加拿大作业表现测量表-林国徽

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F对酸性介质中316不锈钢钝化性能的影响

第３７卷第１０期２００１年ｌＯ月金属学垃ＡＣＴＡＭＥＴＡＬＬＵＲＧＩＣＡＳＩＮＩＣＡＶｏＩ３７Ｎｏ．１０Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ２００１Ｆ一对酸性介质中３１６不锈钢钝化性能的影响李谋成曾潮流林海潮曹楚南（中国科学院金属研究所金属腐蚀与防护国家重点实验室，沈阳［１００１６）摘要对含氟离子（Ｆ一）稀盐酸介质中３１６不锈钢的钝化行为进行了研究结果表明．自然腐蚀电位下３１６不锈钢在台Ｆ一稀盐酸溶液中能够钝化，低浓度Ｆ一对不锈钢钝化性能的影响裉小，但较高浓度的Ｆ一（≥ｏｏｌｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能够显著降低钝化性能，阳极极化过程中不锈钢表面能形成古Ｆ一的富Ｃｒ钝化膜提出ｒＦ离子破坏钝化膜的加速反虚机理关键词不错钢，钝化，Ｆ一离于，腐蚀中图法分类号ＴＧｌ７２．６３文献标识码Ａ文章编号０４１２—１９６１（２００１）１０—１０８３一０４ＥＦＦＥＣＴｏＦＦＬＵｏＲＩＤＥＩｏＮＳｏＮＰＡＳＳＩＶＥＰＥＲＦｏＲＭＡＮＣＥｏＦ３１６ＳＴＡＩＮＬＥＳＳＳＴＥＥＬＩＮＡＣＩＤＭＥＤＩＡＬＩＭｏｕｃｈｅｎｇ．ＺＥＮＧＣｈａｏｌｉｕ，ＬｊＮＨａｉｃｈａｏ，ＣＡＯＣｈｕｎａｎＳｔａｔｅＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｆｏｒＣｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎａｎｄＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｅｔａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，ＴｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１６Ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔ：ＬＩＭｏｕｅｈｅｎｇ，ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｒ，Ｔｅｌ：（０２４）２ｓ９０轳５３，Ｅ—ｍａｉｌ：ｒａｏｕｃｈｅｎｇｌｉ＠ｈｏｔｍａｉｌ．ｃｏｍＭａｎｕｓｃｒｉｐｔｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ２００１－０３—１５ｉｎｒｅｖｉｓｅｄｆｏｒｍ２００１～０６＿１３ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＴｈｏｐａｓｓｉｖｉｔｙｏｆ３１６ｓｔａｉｎｌｅｓｓｓｔｅｅｌｗａｓｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄｉｎＦ—ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｄｉｌｕｔｅｈｙｄｒｏｃｈｌｏ—ｒｉｃａｃｉｄｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓａｅｒａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｏｘｙｇｅｎｇａｓａｔ２５℃Ｔｈｅｐｏｌａｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｃｕｒｖｅｓｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｔｈａｔ３１６ｓｔａｉｎｌｅｓｓｓｔｅｅｌＣａｌｌｐａｓｓｉｖａｔｅｉｎａｂｏｖｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ乱ｃｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌＴｈｅａｎｏｄｉｃｐｏｌａｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｃｕｒｖｅｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｌＯＷｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＦ—ｉｏｎｈａｖｅｎｏｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｉ｜ｔｆｉｕｅｎｃｅｏｎｔｈｅｐａｓｓｉｖｉｔｙｏｆ３１６ｓｔａｉｉｄｅｓｓｓｔｅｅｌ，ｗｈｉｌｅｔｈｅｐａｓｓｉｖｉｔｙｉｓｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｅｒｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓ（≥ｏ．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）ｏｆＦ—ｉｏｎＩｎｏ１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＦｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ．ａｎａｎｏｄｉｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｐｅａｋｏｃｃｕｒｓｂｅｆｏｒｅｐｉｔｔｉｎｇｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ，ｗｈｉｃｈｄｏｅｓｎ’ｔａｐｐｅａｒｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｌｕ－ｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｌｏｗｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＮａＦ．Ｄｕｒｉｎｇａｎｏｄｉｃｐｏｌａｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ａＦ一一ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄａｎｄＣｒ－ｅｎｒｉｃｈｅｄｆｉｌｍｆｏｒｍｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｔａｉｎｌｅｓｓｓｔｅｅｌｓｕｒｆａｃｅ．ＴｈｅＦ—ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｄｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｉｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｆｏｒｔｈｅｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｐａｓｓｉｖｅｆｉｌｍ．ＫＥＹＷｏＲＤＳｓｔａｉｎｌｅｓｓｓｔｅｅｌ．ｐａｓｓｉｖａｔｉｏｎ．Ｆ—ｉｏｎ，ｃｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎ不锈钢表面稳定的钝化膜使其具有优良耐蚀性，但当介质中古有侵蚀性阴离子（如ｃｌ一和Ｆ）时，钝化膜就可能遭到破坏，进而限制不锈钢在这些介质中的有效使用．例如，在质子膜燃料电池中。

