs; TV networksvideo; audience; display; screenread—reading—reader words; lines; passages重要影响力杂志New Yorker；the Times—实事评论性杂--through which we can extract insightful thoughts.Vogue；ELLE;—时尚杂志--let us breathe fashionable airReader’s Digest—综合性期刊National Geography—人文景观the Palace museumthe Louver Palacethe Expos—有必要出现暴力内容的娱乐the western movies—pioneering spiritGone with Wind--setting Atlanta on fire—chaosSchindler's List--Whoever saves one life, saves the world entireSaving Private Ryan-- the value of lifeBrave Heart-- shedding blood and sacrificing for just one chance for freedom Negative—过分暴力的娱乐-- Transformer 3-- justice do not have to be exchanged by extreme violencenor at the price of the whole Chicago City with thousandsof innocent lives.small step though it is for young people, a giant leap for the future life.That's one small step for me, one giant leap for mankind.Achilles’ Heelthe absence of innovation/ sympathy is acknowledged as the Achilles’Heel of our education.the absence of creditability is acknowledged as the Achilles’ Heel of political leadership.significant五、综合写作一HeadingThelecturerefutesobjects tosides on the opposite ofthepointsillustratedinthereadingmaterial.In accordance with With reference forAccordingto the listening,theprofessorthe lecturerclaims /asserts that。

托福考试必备托福英语语法整理

托福考试必备托福英语语法整理托福考试必备托福英语语法参与托福考试必备的，英语语法学问点，趁现在就把握它吧。

下面是学习啦我给大家整理的托福英语语法，供大家参阅!托福英语语法：一般现在时的用法1)、常常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。

时间状语：every, sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)、表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

留意：此用法假如消失在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..4)、现在时刻的状态、力量、性格、共性。

I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。

再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 其次句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

托福英语语法：一般过去时的用法1)、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?2)、表示在过去一段时间内，常常性或习惯性的动作。

托福核心词汇

occupy: v. 占有, 占领, 侵占, 使从事, 使忙碌 oc- [prf.] (在字母c之前) = ob- [prf.] = towards (朝着某个目标去拿就是想) 占有 e.g. object occupant: n. 占有人, 所有人, 占用者, 居住者 -ant [n. suf.] = operator
tachycardia: n. 心动过速, 心搏过速 tachy- [prf.] = rapid, swift e.g. tachymeter cardinal: n. & adj. 1)、鲜红, 深红, 红衣大主教; 2)、重要的, 基本的, 鲜红的. (心脏是)重要的, (也是)鲜红色的
cordial: n. & adj. 1)、有兴奋作用的食品; 2)、热情友好的, 真诚的, 令人兴奋的. -ial [adj. suf.] = relate to (用心的招待别人就是) 热情友好的, 真诚的 cordiality: n. 热情友好, 真挚 -ity [n. suf.] = quality, condition
principal: adj. & n. 1)、最重要的, 主要的, 资本的; 2)、首领, 长官, 校长. prin- [prf.] = prim- [prf.] = first e.g. primeval, prime prin (first) + cip (take) + al (adj. suf.) (第一个拿的人当然是)最重要的
receive: v. 收到, 接到, 得到, 接受, 采纳 re- [prf.] = backwards e.g. recall, revert re (backwards) + ceive (take) 收到 (就要拿回来)

