非谓语动词不定式
非谓语动词——不定式
非谓语动词——不定式非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(-ing)、现在分词(-ing)与过去分词(-ed)。
它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化。
注:现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分。
II.基本知识一、不定式的构成动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义。
有时可以不带to。
动词不定式在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分——主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。
不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用,可以有自己的宾语和状语。
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,但是有时态和语态的变化。
常见的形式如表所示(以及物动词do为例),不及物动词没有被动语态。
1. 不定式的一般式:一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。
当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).eg: He seemed to be tired.The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.2. 不定式的进行式:进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语的动作同时发生。
e.g. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.3. 不定式的完成式:如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前,就用完成式;若是在此基础上的被动含义,就用完成被动式( to have been done).e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.4. 不定式的完成进行式:如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作,就要用完成进行式.eg. We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month.二、不定式的用法:1. 动词不定式做主语:不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
非谓语动词之动词不定式
四、动词不定式用作宾语补足语。
常见的动词有:
ask, tell, get, want, like, hate, prefer; (1)se老e, 师hea叫r,我wa们tc努h, 力no学tic习e, 英fee语l; 。
Tmhaektee,alceht,erhealspked us __to___ __w_o_r_k__ __h_a_r_d__ at English.
3)老师教我们怎样学习英语。 The teacher teaches us __h_o_w__ __t_o___ __l_e_a_rn__ English.
4)你能决定到哪里去? Can you decide __w_h_e_r_e__ ___t_o___ ___g_o____?
特殊疑问词 + 动词不定式 结构实际上是宾语从句的简化。 由复合句向简单句转化。 1. Can you tell me when we will start?
tell, show, teach, decide, learn等动词常用一 个带连接词的不定式作宾语。
1)你能告诉我什么时候出发? Can you tell me __w_h_e_n___ ___to_____ __st_a_r_t ___?
2)她教我们如何种植树木。 She showed us __h_o_w__ __t_o__ __p_la_n_t the trees.
(1)我看见她关门。
I sawsheiemsb__d_o_c_sl_oth_se___ t看he见do某or. 人做某事
(4)ha我te更sb喜to欢do你s关th 电视讨。厌某人做某事 Ipprreeffeerrsybotuo_d_ot_os_t_h_ 更_t_u加_r_n喜__欢_ _某_o_人f_f_做_ 某th事e TV.
非谓语动词中的动词不定式
非谓语动词中的动词不定式非谓语动词中的动词不定式非谓语动词也是动词的一种,他们有着动词的特点,还可以充当主语、宾语、状语等。
以下是我细心整理的非谓语动词中的动词不定式,欢送大家共享。
动词不定式的形式为(to)+do/be done,其中to有时要省略。
通常所说的“动词原形”其实质就是不带to的不定式形式。
不定式具知名词、形容词和副词的性质。
它的否认形式为not+(to)do/be done。
一、不定式的时态性不定式从时态角度讲,具体形式分为一般式、进展式和完成式,是以不定式动作与谓语动词发生的时间的比较确定的。
具体状况如下:1、一般式不定式的一般式所表示的不定式动词与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。
【例句】Tom plans to take part in the postgraduate entrance exams.汤姆打算要考研。
2、进展式不定式的进展式表示与谓语动词动作同时发生。
【例句】Tom pretended to be fully sleeping.汤姆装作睡得很沉。
3、完成式不定式的完成式表示发生于谓语动词动作之前。
【例句】Tom is pleased to have met his friend who has not kept intouch for many years.汤姆很兴奋能遇上他多年未联系的伴侣。
二、不定式的句子成分属性不定式如其他非谓语动词一样可以充当多种句子成分,包括主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语以及状语。
1、作主语【例句】To accomplish the budget in a month is impossible.在一个月内完成预算是不行能的。
2、作表语【例句】My wife’s task is to take charge of loveliness.我老婆的'任务是负责”得意”。
3、作宾语1〕假设谓语动词为find,want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agr ee,promise,prefer时,不定式〔宾语〕后面存在宾语补足语成分,要用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语〔不定式〕后置于句尾,放在宾语补足语后面。
语法填空非谓语动词不定式
第二部分知识透析1.概述动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语。
动词不定式具有动词的性质,它可以有自己的宾语和状语,从而构成动词不定式短语。
它还可以有形式的变化,即一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行时,主动式和被动式。
同时,动词不定式也具有非动词的性质,相当于一个名词、形容词或副词,可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
2.动词不定式的构成动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。
主动形式被动形式否定式一般式to do to be done not to do/ not to bedone进行式to be doing not to be doing完成式to have done to have been done not to have (been)done完成进行式to have beennot to have been doingdoing2.1不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。
He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。
(同时发生)To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi.为了赶上火车,我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。
(赶火车发生在到站之后)2.2不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候,天碰巧在下雨。
I'm glad to be traveling with you. 我很高兴和你一起旅游。
有时表示即将发生的动作The old man seems to be dying.2.3不定式的完成式2.3.1不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。
非谓语动词-不定式
被动句里,主语补足语要还原to
She is often seen to walk to school by herself. 人们经常看到她独自步行上学。
The workers are made to work extra hours everyday. 工人们被迫每天加班。 但是:
Let the girl try it again.