加拿大智能镊子式LCR测试量表（英文介绍）

加拿⼤智能镊⼦式LCR测试量表（英⽂介绍）SMART TWEEZERS R-C-L METERUser’s Manual Version 1.1TABLE OF CONTENTS WARRANTY (3)SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (4)GETTING STARTED (5)Overview (5)General Summary (6)Power On (7)Display (8)Menu Structures And Functions (9)NOTICE (3)Measuring Resistance (13)Measuring Capacitance (13)Measuring Inductance (14)Testing Continuity (14)Testing Diodes (14)Measuring Voltage (14)MAINTENANCE (16)LABELLING & VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS (17)APPENDIX A. SPECIFICATIONS (18)APPENDIX B. DEFAULT SETTINGS (19)APPENDIX C. SERVICE REQUEST FORM (20)NOTICETot the best of our knowledge this document is believed to be accurate.The manufacturer reserves the right to change the information and does not assume any responsibility for omissions and / or errors found in this document.WARRANTYAnalog Equipment Corporation (AEC) warrants this product to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the shipment date. AEC warrants the following items for ninety(90)days from the date of shipment: rechargeable batteries, disks and documentation. During the warranty period, the manufacturer will, at its discretion, either repair or replace any product that proves to be defective. To exercise this warranty, write or call your local AEC representative,or contact AEC headquarters in Waterloo,ON.You will be given prompt assistance and return instructions. Please send the product with shipping prepaid to the indicated service facility. Repairs will be made and the product will be returned to you.Repaired or replaced products are warranted for the balance of the original warranty period, or ninety (90) days from the date of the repair.This warranty does not cover the repair of any product whose serial number has been altered, defaced or removed. This warranty does not cover finishes (scratches on surface or screen), normal wear and tear, nor does it cover damage resulting from misuse,dirt, liquids,proximity or exposure of heat, accident, abuse, neglect, misapplication, operation outside of the environmental specifications, tampering, unreasonable use, service performed or attempted by unauthorized service centers, failure to provide reasonable and necessary maintenance.This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from product modification without AEC express written consent, or misuse of any product or part. This warranty also does not apply to software,non-rechargeable batteries,damage from battery leakage, and improper polarity of the batteries or problems arising from normal wear or failure to follow instructions. This warranty does not cover LCD damage, physical damage to the Jog Dial button, slide switch and reset switch; electrical damage of the product due to high voltage or improper battery type.The design and implementation of any circuit based on this product is the sole responsibility of the customer. Analog Equipment Corporation does not warrant any damage that occurs as a result of the user’s circuit or any defects that result from user-supplied products.This warranty does not apply to repairs or replacements necessitated by any cause beyond the control of factory including, but not limited to, operation contrary to furnished instructions, shipping accidents, modification or repair by the user, neglect, accidents or other Acts of God.The foregoing is in lieu of all other expressed warranties and AEC does not assume or authorize any party to assume for it any obligation or liability. The duration of any warranties that may be implied by law(including the warranties of merchantability and fitness) is limited to the term of this warranty. In no event shall AEC be liable for special, incidental or consequential damages arising from ownership or use of this product,or for any delay in the performance of its obligations under this Warranty due to causes beyond its control. This Warranty is limited in duration to one (1) year from the date of original purchase.THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE.THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.NEITHER AEC,NOR ANY OF ITS EMPLOYEES SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF ITS DEVICES AND SOFTWARE EVEN IF ANALOG EQUIPMNENT CORPORATION, HAS BEEN ADVISED IN ADVANCE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. SUCH EXCLUDED DAMAGES SHALL INCLUDE,BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO:COSTS OF REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION,LOSSES SUSTAINED AS THE RESULT OF INJURY TO ANY PERSON, OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.SAFETY PRECAUTIONSThe following safety precautions should be observed prior to using this product andany associated accessories. Although devices and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions may bepresent.This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance instructions carefully before using the product. Refer to the manual for complete product specifications.If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product may be impaired.Inspect the Smart Tweezers case before using. Do not use the device if it appears to be damaged.Do not use the device if it operates abnormally.Do not attempt to measure any components in-circuit when your circuit is alive or active.To avoid possible damage to Smart Tweezers or to the equipment under test, follow these guidelines:Disconnect circuit power supply and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before testing resistance, inductance, or capacitance.Do not apply external voltages more than 800 mV when ST in automatic mode.Do not apply more than 8V in voltage measurement mode.Use proper terminals and functions for your measurements.Use the proper batteries to power Smart Tweezers.Safety symbols and termsThe WARNING heading in this manual indicates dangers that might result in personal injury or death.Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.The CAUTION heading in the manual indicates hazards that could damage the device. Such damage may invalidate the warranty.GETTING STARTEDThis section summarizes basic operation of the Smart Tweezers. It is organized as follows:Overview – Overview of the deviceGeneral summary — Summarizes basic device features.Power-on — Describes the power-on and power-off sequence, the warm-up time, and default conditions.Display — Discusses the display format and messages that may appear while using the device.Menu structure — Covers menu structure, system settings and featuresOverviewThe Smart Tweezers R-C-L meter(ST)is a portable impedance measuring device, capable of measuring resistance, capacitance or inductance over a range of more than eight (8) orders of magnitude. The Smart Tweezers has a basic accuracy of 1% (resistance) and has three (3) test frequencies.ST is controlled by a microcontroller that operates the display and user interface, sets measurement conditions and processes data. The device has a unique mechanical design that allows measuring small SMT components with size down to 0201.How ST WorksST measures impedance of a component by measuring the voltage across the component and current through it. The complex ratio of voltage to current is equal to the complex impedance.The processor calculates the various parameters that are displayed i.e. R, C or L.The voltage across the component is generated by test signal source Vs. Both the amplitude and frequency of Vs can be set. This voltage is applied to the device under test (DUT) through source resistance Rs. The current flows to the virtual ground of current amplifier AI, and through Ri, the current conversion resistor. The output of AI provides a signal proportional to the current, I*Ri.The voltage across the DUT is measured by voltage amplifier AU with a separate signal path, thus providing a pseudo 4-wire Kelvin connection.Voltage and current signals are transmitted via an A/D converter to the microprocessor. These values are thereby corrected by using calibration factors, converted to impedance, and the appropriate parameters are displayed.General SummaryThe Jog Dial ButtonThe Jog Dial button is used to select a function or to change a setting.Reset ButtonThe reset button resets the unit.Virtual Ground (Optional)Use the Virtual Ground connector when performing in-circuit measurements to eliminate the influence of grounded components. Connect this point to the circuit Ground.CAUTION: Do NOT use the virtual ground when the tested circuit is alive.Slide SwitchThe slide switch enables AC/DC voltage measurementsCAUTION: Do not apply more than 1.6 V to the device if slide switch is in Normal Mode positionPower OnPower-onTo turn the Smart Tweezers ON, press the Jog Dial button. The symbol in the bottom left corner of the display indicates that the device is ON and ready to perform measurements.Note: Once powered on, the device will perform the last selected function.Power-offThe unit powers off automatically, the display goes blank and the device goes into a“sleep”mode if no component has beenmeasured or Jog Dial pressed for approximately 30 seconds. You can set power off timeout by changing TIMEOUT setting in DISPLAY menu.NOTE:Automatic power off does not occur when the device is in VOLTAGE or TRACE mode.Default power-off settingsBy default power-off timeout is 20 seconds in measurement mode and 30 seconds in MENU mode.DisplayST has a Primary Display, a Secondary Display, a Bar Graph and a Test Frequency Indicator.The sign in the bottom left corner of the display indicates that device is ON and ready to perform measurements. A, R, L or C indicate auto, resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively.Primary DisplayThe Primary Display is located in the middle of the screen and is the larger of the two displays available.It shows the present major parameter reading.For most functions the primary display shows 5 digits.Secondary DisplayThe Secondary Display is located at the top of the screen and is the smaller of the two displays. It shows the present reading of the minor parameters.Bar GraphThe Bar Graph provides an analog representation of the measured major parameter and is located at the bottom of the display.Displayed ParametersThe measurement mode settings (R+Q, L+R, C+R, and AUTO) determine the measurement type and the displayed parameters. The selected parameters are indicated above the two 5 digit displays.RResistance is shown on the Primary Display and the quality factor,Q,on the Secondary Display.The resistance is either the equivalent series or parallel resistance of the device under test (DUT). The units of resistance are m?, ?, k?, or M?.L+R ModeInductance is shown on the Primary Display and the series resistance on the Secondary Display. The units of inductance