托福考试重点词汇

托福考试重点词汇为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理了托福考试重点词汇,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福考试重点词汇一deficient=inadequate adj,不足的.deplete=exhaust vt. 耗尽，用完.desiccated=dry adj. 干的.despite= even though 尽管.detected=identified vt.认出，识别.determine=figure out vt. 打算;判决.devour = eat vt. 吞食.dilemma=problem n. 逆境;进退两难.dim=weak adj.暗淡的，弱的.dimension=size n.尺寸.dimension=aspect n. [数] 维;尺寸;次元.distant=far adj.遥远的.diverse=various adj.不同的.doctrine=principle n.原则.elite=excellent person n. 精英;精华.encounter=meet vt. 遭受，邂逅.end=purpose n.目的.enduring=withstanding adj.急躁的，长久的.entirely=wholly adv. 完全地，彻底地.envision=imagine vt. 想像.essential=required adj.必需的.eventual=final adj.最终的.eventually= finally adv.最终，最终.eventually=in the end adv. 最终，最终.evolve=develop vt. 进展，进化.exclusively=solely adv. 唯一地.exert=utilize vt. 运用，发挥.extensive=broad adj. 广泛的;大量的;宽阔的.focus=concentrate vt.使集中.foremost=important adj.重要的.furthermore=moreover adv. 此外;而且.genuine=true adj. 真实的，真正的;恳切的.hairline=slight adj.细小的，纤细的.implement=carry out vt. 实施，执行.incentive=motive n.动机;刺激.indistinct=not clear adj. 模糊的，不清晰的.inducement=incentive n. 诱因，刺激物托福考试重点词汇二.abrupt=sudden adj.突然的.accumulate=build up 积累.aggregation=group n.聚合，聚集;聚集体，集合体.apparently=seemingly adv. 明显地;好像bustling=busy adj. 忙乱的.arid=dry adj.干旱的.astoundingly=incredibly adv.使人震动的.be susceptible to=be subject to 受…影响的.brew=develop vt.开发.by and large=for the most part 总的来说.catastrophic=badly harmful 灾难性的.champion=promote vt.提升，提拔.circumstance=situation n.状况.cluster=group n.组，群.coincide with=accord with 符合;与...相全都.coincidence=likely events 相同，符合.colossal=enormous adj.巨大的.compelling=forcing adj.剧烈的，引人入胜的.comprehensive=thorough adj.全面的，彻底的.compulsory=required adj.必需的.concensus=agreement n.全都.confined=limited adj.有限的.confined=restricted v. 限制.congregate=gather vt. vi(使)集合，聚集.consequently=as a result 结果，因此.considerablely=greatly adv.相当大地.constitute=make up vt. 组成，构成;建立.consume=use completely 耗尽.continuous=ongoing adj.不断前进的.contour=outline vt. 画轮廓.convince=persuade vt.劝告，说服.couple with=together with 把…连同在一起.culminate in=peak 达到顶点;以…告终.cushioned=protect 爱护托福考试重点词汇三r so= roughly大体上，大约为.a matter of speculation =supposition n. 推断.a solicitation of =an invitation of n. 垦求;垦请.abandon=give up vt.放弃.abandoned= left a. 被遗弃的.aberrant= abnormal a. 脱离常轨的,.abort= quit v. 夭折;中止.abrupt=sudden adj.突然的.abruptly= suddenly ad. 突然地;意外地.absorb =appeal v. 汲取;被…吸引.absorb= learn(学习) v. 汲取.erect =build v. 建立.erratic= unpredictable a. 不稳定的;奇怪的.erratic= irregular a. 不稳定的;奇怪的.escalate= extend v. 逐步扩大.essential= crucial a. 极重要的.established =qualified a. 已制定的.establishment =formation(构成) n. 建立;创立.estimate= projection n. 估量.estimation =evaluation n. 估量.euphoric= extremely happy a. 心情开心的.evaluate= judge v. 评价.eventual= later a. 最终的.eventually= later ad. 最终.absorb= take in v. 汲取;被…吸引.abstract= not concrete a. 抽象的;非实际的.absurd= ridiculous a. 荒谬的;可笑的.abundance= large amount n. 大量.abundance= great number n. 大量.abundant=large amount adj. 丰富的;大量的.abundant = affluent a. 丰富的;大量的.abundant= ample a. 丰富的;大量的.abundant= numerous a. 丰富的;大量的.abundant= plentiful a. 丰富的;大量的.abundant= substantial a. 丰富的;大量的.abundantly= plentifully ad. 丰富地;大量地.accelerate=speed up/get faster vi.vt.加速.access =reach v. 接近.accessible =reachable a. 可接近的.accessible =easy to reach a. 易接近的.accidental =unexpected a. 意外的;偶然的.acclaimed=praisable adj.值得赞扬的.accommodate= provide for v. 供应.accomplished =achieved a. 实现完成的.accomplished =skilled a. 娴熟的.account= description n. 说明.account for= explain v. 说明.accumulate =collect v. 积累;聚集.accumulate =pile up v. 积累;聚集聚集.accumulate =build up 积累.accurate =correct a. 正确的.accurately= correctly ad. 正确地.acknowledge= recognize v. 承认.actually= in fact ad. 事实上.added =extra a. 附加的;额外的.adept =skilled a. 娴熟的托福考试重点词汇四extraneous= inessential a. 无关的;外来的.extraneous= from outside a. 无关的;外来的.extraordinary= exceptional a. 特别的.exude= release v. 渗出;发散.exude= give off v. 渗出;发散.fabricate= produce v. 制造.far-reaching= extensive a. 深远的;广泛的.far-reaching= broad a. 深远的;广泛的.fascinating= extremely attractive a. 迷人的.fashion= make v. 形成;造.fashion= way n. 样子;方式.fashionable =popular a. 流行的;时尚的.feasible= achievable a. 可实行的.feasible= practical a. 可实行的.feast= eating n. 盛宴.ferry= transport n. 渡轮.fertile= reproductive a. 肥沃的;多产的.fertile= productive a. 肥沃的;多产的.figure out =map(具体规划) phr. 计算出;解决.finding= discovery n. 发觉.first and foremost =above all phr. 首先;首要地.flake =fragment n. 小薄片.flattery= praise n. 恭维.flee= run away from v. 逃走ngenuity= inventiveness n. 心灵手巧;独创性.ingenuity= resourcefulness n. 心灵手巧;独创性.inherent= essential a. 内在的;固有的.inherent= internal a. 内在的;固有的.inherent= instinctive a. 与生俱来的.flexible= adaptable a. 易适应的。