are µH, mH or H. Resistance is the real part of the impedance. The units for resistance are m? or ?.C+R ModeCapacitance is shown on the Primary Display and the parallel resistance R, is shown on the Secondary Display. The units of capacitance are pF, nF, or µF. The units for resistance are ? or k?.AUTO ModeST determines which component model is the most accurate representation of the DUT and selects the appropriate parameter pair. The determination is made as follows:If |Q| < 0.125 the unit selects R.If Q > +0.125 the unit selects L+R.If Q < -0.125 and the unit is in the series mode, it selects C+R.Menu Structures And FunctionsThis section describes menu structure and parameters setting.Main menu — Covers main menu featuresSystem menu — Covers system menu featuresSound menu – Covers sound settingsDisplay menu — Covers display settingPeriod menu — Changes the reading period settingMeasurement menu – Covers measurement menu structure and functions.Mode menu – Describes how to set measurement parameters.Voltage menu – Covers voltage measurements such as DC voltage measurements, DC offset calibration, dynamic signals indication and battery voltage measurement.General informationThe Actual Setting cursor indicates the current setting. Turn Jog Dial left or right to the desired menu item and push Jog Dial to select.Main menuMain menu is used to access system menu, measurement menu or to return measurement parameters to default state. Select AUTOSET to set parameters to default settingsSelect SYSTEM to change user interface parametersSelect MEASURE to specify measurement settingsSystem menuSound menuThe Sound menu is used to change sound setting for measurement confirmation and continuity check mode.Select OFF to disable sound except Jog Dial operationSelect ON AUTO to enable sound for measurement confirmationSelect ON TONE to make the sound tone dependent of resistance value (less then 1Q measurement) in continuity check modeSelect ON<40Q to enable variable number of sound pulses (less then 40Q measurement) in continuity check modeDisplay menuThe Display menu is used to change the display settingsSelect RIGHT to set “Right Handed” display modeSelect LEFT to set “Left Handed” display modeSelect CONTR to adjust display contrast. Turn Jog Dial left or right to change contrast. Press Jog Dial to exit menuSelect TIMEOUT to adjust “sleep” mode timeout. Turn Jog Dial left or right to change timeout value (10sec – 200sec) Press Jog Dial to exit menuPeriod menuThe Period menu is used to set period between measurements. Short period will reduce the battery life.Measurement menuThe default setting is to perform fully automatic auto range measurements for resistance, inductance and capacitance. The manual mode is used to measure specific parameters or to obtain better accuracy.Mode menuThe Mode menu is used to set the measurement mode. For automatic measurement select AUTO(default).Select RES,IND or CAP menu items to measure only resistance, inductance or capacitance accordingly.Frequency menuThe Frequency menu is used to change the test frequency. For automatic measurement select AUTO (default). Select fixed test frequency for specific measurements, suchas very small or very large capacitance (less than 50pF or more than 100uF) or inductance.Voltage menuThe voltage menu is used to select DC voltage measurement settings and to display oscilloscope-like picture for dynamic signals in TRACE modeThe voltage menu items are:Select AUTO to measure DC voltage in -8V to 8V rangeSelect TRACE to display oscilloscope like picture of voltage as shown below. To change speed turn Jog Dial button LEFT or RIGHT. To exit press the Jog Dial button.Select CALIBR to eliminate DC voltage offset. Select BATTERY to measure battery voltage. Press Jog Dial to exitMEASUREMENT FEATURESThis section describes specific ST functions and settings.Measuring resistance — Covers resistance measurements.Measuring capacitance – Covers capacitance measurements.Measuring inductance - Covers inductance measurements.Testing continuity – Describes continuity check.Testing diodes — Describes testing general-purpose diodes.Measuring voltage — Covers DC voltage measurements and TRACE mode for dynamic signals.Measuring ResistanceTest frequency 1 kHzTest signal amplitude440 mV (typical)Test period 1 Sec (default)Measuring small resistancesThere is some small offset of resistance,which reflects tips resistance,and resistance of the contacts between the tips and DUT. Typical offset value is less than25mΩ.The offset value should be used in calculation of the actual resistance. Measuring CapacitanceTest frequency0.1kHz, 1 kHz, 10kHzTest signal amplitude440 mV (typical)Test period 1 Sec (default)In AUTO mode Smart Tweezers automatically select the best test frequency and capable of measure capacitance from4pF to4999µF.If you need to measure capacitance lower than 4 pF use manual frequency settings.Range Optimal test frequency<10000pF10 kHz10001pF- 1µF 1 kHz> 1µF100 HzNote: Due to low test signal level ST can shows lower capacitance readings (about 60% of actual value) for some types of ceramic capacitor (e.g. X5R).There is some small capacitance offset that reflects probes capacitance and depends of distance between tips (measured component size). The offset value should be used in calculation of actual capacitance.Table below shows typical offset values for different component sizes:Component size Offset, pF1206 1.580805 1.600603 1.650402 1.70Measuring InductanceTest frequency0.1kHz, 1 kHz, 10kHzTest signal amplitude440 mV (typical)Test period 1 Sec (default)In AUTO mode ST automatically selects the best test frequency and is capable of measuring inductance from 1 µH to 1kH. If you need to measure inductance lower than 5µH or more than 1 mH use manual frequency settings:Range Optimal test frequency<100 µH10 kHz100 H - 1mH 1 kHz> 1mH100 HzTesting ContinuityTest frequency 1 kHzTest signal amplitude 440 mV (typical)Test period 1 Sec (default)Options: Two audio profiles:TONE mode - Sound signal changes tone according to the measured resistance. The lover tone represents lower resistance. Mode works when measured resistance less than 1Ω.BEEP mode – the numbers of beeps represents measured resistance.Range Number of BEEPS< 10 Ω110 Ω - 20 Ω220 Ω – 30 Ω330 Ω - 40 Ω4Testing DiodesTest frequency 1 kHzTest signal 1.6 VTest period 1 Sec (default)Measuring VoltageDC voltage measurements.Input resistance 1 MΩMeasured range-8V t +8V DCBefore making measurements, please perform offset calibration and change slide switch position.Offset calibration procedure:1. Select CALIBRATION function in VOLTAGE menu2. Short the tips and wait until message DONE appears on display3. Release the tips. The device is ready to perform DC Voltage measurement.Dynamic signals real time indication:Input voltage range-8V to +8V ACInput resistance 1 MΩThe refresh rate is limited by the LCD performance. User-defined refresh rate allows to see either relatively fast or slow events. Before making measurements please change the slide switch position.MAINTENANCEGeneral MaintenanceDirt or moisture on the tips may affect measurement accuracy.Clean the tips regularly. Do not use abrasives or solvents.To clean the tips:1. Turn the device off.2. Shake out any dirt that may be on the tips.3. Soak a new swab with alcohol. Work the swab around each tip.BatteriesST uses three 1.4V – 1.5V button type batteries, size 11.2x5.6 mm.Alkaline type batteries: LR44, 357A, SG13, A76, AG13, L1154 etc.Air Zinc type batteries: ZA675, VT675, XL675, 675A, etc.Low Battery IndicationThe Low Battery message and battery icon in the display is an indication that the batteries are low and should be replaced.The warning appears when the battery voltage drops below 3.45V - the batteries are about 90% depleted. The unit is still operational for a short time, however the batteries should be replaced as soon as possibleTo replace the batteries:1. Remove three screws and lift the cover.2. Replace the batteries following the “+” and “–“ sign.3. Secure the cover.4. Reset the device.TroubleshootingIf there appears to be a malfunction during operation of the device, the following steps should be performed in order to isolate the cause of the problem:1. Reset device2. Check slide switch position. If necessary, change slide switch position and the reset the device again.3. Check the batteries. If necessary, change the batteries and reset the device.4. Review the operating instructions for possible mistakes in the operating procedure.CAUTION:Except for replacing the battery, a repair of the device should only be performed by an Authorized Service Center or by qualified service personnel.LABELLING & VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTSThis device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules.Operation is subject to the following two conditions:1. This device may not cause harmful interference; and,2. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. APPENDIX A. SPECIFICATIONSTechnical SpecificationsAC test mode Test frequency: 1 kHz, 10 kHz, 100 HzTest frequency accuracy: 0.25%Test signal level: 440+- 20 mV via 402? sourceMaximum measurement rangesImpedance/Resistance:0.000? to 9.9 M?Capacitance C: 0.0 pF to 4999 uFInductance L: 0.5 uH to 999 mHQuality factor Q: 0.0002 to 500Dissipation factor D: 0.002 to 500Phase angle F: -90.0 to +90.0 degMaximum resolutionImpedance/Resistance Z or RAC: 10 m?Capacitance C: 0.1 pFInductance L: 0.1 uHQuality factor Q: 0.001Dissipation factor D: 0.001Phase angle F: 0.1 degCircuit diagram: 7 different equivalent circuit diagramsAuto mode Read-out: Dominant parameterEquivalent circuit diagram:Parallel for R+CSerial for R+LManual Mode Read-out: Dominant or secondary parameter Equivalent circuit diagram: Parallel or serialMeasurement update rate: up to 4 measurements (1 default)Battery Type: 1.5 V LR44 (357A) Alkaline or Air zinc Battery Life: 70 Hours typical with alkaline, 200hours with air zinc batteriesCalibration Interval: 1 yearPhysical SpecificationsSize: 14.0 x 2.5 x 3.0 cm (3.94 x 0.9 x 1.5 in) Weight: 53 grams (0.11 lb) Environmental ConditionsOperating temperature: 0°C to 50°CStorage temperature: -40°C to 70°CRelative Humidity: 0 % to 90 % (0 °C to 35 °C)Altitude Operating: 0 – 2000 metersStorage:10000 metersEMC: According to CE regulation 89/336,Emission according FCC15 Class B.APPENDIX B. DEFAULT SETTINGSDefault settings after RESETSOUND mode:OFFDISPAY mode:RightContrast:FACTORY settings (middle) Readings PERIOD: 1 sec Measurement mode:AUTOTest frequency mode:AUTOOffset CALIBRATION:FACTORY settingsDefault settings after AUTOSET commandSOUND mode:OFFDISPAY mode:No changeContrast:No changeReadings PERIOD: 1 secMeasurement mode:AUTOTest frequency mode:AUTOOffset CALIBRATION:No change。

测绘基本术语

为测绘工作设计制造的数据采集, 处理, 输出等仪器和装置.
29 测绘标准 s na s uvy g m pi - t dr o sr i ad p g a d f e n n a n 为适应测绘学科发展, 合理组织生产以及统一产品规格和质量管理等需要, 由主管机构颁发的关
任意选定原点和坐标轴的直角坐标系.
23 坐标格F or ntgd .0 U o i e ] d a r c i
按一定纵横坐标间距, 在地图上划分的格网.
23 地理坐标网 gor h g tu .1 e a i ri l g p c c e a
按经, 纬度划分的坐标格网.
海图及各种水深资料的深度起算面. 同义词 :海图基准面) (
2.
重力基准 g v e idt r i tc u am r a m 布设在全球或区域范围内, 经严密的测量和计算得到的一系列具有绝对重力值的地面固定点. 据 20
此可推算出其他点的重力值.
2
水准原点 len og e lg i vi r n i
大地原点 goec i e t og di r n i
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国家水平控制网的起算点. 同义词 :大地基准点) ( 高程基准 vrcl m e i dt ta a u 由特定验潮站平均海面确定的测量高程的起算面以及依据该面所决定的水准原点高程.
2.
2
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深度基准 s ni dt o d g u u n am 19
大地子午面与参考椭球面的交线. 23 中央子午线 c t l ia .9 e r m ri n a ed n 地图投影中投影带中央的子午线.
24 分带子午线 z e in m ri .0 o d d g ia n i i ed n v

上肢痉挛的康复评定

肌张力对躯干的对位对线、稳定性和灵活性有影响，同时这些因素又是上肢活动的关键上肢肌张力的改变会影响肌肉的长度、肌肉收缩的方向、关节结构的对位对线、肩胛骨和肱骨的运动模式，并导致挛缩因此，针对上肢和躯干肌张力的评估与治疗，使得姿势保持肌肉正常活动和良好坐姿，是协助上肢最大限度恢复的重要基础，体位摆放与扶抱是维持上肢活动度与肌张力管理的关键（加拿大北安大略省中风最佳实践顾问2001）

正常肌张力

被动拉长肌肉时阻力比正常的小，移动肢体时感觉松软和重，如果检查者放手，肢体不能保持体位或不能对抗重力的作用被动拉长肌肉时阻力比正常高
肌张力高
2
2015/7/16
肌张力与痉挛