托福考试语法结构知识点

托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试，其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。

掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点，帮助考生更好地备考。

一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时：用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。

例如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时：用于过去发生的动作或状态。

例如：I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。

例如：She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

例如：They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用：用于表示将来的动作或状态。

例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态：用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。

例如：The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致：主语是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。

例如：She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致：当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时，要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。

例如：The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句：表示真实条件和其可能的结果。

例如：If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句：表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。

8月TOEFL语法笔记

2001年8月TOEFL语法笔记1. Geothermal energy is a potentially inexhaustible energy source ______been tapped by humansfor centuries but, until recent years, only on a small scale.(A) has it(B) has(C) that has(D) that it hasKey：C分析：考点是定语成分。

空格前后都有谓语，可见空格应该是不是连词就是从句引导词。

答案C，定语从句。

（A）少从句引导词，而同一句子不能有2个谓语，错；（B）同上理（D）定语从句的关系代词在句中是作成分的，而此项多了个主语it，错。

参考译文：地热能是潜在的用不完的能量源，已经被人们抽用了几个世纪，但是直到最近几年，还只是很少一部分。

2. The importance of the hand, and more generally of the body, in children’s acquisition ofarithmetic_____.(A) can hardly be exaggerated(B) hardly exaggerated can be(C) can be exaggerate hardly(D) exaggerated can be hardlyKey：A分析：考点是平行结构。

句子的前面是3个并列的主语，而空格则应该是谓语。

A对，符合英语的表达习惯。

（A）（B）（D）语序混乱。

标准语序应该是：助动词+ 副词+ 动词参考译文：手的重要性，更普遍的还有身体的重要性，在孩子们算术知识获得的过程中很难被夸大。

3. ______ is present in the body in greater amounts than any other mineral.(A) Calcium(B) There is calcium(C) Calcium, which(D) It is calciumKey：A分析：考点是主谓结构。