牵张反射
肌张力增高的原因：

神经源性：中枢神经系统受损导致的牵张反射亢进在痉挛的肌肉，先有一段无阻力的活动范围，然后有一个对牵拉的反应性的肌肉收缩，肌肉突然放松后又有一个无阻力的活动范围

因此，要有严谨的测试程序，否则，会混淆测试结果和治疗效果
康复功能评估
改良版Ashworth 痉挛等级量表

改良Ashworth痉挛评价量表 (Modified Ashworth Scale, MSS)
等级 0级 1级 1+ 级肌张力肌张力不增加肌张力稍增加肌张力稍增加标准被动活动患肢在整个范围内均无阻力被动活动患肢在终末时有被卡住然后放松或轻微的阻力感被动活动患肢时在前1/2ROM中有轻微的“卡住” 感觉，后1/2ROM中有轻微的阻力被动活动患肢时在大部分ROM内均有阻力，但仍可活动被动活动患肢时在整个ROM内均有阻力，活动比较困难患肢僵硬，阻力很大，被动活动十分困难

加拿大中小学生学业成就评价报告制度之管窥及启示——以不列颠哥伦比亚为例

学业成就是指学生在校期间学习成果的表现，
学业成就报告制度强调基于标准的评价。ＢＣ．．
它是反映学生发展水平和学校教育质量的核心指标之一。随着素质教育的深入实施，我国学业成就评价改革已经从思想理念的范畴转入到了实质性的探索和深入研究阶段，学习借鉴发达国家学业成就评
要求中小学校和教师每学年至少要向家长提供３次正式书面报告、两次非正式报告，以评价和报告学生在各学习领域的进步和成就。正式报告要存入学生永久性档案，非正式报告作为家长和教师之间的过程陛
程设计、学习指导与评价，促进每个学生的学业水平
和综合素质的全面发展。
纳、获取信息、解决问题的能力。基于课程标准的评价使教师、学生及其家长有章可循。在 “ 省颁课程标
准 ” 目标框架下，的教师能够更好地帮助学生制定切实可行的个性化学习和发展目标，并通过有效的课
施》对学业成就报告制度的实施也进行了明确规定，）
教育部对学前至１２年级学生的各学习领域（阅如读、写作、学、数社会责任感、育健康等）体都制定了明确的课程标准（以下简称 “ 颁课程标准 ” ，省）包括了内容标准（ｒｓｒｅｅｒｉｇＯｔｍｓ和表现ＰｅｃｂｄＬａｎｎｕｃｅ）ｉｏ标准（ｕｇｓｄＡｈｅｅｅｔｎｉａｒ）内容标准ＳｇｅｔｃｉｍｎＩｄｃｔｓ。ｅｖｏ描述了学生在各年级或通过某门课程学习应该学到什么、能够做到什么，明了学生在态度、能和知指技

加拿大作业表现测量表在学龄期脑性瘫痪患者中的应用

１资料与方法１．１对象
选用在广州市残疾人康复中心训练的就读于广州市康复实验学校的学龄期儿童５０例，男，３４例，女１６例。脑瘫分型：痉挛型３５例，不随意运动型９例，共济失调型３例，混合型３例。选用患者符合２００６年８月在长沙的全国ｔ］，ＪＬ脑瘫学术研讨会制定的诊断及分型标准，ＧＭＦＣＳ分级为２－４级，平均（２．３４＋１．２２）级；年龄范围为５— １２岁，平均（８．１６－４－２．５３）岁。所选患者及监护人均自愿参与本次研究，并清楚评估ＣＯＰＭ步骤及意义。１．２评价方法
用评分标准，让患者对每个活动的重要性进行打分，由１分至１０分（１分不重要，１０分为最重要），并将得分填在相应步骤１Ａ自理，１Ｂ生产活动或１ｃ休闲活动的空格里；③评分一初次评估和再评估：让患者确定５个重要的有问题的活动记录下来，用评分标准让患者就每个问题对自己的表现和满意度进行打分，由１分至１０分（１分表示很差和很不满意，１Ｏ分表现很好和很满意），然后计算总分，总分的计算是把所有问题的表现分或满意度分累加然后除以问题总数。再评估的分数以同样的方法计算。
使用ＣＯＰＭ均为经过培训或者有作业治疗师背景的治疗师。具体步骤如下：①确定作业表现方面的问题：通过询问患者或其监护人每日患者所需要完成或所期望完成的活动，并确定哪些活动的完成情况难以令其满意，记录下来在步骤１Ａ自理，１Ｂ生产活动或１ｃ休闲活动中；②重要程度：

基于作业表现与参与模式（CMOP-E_模式）提高医学生自主学习能力与自我效能感的研究

DOI：10.16659/ki.1672-5654.2023.04.010基于作业表现与参与模式（CMOP-E模式）提高医学生自主学习能力与自我效能感的研究孟庆楠，董春雪，苗丽竹，胡斌，柴德君齐齐哈尔医学院附属第二医院，黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161000[摘要] 目的研究医学生自主学习能力与自我效能感提高过程中基于作业表现与参与模式（based on job per⁃formance and participation mode， CMOP-E）的效果。

方法以2020年2月—2022年12月齐齐哈尔医学院2018级、2019级康复治疗专业65名学生为研究对象，其中2018级康复治疗专业学生32名为对照组采用传统授课方式，2019级康复治疗专业学生33名为观察组。

进行CMOP-E模式干预。

统计分析两组自主学习能力、自我效能感、综合学业表现成绩。

结果干预前，两组医学生的自主学习能力、自我效能感评分比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；干预后，观察组学生的自主学习能力、自我效能感评分均高于对照组，且两组医学生的自主学习能力、自我效能感评分均高于干预前，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

观察组医学生的学习平均成绩、参与活动成绩、综合学业表现成绩高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