新东方TOEFL笔记

所以要想保证听得懂，就要保证说得对）（4）不看只听，跟读，要求同上（5）不看不听，复述或背诵（6）以上步骤适当重复，直到达到目的
#听 lecture 需要的能力和锻炼方法（二十段法）（1）听觉识别力――句法结构、专业词汇训练方法（二十段法）： (材料下载地址: /dispbbs.asp?boardid=19&id=190221) a. 节选出 20 段 lecture（见附带文件，此 20 段包含了所有教授讲 lecture 时的说话套路），将这 20 段分成 5×4 四部分 b. 对于第 1－5 段，听一句，写一句（听写），每句听不超过三遍，每段听完后打开原文，扫清障碍，没听懂处便是听力薄弱环节。（以上前 5 天完成）第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 5 段材料 c. 对于第 6－10 段，每听 2－3 句总结大意，听完整篇后，所写出的东西应该通顺完整。之后打开原文，核实，扫清障碍（以上 5 天完成）第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 10 段材料 d. 对于第 11－15 段，听全文，写 keypoint（听三遍，每遍补充）（一般不只一个 keypoint。之后打开原文，核实，扫清障碍（以上 5 天完成）
单词建立联系，或者将一个单词与一件事物、一个事情联系起来去记，这样便不仅记住了你要记的东西“是什么” ，还记住了这个东西“在哪里” ，效果就会很好。（5 ）词汇的维度： #强、弱（程度） #正式、非正式 # 褒义、贬义 #单词、词
根(同样一个词会有这样两种写法，就像中文中， “水”字写成汉字和偏旁部首时写法也是不同的一样) （6 ） #高级、低级（用法）
第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 15 段材料 e. 对于第 16－20 段，听全文 3 遍，之后用英文复述，打开原文，核实，扫清障碍（以上 5 天完成）第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 20 段材料 f. 20 篇都听完后，找出听得不熟的。用跟读法再解决 *此方法综合训练听说读写能力（2）提高记忆力：关键是提高听力水平！（3）提高听段子时的注意力：关键还是提高听力水平！（4）猜的能力：把注意力放在听懂了的地方！没听懂的地方随便一猜就行了，别花太多心思，以免因小失大。而且越是不容易听懂的地方，越不容易是出题点。

托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析

托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析长难句是我们做托福阅读是最怕遇到的，现在小编分享一些长难句分析给大家，希望对你们的学习有帮助。

长难句分析：二战之后的加拿大Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。

分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War分句2：is分句3：the country's impressive population growth分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.长难句分析：昆虫的数量The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.(同位语从句fact that…;定语从句that comprise the bulk…)【译句】考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。

托福语法解析汇总

托福语法解析汇总语法在托福考试中始终很重要，我整理了托福语法解析的技巧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福语法解析：填空题做题方法一、填空题的特点填空题的特点是句子给的很长，句中挖一个空(缺少一部分内容)，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个正确的选项(选项内容填到句中使句子语法结构意思都正确)。

在托福语法部分的40道题目中，填空题占15道。

二、填空题的解题步骤填空题的解题步骤分为两步：读题和解题。

下面我们把读题和解题分开来讲解。

(一)读题做填空题，读句子是首当其冲的事情。

这里需要先解决一个问题，看到的填空题解题时，是只读空格四周的内容，还是整句全读?有些同学认为那些结构很简单的句子没有必要全读，怕这样铺张时间，影响做题的速度。

由于句子中缺少的只有一个部分，只要读这个空前后的一段话就可以推断出来。

其实，这种做法虽然可以解决一些简洁的问题，但是得不偿失的。

由于主谓不全的句子在填空中特别多，所以只读空格及四周的信息是不合适的。

肯定要全句通读，从全句的角度来看空中缺少的成分。

在托福考试中，填空题的特点是：难度比改错题小，但信息量比改错题大。

因此，在解题前，一般而言，填空题要从头到尾先读一遍。

但是第一次读句子的目的并不是为了把句子的内容全读懂，而是要读出句子的也许结构来。

这里需要一种力量：不管给你一个多长的句子，立刻快速找出它的主干，即找出句子的主语，谓语动词和宾语。

这里主要是针对填空题来说的，改错题不是这样读。

改错题的具体解题步骤我们下一章会具体说明。

填空比改错读的应当多。

(二)详细的解题步骤在读完题后，就要进行正式的解题过程了。

填空题的解题步骤共有三步。

但并不是每一道题目三个步骤都要用到。

这三个步骤就像三个解题法宝一样。

先用第一步去解，假如不灵了，再用其次步。

还不行，就要用第三步杀手锏了。

这种做题方法的优点是在保证正确率的前提下最大限度地节约了思索时间并加快了做题的速度。

1.第一步：考虑句子完整性问题考虑句子的完整性，换句话说就是看句子主谓宾全不全。

托福考试语法试题及答案详解

托福考试语法试题及答案详解托福考试语法试题及答案详解11. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in diseaseB. that diseaseC. of diseaseD. about disease答案：B分析：动词believe 的用法：直接加that引导的宾语从句。

这里that为连接adv.，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句。

参考译文：大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液。

2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ a t the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conductB. the first woman conductorC. the woman was first conductingD. the woman conducts first答案：B分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但D的语序不对。

参考译文：1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家。

one to do sth补充：常考 the first/second/3. On January 7， 1955， Marian Anderson became _________to sing a major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African AmericanB. the first African American wasC. she was the first African AmericanD. when the first African American答案：A分析：缺宾语，C， D都不能作宾语。

托福语法指导整合

托福语法指导整合词性混淆误用始终是TOEEL考题中最重要的命题形式，我整理了关于真题要点解析的语法指导，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福语法指导-词性变化及真题要点解析词性混淆常考题型及解题要点来源：考试大1. 并列连词and but or结构要求词性统一来源：考试大全真例题分析来源：考试大(1) Bigness. Boastful. And strong. Frontiersman Mike Fink was the subject of many folk tales. (93.3)[答案] A 并列连词and连接三个形容词，故(A)Bigness应改为Big。

(2) The success of a naval ship is determined by its seaworthiness, speedy ,and maneuverability. (92.10)[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个名词，而speed是形容词，故应改为speed。

(3) Regulation of public utilities in the United States is carried out by locally state and federal governments. (92.5)[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个形容词性质的词，共同修饰后面的中心词governnenrfs 。

而locally是副词，应改为local。

来源：考试大(4) In Middle Ages. Books called bestiaries were prepared in an attempt to describe animals, real or imagine, that exemplified human traits. (92.5)[答案] B 并列连词or前面是形容词real。

之后亦应是形容词imaginary。

托福考试语法讲解+语法笔记汇编附全部答案

1. An underlying assumption of most market research is that people are continually _____financial decisions based on their desire for goods that give them the most satisfaction.(A) making(B) and make(C) being made(D) having made答案：A测试点：谓语。

分析：that从句中有主语但谓语不全，选择(A)making与系词and组成进行时。

解题要点：continully和always等词常与进行时连用，表示“一贯如此”。

2. _____ tempera paint, the artist mixes dry pigments with water until the mixtureresembles a stiff paste.(A) In preparation(B) The preparing of(C) To prepare(D) Prepared答案：C测试点：状语／不定式。

分析：逗号后为句子，逗号前为状语。

动词不定式(C)作目的状语。

3. When two straight lines meet, _____ an angle.(A) it is formed(B) formed(C) they form(D) to form答案：C测试点：主谓结构。

分析：逗号前为when引导的从句，逗号后应是主句。

主句主、谓语俱缺，应在答案中选择主语+动词的形式，即(A)或(C)。

(A)用了形式主语n，但空格后并无真正的主语部分。

故选(C)4. Madge Macklin promoted the expansion of medical training to include genetics _____supported the founding of genetics departments in North American medical schools.(A) nor(B) and(C) while(D) if答案：B测试点：连词。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）2

*在TOEFL中：____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，⼀般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31）n）make结构：（讲义31 32）make+obj+宾补　obj：n/代词　宾补：n./adj.1） make+n1+n2　make the boy president (班长)2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)make it unique　it:真宾语3）make it possible to do　it：形式宾语　（讲义 33）that +句⼦4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补 make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补　（新题 32）o）the more…the more结构　标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词the more the +n1 the more the +n22）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是⼀个复合句。

条件状从主句因此从句不能倒装，⽽主句（第⼆个the more）可倒装。

p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构：（讲义 36 37）svo,doing….伴随状语表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…*thus / thereby 后不⼀定加doing*as f ar / long / early as　出现即为答案/many / muchq）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39）　*==等价于定从的省略a door (close to the window)　省略which bea distance (equal to twice)n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语foods (high in fat) √leaves (rich in suger) √n1+which be（⽐较级+than+n2）相当于从句的省略a temperature (highter than 50C)r）adj级的省略结构：（讲义 40　41）the most improtant of all booksthe most elaborate of all birdneststhe+a.级+单数n. X +of 复数n. ⼀样错*单数n.必须省略，则the+a.级+of+n.(pl.)n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时X　 a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof Xthe poor of √s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42　43）She set set-set-setIt cost cost-cost-costIt spread　spread-spread-spreadt）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构（讲义 44-46）46条：Automatons programmed… ⾮谓语，整个句⼦少谓语lack　a. be lack of　vi. be lack invt. Sub+lack+obj*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是⾮谓语？eg：n+called　call-called-calledWe called him Bush.　主动，过去式，谓语He was called Bush.　被动，过去分词，谓语…a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即是⾮谓语。