结论医学生自主学习能力与自我效能感提高过程中CMOP-E模式的效果较传统授课方式好。

[关键词] 医学生；基于作业表现的参与模式；自主学习能力；自我效能感[中图分类号] R19 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1672-5654（2023）02（b）-0010-04A Study on Improving Medical Students' Independent Learning Abilityand Self-efficacy Based on Job Performance and Participation Model (CMOP-E Model)MENG　Qingnan, DONG　Chunxue, MIAO　Lizhu, HU　Bin, CHAI　DejunThe Second Hospital Affiliated to Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, 161000 China[Abstract]Objective To study the effect of based on job performance and participation mode (CMOP-E) in the pro⁃cess of improving medical students' independent learning ability and self-efficacy. Methods The 65 students of reha⁃bilitation therapy majors of Qiqihar Medical University, class of 2018 and 2019, from February 2020 to December 2022 were taken as the study subjects. Among them, thirty-two cases of rehabilitation therapy major students in class 2018 were the control group, the control group was taught by traditional lecture method, and thirty-three cases of reha⁃bilitation therapy major students in class 2019 were the observation group, the observation group underwent CMOP-E mode intervention. The independent learning ability, self-efficacy, and overall academic performance scores of the two groups were statistically analyzed. Results Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant differences in the independent learning ability and self-efficacy scores of medical students in both groups (P>0.05); after the inter⁃vention, the independent learning ability and self-efficacy scores of the students in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, the independent learning ability and self-efficacy scores of medical students in both groups were higher than those before the intervention, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The medical students in the observation group had higher average learning scores, participation activity scores, and overall aca⁃demic performance scores compared with the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion In the process of improving medical students' independent learning ability and self-efficacy, CMOP-E [基金项目]齐齐哈尔医学院2022年教育科学研究项目（QYJY20220217）。

威廉斯创造力倾向测量表及评分方法

威廉斯创造力倾向测量表及评分方法威廉斯创造力倾向测量表通过测验个人的一些性格特点包括冒险性、好奇性、想象力和挑战性,来测量个人的创造性倾向。

它可以用来发现那些有创造性的个体。

高创造力的个体在进行创造性工作时更容易成功，低创造力的个体则循规蹈矩，更适合进行常规型的工作.趋于冒险，好奇心强，想象力丰富,勇于挑战未知的人就是创造性倾向强的人。

创造性的个体被认为具有以下认知和情感特质:想象流畅灵活，不循规蹈矩,有社会性敏感，较少有心理防御，愿意承认错误,与父母关系密切等。

题目（1）在学校里,我喜欢试着对事情或问题作猜测,即使不一定都猜对也无无所谓。

（2）我喜欢仔细观察我没有看过的东西，以了解详细的情形。

(3）我喜欢听变化多端和富有想像力的故事。

（4)画图时我喜欢临摹别人的作品.（5)我喜欢利用旧报纸,旧日历以及旧罐头等废物来做成各种好玩的东西。

（6)我喜欢幻想一些我想知道或想做的事.（7）如果事情不能一次完成，我会继续完成尝试，直到成功为止。

(8）做功课时我喜欢参考各种不同的资料，以便得到多方面的了解.(9)我喜欢用相同的方法做事情，不喜欢去找其他的新的方法。

（10）我喜欢探究事情的真假。

（11）我不喜欢做许多新鲜的事。

（12）我不喜欢交新朋友。

（13）我喜欢一些不会在我身上发生的事情。

(14)我喜欢想像有一天能成为艺术家、音乐家或诗人.(15）我会因为一些令人兴奋的念头而忘记了其他的事.（16）我宁愿生活在太空站，也不喜欢在地球上。

(17）我认为所有的问题都有固定的答案.（18)我喜欢与众不同的事情。

（19）我常想知道别人正做什么。

（20)我喜欢故事或电视节日所描写的事。

(21）我喜欢和朋友一起，和他们分享我的想法。

(22）如果一本故事书的最后一页被撕掉了，我就自己编造一个故事把结局补上去.(23）我长大后,想做一些别人长大从来没想过的事情。

（24）尝试新的游戏和活动,是一件有趣的事.(25)我不喜欢太多的规则限制。

新闻图像作用量表编制与检验

、
样本一（初测对象）：在中国计量学院发放了３５０份开放式调查问卷，主要调查被试认为新闻图像有什么作用。回收
新闻图像对社２１会舆论的建构新闻图像在新闻中的作用越来越大
４３４３４３
问卷３４６份，回收率为９８．９％，其中有效问卷３３８份，有效２４新闻图像在网络媒体传播中的作用越来越大５４３２１率为９７．７％。男１５１人，女１８２人，没写性别为５人：大一学表１新闻图像基本作用量表的理论结构生２１６人，大二学生１２２人。平均年龄为２Ｏ．３岁。样本二（小样本正式测试对象）：２０１２年５月，使用这个根据上述建构的理论构想，结合前期调研资料，首先编自行设计的量表对中国计量学院８７名同学进行了调查，收制出新闻图像作用的４个维度下的２７个项目。回８７份，其中有效问卷为８０份。其中男性３０名（３７．５％），新闻图像作用量表的记分情况如下：根据被试对每个项女性５Ｏ名（６２．５％）。大一学生３４名（４２．５％），大二学生４６目的回答分为５级计分，即非常同意计为５分，同意为４分，名（５７．５％）。被试的年龄范围是１８到２４岁，平均年龄为不确定为３分，不同意为２分，非常不同意则为１分。邀请７位不同年龄、性别、职业的被试进行试测，就项目的可理解性等提出意见，并校对量表语句表达的准确性，修改不易理解或有歧义的项目。请有关专家就量表项目与其维度的匹配程度进行评定， “ １ ” 分表示非常不匹配， “ ５ ” 表示完全匹配。在专只要出现２个以上等于或小于４分的，就需要对传播学专家进行了访谈，记录他们对相关概念的理解和建家评价中，

泛加拿大成就评估项目数学测试的特点及启示

1989年，为了解加拿大学生在数学、语言、科学方面的发展情况，加拿大教育部长联合会制订了学校成绩指标计划，评估13岁和16岁学生在阅读、写作和数学方面的成就[1]。

自2007年开始，受到国际测评项目的影响（尤其是PISA测试框架的影响），该计划改名为泛加拿大成就评估项目(The Pan-Canadian Assessment Program，简称PCAP)。

PCAP评估领域主要包括阅读、数学和科学，三科每年同时施测，每年主测试一个学科，次要测试另外两个学科。

该评估项目主要评估加拿大各省和地区的八年级学生成绩,但也会评估低年级时所学的知识，评估项目旨在了解加拿大教育系统是否满足本国学生和社会的需求，监测课程实施效果和学校系统的各方面成效[2]。

、PCAP数学学业测试内容一（一）PCAP数学学业测试框架。

PCAP数学测试主要分为四个领域：数和运算，几何和测量，图形和关系，数据管理和概率。

四个领域及在测试中的占比如表1[3]：表1泛加拿大成就评估项目数学评估框架领域数和运算几何和测量图形和关系数据管理和概率主题范围属性、等价表示和大小平面图形和立体图形的特性、相对位置、转换和测量模式，代数方程和表达式，线性关系数据收集和分析，实验和理论概率占比/%36271423PCAP现在更关注新时代下个人应掌握的技能，这四个数学主要领域包含了学生应掌握的能力，如批判性思考和问题解决能力、创造力和创新、沟通和协作、信息和通信技术(ICT)素养、灵活性和适应性，以及主动性和自我导向。