新东方法笔记托福的指导

新东方法笔记托福的指导新东方法笔记托福的指导新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）3改错部分：a.改错题做题要点：1．语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句2．一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确b.改错题出题方向：一、名词：A、名词做定语的单复数问题：1．名词做定语，即n1修饰n2,n1必须为单数。

（讲义P110）atwenty-fourhourperiod√例外：agreetingscard √asavingsbank√acommunucationssatellite√asportscar√asalesgirl√asystemsengineering√2．manywoman修饰名词，单复数与后面的名词的单复数一致，比如：womenboxers（讲义P111）3．thehighsetscientificlabX achemicallabX amathmatics(n.)professor√abiologicaltextbookX当表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室、系等教学要素，应该用名词修饰，而不是用形容词。

eg:aphysicsstudentthescientificandtechnicalfield(用形容词因为field不是教学要素)B、限定词与名词单复数：（讲义P14）1．some/any/all单复数均可，可数不可数均可如：somekind某一种 somekinds某些种sometime somemoneyanyofthebooks/so meofthebooks→any/some作代词Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?(想要得到肯定的回答) 2．Many+plMuch+/Λ/ （见讲义P13）Asmuchas2,000kms.√永远作单数Asmanyas50precentoftheincome.X precent/Λ/ Asmuchas50precentoftheincome.√2000kmsisalongdistance.√manyare…bymany… many也可以作prep(讲义P113)3．few/afew 可数，肯定（讲义P12）little/alittle不可数，否定（a）few+n.s4．each/every单数，可数eg eachtenboys√eachmajorstylesXeachmajorstyle√5．数词/several+pl.fiveaircraft√ severalsettings√several+n.s6．oneof+pl （讲义P17）among+pl (讲义P111)7．first/only/simple单/复数均可thefirstschool 第一所学校thefirstschools第一批学校theonlyuniversity唯一的大学theonlyuniversity唯一的几所大学single:asingle+n.(sing)/nosingle+n.(sing)也可pl:twosinglerooms8．another+sing（复数也可以，但不多）other+pl（单数也可以，但不多）anyother+singanothertwoboys otherpart ttheother+sing/planyotherstate=anyoftheotherstates9．Hundred/thousand/million数量词=数词+量词fivethousandspiecesX→fivethousandpiece （five:数词thousand量词）一亿本书：hundredmillionsbooksXhundredsmillionbooksXhundredsmillionsbooksX(a)hundredmillionsbooks√数量10．anumberof+pl+v(pl) （讲义P189）thenumberof+pl+v(sing)11．Various/diverse/numerous+pl.C、可数与不可数名词：1．常考的可数n. （讲义P235）achancediscovery一个偶然发现population:人口数/Λ/ 各地的人口数/c/ 人群/c/：asamplepopulationmakegreateffortstodocoloreffectsaclue一条线索anamountof+/Λ/2．常考的不可数名词： (讲义P101)a.流体：airsmokeoi lwater…b.总称名词：poetryfoliage… [集合名词：familypeoplepolice…+are]c.抽象名词：wisdomknowledgeinformation…d.自然现象：sunlightdarknessweatherrain…[但是：aheavyrain前有adj.，raindrop滴，可数]e.颗粒装物体：ricesaltparder（颗粒）…f.疾病：measlesmumpsdiaheties…g.学科：讲义P102 statistics:统计学，不可数；统计数据，可数3．常考的不规则单复数：（讲义P1034）*tooth划线，这个答案一定错。

TOEFL语法考点分析与真题分类

TOEFL语法部分应试思路和考点汇编一、选择填空部分语法部分前15题是选择句子残缺成份填空，以组成完整句子的题型。

这一部分侧重的是句子成份的划分和句子结构的分析，要求考生能从整个句子的角度来把握，分离出主干成分和修饰成分并判断相应的符合语态和时态的选项。

因此简单来说，第一部分考的是应试者对句法的掌握程度，包括主谓宾，定状补各个部分在句子中的分布和顺序。

当然，其中不可避免的也涉及了英语的一些固定搭配和表达，但这些仍然体现了考生对句子结构的把握和理解。

（一）句子结构句子基本结构指的是构成句子的基本组成部分，一般来说，主语和谓语是唯一且必不可少的句子基本成份，而宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语这些成份视句子的具体结构和需要而定。

这里所提的句子包括主句和从句，即主句和从句均需含有主谓的基本结构。

考点1：主语单一原则主语单一指必须有主语而且必须唯一，这一原则在主句和从句中均是适用的。

考点2：谓语单一原则考点3：主谓结构（句子基本结构）考点4：宾语成份常考类型包括：及物动词后的宾语成份，介词后需加的宾语成份，某些词或词组带双宾语的固定用法。

考点5：定语成份句子定语成份一般是指做句子主语和宾语成份的修饰词，一般为形容词和形容词短语，也有分词形式的定语，一般把它归为分词结构这一考点中。

考点6：表语成份常考内容包括名词、形容词短语和介宾短语。

考点7：状语成份常考的状语成份为：介宾短语作状语，形容词短语作状语，分词短语作状语，不定式作状语等。

（二）名词性从句名词性从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质出现的从句成份，主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，补语从句。

考点8：主语从句动名词/ 不定式/ 从句+谓语考点9：宾语从句主语+谓语+从句做宾语考点10：表语从句主语+谓语（系动词）+表语（名词，形容词，介宾短语）（三）同位语考点11：同位语同位语是toefl语法每次必考的内容之一，一般做主语或是宾语的同位语，句子的主干已经完整，同位语作为一个插入成份作补充说明之用。

《戴云托福语法笔记》pdf版本

智课网TOEFL备考资料《戴云托福语法笔记》pdf版本摘要：语法运用最多的地方就是托福写作这个部分了，但是很多考生在备考的时候都会疏忽这个部分，为了能使大家更加快速的备考所以小编为大家准备的资料是《戴云托福语法笔记》.pdf版本，一起来看看吧。

很多考生在备考托福写作的时候都会疏忽托福写作语法，语法其实在写作中占有很大的比例，大家一定要重视一下，今天小编为大家准备的资料是《戴云托福语法笔记》.pdf版本，我们一起来看看吧。

新托福写作介绍口语考试的两个标准：accuracy，fluency要求：1、课堂上多记笔记2、熟悉题库和机经机经比题库更重要3、要认真阅读和分析讲义上的范文，包括段落和完整的篇章两个方面的分析：a. 内容方面，搞清句与句的关系，段与段的关系，知道文章如何develop;b. 语言方面，挑出漂亮句型和短语。

4、熟悉讲义的句型集，要学会背诵讲义中每个类型的至少一个句型。

不要贪多，要学精学透。

Reading makes fullment, writing makes exactment.5、背诵因果关系表达方法、综合写作句型三大关系：因果关系，转折关系，并列关系6、考前完成20篇作文1—5篇写完不做任何修改，立即销毁，不要求不限时写作;6—10篇，要求1小时之内完成，写完后进行修改语法拼写错误、表达不清和跑题错误;11—20篇，写完后修改，并对文章进行润饰to polish your writing, to perfect your writing, to make your writing more beautiful, more powerful绝不能重复错误明确而坚定的目标是不绝的动力之源写作基本知识：1、托福作文不需要标题，写标题不扣分2、任何标点符号的后面空一格英语中省略号是三点，没有书名号和顿号，一般通过斜体或引号来表示3、段落格式使用缩行式或者空行式缩行式指每一段的第一行向右缩进四个字符，其余行顶格写空行式指每一段的每一行都顶格写，但段与段之间空一行四、“黄金规则一”The longer, the better!基于内容的充实性，内容越充实，文章越好官方指南：一篇短的文章是不太可能把一个问题说清楚的一般文章写到550字以上，基本都是满分How to develop your idea into paragraph, even to a composition.举例：I have a big family. There is my father, my mother, my sister and I...My father is a worker.之后可以写what kind of job, how he behaves, what's his achievement Be the best of yourselfBest structure 最好的框架Best sentences 最好的句子Best words 最好的词Best examples 最好的例子例如: 我认为…...I feel think hold claim believe dee m maintain reckon argue assume that…in my opinionfrom my point of viewfrom my perspective anglefor my partAs far as I'm concerned...I hold / share the opinion / belief / position / standpoint / idea that...As I see view perceive the problem question issue case discussion argument controversy…My viewpoint belief opinion is that…problem 就是一个trouble, 可能是question, 也可能不是controversy的形容词：controversiall 基本要求：阅读完教材:尤其是OFFICIAL GUIDE练习独立作文，每周两篇句型练习、变换将讲义最后十二个句子每个用三种或三种以上方法来表达举例：More and more people realize the importance of the environment protection. 五、句子训练方法三种句子是写作的基础句子训练方法(一)用多种方法表达同一句意.例如: A 对 B很重要.1)A is important to B.2)A plays an important rolepart in B.3)A is of (great amazing enormous considerable remarkable) importance significance to B. 注：be of + n. = be + adj.amazing 令人惊讶的enormous 巨大的considerable 可观的置于importance前面都表示“非常”4)B cannot live develop grow survive without A.5)A means a lot a great dealmuch to B.6)The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.注：exaggerate 夸大，夸张例如: A 对 B很重要.练习：教育对一个国家的发展来说是非常重要的1. A nation can not develop without education.2. Education means a lot a great deal much to the development of a nation.3. The importance of education to the development of a nation can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.练习：如果大学生在校外住将会有利于他锻炼独立自主能力改造：在校外住对锻炼独立自主能力是很重要的1. The personality of independence can not be developed without experience of living outsidethe campus.2. Living outside the campus means a lot to the development of the personality of independence.以上就是小编为大家准备的资料《戴云托福语法笔记》.pdf版本，语法其实是非常重要的，大家不能不重视，考生们要深切的了解语法知识，这样我们才能更好的考场发挥。