因为大规模评估的局限性，PCAP数学测试主要集中在解决问题、推理和证明、沟通、联系和表达的能力考查这几方面。

评估框架中，解决数学问题的能力将各数学领域串联在一起，在复杂的数学情境中，学生应该具备融会贯通的能力。

PCAP为此提出了具体要求：在解决问题中，学生能够：求解多步骤情境问题，即需要使用并关联数学概念、步骤和过程的问题；求解多步骤情境问题，证明已理解问题、制定订划、执行计划、估算和评估解题的合理性；说明解题过程，通过数、文字、图片（图表）、符号和方程、估算等确认解题的合理性；应用一系列解题策略解题，例如画图（图片或图表），寻找潜在模式，通过“猜想和检查”，求解较简单的问题或进行倒推。

Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon检验

Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon 检验，手算、SPSS 、R 、SAS 。

数据来源：《统计学（第三版）》贾俊平中国人民大学出版社 306页例13-6表为8个亚洲国家和8个欧美国家2005年的人均国民收入数据。

检验亚洲国家和欧美国家手算：解：将亚洲国家看作一个总体X ，欧美国家看做另一个总体Y ，要检验亚洲国家和欧美国家的人均国民收入是否相同，就是检验两个总体的位置参数是否相等。

提出假设：y x M M H =:0 y x M M H ≠:148159864321=+++++++=x T 8816141312111075=+++++++=y T1236482/)1(8m 16=-=+-====+=m m T U n n m N x ，，表示Y 的评分值先于X 的总次数为12。

通过查M-W-W 表，可知双尾的P 值为0.019*2=0.038<α=0.05，因此拒绝原假设，认为亚洲国家和欧美国家的人均国民收入有显著差异。

SPSS计算：步骤1、Analyze-Nonparametric Tests-2 Independent Samples2、把变量人均国民收入选入Test Variable List；把分类变量选入Grouping Variable，在Define Groups输入1和2。

在Test Type中选Mann-Whitney U，在Exact中选择精确方法Exact。

3、：点击确定输出结果。

输出结果：秩国家N 秩均值秩和人均国民收入亚洲8 6.00 48.00欧美8 11.00 88.00总数16从SPSS输出结果中可以看出，精确双尾P=0.038<α=0.05，即拒绝原假设，认为亚洲国家和欧美国家的人均国民收入有显著差异。

R计算:> x<-c(1740,38980,1280,4960,2750,27490,15830,720)> y<-c(43740,32600,34580,37600,34810,30010,7310,3460)> wilcox.test(x,y,exact=F,cor=F)Wilcoxon rank sum testdata: x and yW = 12, p-value = 0.03569alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0由R软件输出结果可以看出，精确双尾P值为0.03569<α=0.05，即拒绝原假设，认为亚洲国家和欧美国家的人均国民收入有显著差异。

00改良加拿大作业活动状况测量(COPM)

科别姓名性别年龄床号住院号改良加拿大作业活动状况测量（COPM）
步骤二：现状和满意度评分（治疗师填写）
评估医生/治疗师：评估日期：年月日
科别姓名性别年龄床号住院号
改良加拿大作业活动状况测量（COPM）填写评估方法说明
步骤一：（患者）填写方法
1、下列问题如果您能做到的，在相应的栏里填上“能”；不能做到的则填上“否”。

2、填“否”的问题栏，在“重要性评分卡”上填上您对这个问题在生活中的重要性进行评分。

如
“你不能独自完成洗脸这件事对你来说有多重要？”重要性的程度分10个等级，从1到10分，1分说明
完全不重要；10分则表示非常重要。

即：
步骤二：（治疗师）填写评估方法
1、治疗师请患者选出5个自己认为亟待解决的重要问题（或者治疗师可以从患者完成的“重要性评分”中挑出5个得分最高的问题），让患者确认这些问题是否为最需要治疗的问题。

将挑出的问题分别填入
2、“作业活动问题”栏中，让患者仍然采用10分等级评分卡对挑选出的每一个问题进行以下两方面
的评估：（1）就每一个问题的完成情况评分（即表中的现状栏）；（2）就完成活动情况的满意度评分
（即表中的满意度栏）。

即：
完成情况评分卡：。

加拿大作业表现量表

Rehabilitation treatment technology
2
常州卫生高等职业技术学校
《作业治疗学》
单击此处编辑母版标题样式
Rehabilitation treatment technology
3
常州卫生高等职业技术学校
《作业治疗学》
单击此处编辑母版标题样式
Rehabilitation treatment technology
常州卫生高等职业技术学校
《作业治疗学》
单击此处编辑母版标题样式
加拿大作业表现量表（COPM）
Rehabilitation treatment technology
1
常州卫生高等职业技术学校
《作业治疗学》
单击此处编辑母版标题样式
本测量表是为作业治疗师而设计的，用于测量随着时间的推移，个体对自己作业表现方面问题自我评价的变化。
4
常州卫生高等职业技术学校
《作业治疗学》
单击此处编辑母版标题样式来自Rehabilitation treatment technology
5
常州卫生高等职业技术学校
《作业治疗学》
单击此处编辑母版标题样式
Rehabilitation treatment technology
6

加拿大作业活动行为评估copm

加拿大作业活动行为评估ｃｏｐｍ评估时间评估内容初评复评活动评分 2 1． 2. 3. 4. 5. 活动分2=活动评分总和/项目分满意度评分 2 1． 2. 3. 4. 5. 满意度分2=满意度评分总和/项目数活动项目1． 2. 3. 4. 5. 得分活动评分 1 满意度评分1 1．1．2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 活动分1=活动满意度分1=满评分总和/ 项意度评分总和目分/项目数活动分差=活动分2－活动分 1 满意度分差=满意度分２－满意度分１加拿大作业活动行为评估ｃｏｐｍ评定方法：评定时，采用按照基本活动范畴的项目，如：ＡＤＬ中包括修饰，个人卫生，洗澡，如厕，个人器具使用，穿衣，进餐，服药，健康维持，社会交流，功能性转移，社区转移，危机应对等。

选择出患者最迫切需要解决的５个治疗目标，并了解患者对各项受限活动的满意度，以此作为治疗目标。

OT根据Brunnstrom 处于不同时期，进行不同的治疗：（关键点、细化）对于BrunnstromIII 级上肢负重下的作业活动，滚桶训练，双手推Bobath 球训练，单手进行的活动；（１）上肢负重下的作业活动目的：降低上肢屈肌痉挛训练要点：帮助伸直患侧肘关节，并使其重心转移到患侧臀部，达到患侧肩关节负重。