托福语法强化班讲义

托福语法强化班讲义第一节：名词1.1 可数名词与不可数名词- 可数名词有复数形式，例如：book - books- 不可数名词没有复数形式，例如：water1.2 名词所有格- 单数名词所有格的构成方法：名词 + 's，例如：Tom's book - 复数名词所有格的构成方法：名词 + '，例如：girls' books - 特殊名词所有格的构成方法：'s + 名词，例如：the United States' economy第二节：动词2.1 动词时态- 简单现在时：表示现在或经常性的动作，例如：I always play basketball on Sundays.- 简单过去时：表示过去的动作，例如：I played basketball yesterday.- 现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作，例如：I am playing basketball now.- 过去进行时：表示过去正在进行的动作，例如：I was playing basketball at 8pm last night.2.2 动词语态- 被动语态的构成方法：be + 过去分词，例如：The letter was written by Tom.第三节：形容词3.1 形容词的比较级和最高级- 比较级的构成方法：more + 形容词，例如：The red apple is more delicious than the green one.- 最高级的构成方法：the + 形容词 + est，例如：The red appleis the most delicious.3.2 形容词的位置- 形容词通常放在名词前面，例如：A beautiful flower.总结本强化班讲义简要讲解了名词、动词以及形容词的基本知识点，希望能对大家托福语法的学习有所帮助。

托福模拟题考试语法与改错题汇集（一）_托福_

托福模拟题考试语法与改错题汇集（一）在这里汇集了以前网友们问的语法和改错题，以供大家参考作者：金融狂时间：2002-05-11The (engineering) in charge of the design of the scientific tools works in (close) partship (with) the scientist and technician.答案是A,但我不知道该怎样改？作者：liaowenchi时间：2002-05-11改为ENGINEER。

低级错误。

哈哈作者：我忍时间：2002-05-24问道改错题，谢了(When),in,1793 Eli Whimey invented the cotton gin,he (did) a great contribution (to the ) economy (of the) South.为什么选（did）？作者：threestick时间：2002-05-25我想did改成made吧作者：faceup时间：2002-05-25make a contribution 是固定搭配作者：threestick时间：2002-05-281.____, an author probably most famous for his tales of terror, also dabbled in some science fiction.A.To Edgar Allen PosB.Edgar Allen PoeC.Edgar Allen Poe was C.For Edgar Allen Poe to be刚开始是选了B,但想想有个also,又选了CC为什么不对？有also不是要平行么？作者：huoyi1981时间：2002-05-28选项中的是一个人的名字，后面跟了一个an auther是修饰这个名字的，也就是这个句子缺主语，所以就添上一个主语就可以了作者：malelion时间：2002-05-29空格后面紧跟‘，’，然后是名词短语做其同位语，所以空格处应该只填入人名。

托福分学科词汇汇总精编版

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