（注意事项：手指的方向有向前逐渐过渡到向后，腕关节有疼痛者可以将患手放在离身体稍远的位置。

）（２）滚桶训练目的：抑制患侧上肢屈肌痉挛，诱导出现伸肘和前臂旋前，旋后等分离运动。

训练要点：Ｂｏｂａｔｈ握手状态下，向前方推滚筒，利用健侧上肢完成肩前屈、肘伸展、前臂旋后、腕关节背伸；然后滚桶退回原位，完成肩屈曲、肘屈曲、前臂旋前、腕关节背伸的动作。

（注意速度，治疗师的扶助，以防躯干代偿）（３）双手推Bobath 球训练目的：提高上肢的近端的控制能力，缓解上肢痉挛，促进重心向前和向两侧转移。

训练要点：Bobath 握手置于球上尽最大可能把球向前方、健侧和患侧滚动。

第二章作业治疗评估

12
灵敏性
评定方法应能反映治疗前后患者功能的进步
要能鼓舞病人和治疗师信心
13
实用性
评估可以真实体现患者功能障碍的重点
可以指导正确的治疗方向
返回
14
第二节任务分析和活动分析
概念分析方法作业行为评定
15
概念
活动范畴
指人类的所有基本活动，其包含为日常生活活动、工作生产活动和休闲娱乐活动。
工作及生产活动
家政管理
衣物整理清洁食物准备及餐具清洗购物管理钱财家庭维持安全事宜
娱乐休闲活动
寻求休闲娱乐活动休闲娱乐活动行为
照顾家庭教育活动职业活动

求职就业职业活动退休计划志愿活动
18
作业治疗术语__作业行为构成
感觉运动构成
感觉
感觉意识感觉过程知觉过程神经肌肉骨骼
反射关节活动度肌张力肌力耐力姿势控制姿势定位软组织完整性
运动能力
粗大运动协调越中线运动单侧性运动双侧整合运动运动控制能力改变惯性运动精细协调与灵活性手-眼协调能力听-运动控制能力
22
任务分析——分级：
大：完成活动时的功能需要（或已有）较高级的水平，可以记为3分。中：完成活动时的功能需要（或已有）普通的水平，可以记为2分。小：完成活动时的功能只需要（或已有）较低的水平，可以记为1分。无：完成活动时不需要（或不具有）此此项功能，可以记为0分。
23
活动分析
指在治疗过程中评估治疗性活动中患者的主动性和行为构成，是对一项治疗性活动的基本行为构成以及患者能够完成该活动所应具备的功能水平的一个分析认识的过程。

以全纳课程为本的香港融通学习成效量表(SCALE)之等级量尺分析检视

Kwan-Lan Vicky Tsang1, Andrew Chung-Yee Tse2, Kai-Ming Lee3
1Department of Special Education and Counselling, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong 2Centre for Advancement in Inclusive and Special Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
1.2. “通用课程”政策在香港的发展
自 2005 年，一项以实践“通用课程(One Common Curriculum for All)”为原则的课程发展计划正式开展。该计划被称为“融通课程计划”，英文全写为 Systematic Approach to Mainstream Education (SAME)。该
Copyright © 2013 Kwan-Lan Vicky Tsang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
“融通学习成效融通量表”，英文全称是 SAME Curriculum Assessment for Learning Efficacy (SCALE)，简称则为“融通量表(SCALE)”，是融通课程计划的一部分。融通课程计划的整体目标在于为所有特殊教育学校的学生取得以香港主流课程学习的同等机会。因而，基于“通用课程”的精神，融通量表(SCALE)的设计是以连接特殊学校与主流学校的课程为宗旨[4]。所以，融通量表(SCALE)是课程不可或缺的一部分，在不同学校之间协助教师区分和追踪学生学习状况的工具，并为各科目中表现出不同学习能力水平的学生设定适切的学习目标。

达沃斯志愿者身体数据测量表

达沃斯志愿者身体数据测量表
姓名
性别
身高
体重
电话
志愿者服装
上衣裤子裙子
衣长cm 裤长cm 裙长cm
肩宽cm 腰围cm 腰围cm
袖长cm 臀围cm 臀围cm
胸围cm 横档cm
中腰cm
领围cm
注：
人体测量是取得服装规格的主要来源之一,如果有条件可到服装裁剪店进行测量。

人体测量是指测量人体有关部位的长度宽度，围度所得的尺寸，作为服装结构制图时直接依据。

测体工具软尺：测体的主要工具，要求质地柔韧，刻度清晰，稳定不缩。

测体方法
测体一般是测量净体尺寸，即用软尺贴附于静态的人体体表（仅穿内衣），测得的尺寸即为净尺寸。

具体测量方法见GBT 16160-1996。

作业相关图(穆德图)的使用方法

作业相关图(穆德图)的使用方法本页仅作为文档页封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March作业相关图（穆德图）的使用方法作业相关图法是由穆德提出的，它是根据企业各部门之间的活动关系密切程度布置其相互位置。

首先将关系密切程度划分等级，然后列出导致不同程度关系的原因。

使用这两种资料，将待布置的部门一一确定出相互关系，根据相互关系重要程度，按重要等级高的部门相邻布置的原则，安排出最合理的布置方案。

设施布局设计要根据作业单位间在工艺流程中的密切程度，决定相互位置。

各功能区之间存在着物流关系、非物流关系两种关系。

需要将两种关系进行综合，最终得出最合理的布局方案。

1.物流关系的定量分析（1）物流强度的5个等级按照作业单位对的物流强度，可以将其划分为5个等级。

表-物流强度等级物流强度等级符号物流路线比例（%）承担的物流量比例（%）评分超高物流强度 A 10 40 4 特高物流强度 E 20 30 3 特大物流强度I 30 20 2 一般物流强度O 40 10 1（2）物流相关表根据表-作业单位中各作业单位对的物流路线、物流强度、物流等级可得到以下汇总表。

表-作业单位表-各作业单位对物流汇总表（3）物流相关图根据物流汇总表画出物流相关图。

图-物流相关图说明：物流强度等级U表示可忽略搬运，所以在各作业单位对物流汇总表中未体现物流强度等级为U的作业单位对。

物流相关图中每个菱形由两个作业单位发出的平行线交汇而成，菱形内所填字母表示两个作业单位间的物流强度等级。

通过各作业单位对物流汇总表和物流相关图可发现物流强度等级为A的作业对为：8-11，11-12。

物流强度等级为E的作业对为：1-5，1-6，3-8，3-5，6-10，8-10。

物流强度等级为I的作业对为：1-4,4-7,5-9,7-8。

物流强度等级为I的作业对为：1-9,2-10,2-11,3-7,4-8,8-9。