很抱歉让你久等了。
They seemed to be discussing something important.
他们似乎在讨论一些重要的事情。
作补语
形容词,介词短语,现在分词,过去分词都可以做宾语补足语。 在被动句里,原来的宾语成了主语,补足语就成了主语补足语。 My parents allowed us to play in the stream. 我父母允许我们在小溪里玩耍。 We were not allowed to play in the stream. 我们不能在小溪里玩耍。 We would like you to come to our party. 我们希望你来参加我们的聚会。 I didn't expect there to be so many people in the market. 我没想到市场里会有这么多人。
作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如: The next thing to do is to find a hotel.接下来要做的就是找到一家旅馆。 1. 动宾关系: I have a meeting to attend. 2. 主谓关系: (be the first/second/last…to do)He is the first one to come. 3. 同位关系(说明所修饰名词的内容)we all have a chance to go to college. 注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,要有相应的介词 He found a good house to live in. Please give me a pen to write with. 但如果不定式修饰的是time, place, way等就可以省略介词 He has no place to live. Something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式作后置定语 Do you have anything to read? 不定式短语作定语是一个难点,请注意不定式和被修饰词之间的关系: (1)表示将来的动作。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍 用主动语态;如 只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态。
非谓语动词-不定式
非谓语动词-不定式一.动词不定式:不定式具有n 、adj、adv的特征,可作除谓语外任何句子成分。
否定式:not to do .(一)主动被动一般式:to do to be done进行式:to be doing /完成式:to have done to have been done完成进行式:to have been doing /例句:1. He seems to know a lot. (to do所表动作与谓语动词同时或之后发生)2. The boy pretended to be working hard. (谓语动词所表示的动作发生时,to be doing所表动作正在发生)3. I happened to have seen the film.(to have done所表动作发生在谓语动词或特定时间之前)4. They are quite happy to have been cooperating harmoniously with us till now.(to have been doing所表动作在谓语动词所表动作之前一直在进行)(二)不定式的句法功能:1. 作主语:常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,多表具体动作,尤指某一次动作。
常用句式有:1) It+be+名词+to do2) It takes sb.+some time+to do3) It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do2. 作表语:具体指某次动作:Your task today is to wash the curtains .3. 作宾语:1) 多为固定搭配:给予、买得起试图、尝试管理、处理假装敢于计划希望意图、打算同意拒绝期望承诺、答应需要教授帮助安排决定失败提供准备选择2) make up one’s mind to dowould like / love to dowould prefer to do ...3) 形式宾语:如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,常见词:+ it +宾补+ to do .Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.to do前有时可与疑问词连用:He gave us some advice on how to learn English.4) 句型:过去常做不得不做应该做愿意做准备、愿意做be sure / glad / happy / afraid +to do be sorry / anxious / eager +to do5) 省略to 的句型:为什么不做?不能做只能做最好做宁愿做而不做4. 作补语:1) 在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want wishasktellorder beg permit help advise persuade allowpreparecauseforcecall onwait forinviteencourageexpectforbidgetintendlikelovepreferremindrequireteachwarndepend on此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.2) 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to (主动省略to 被动还原to):I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.※五看:三让:二听:一感觉:3) 作主语补足语的句型:said reportedsb + be believed considered + to be doneknown found to have been donesupposed thoughtIt is said that he has gone abroad .= He is said to have gone abroad .He was later discovered to have been a spy.4)thinkconsiderbelievesupposefeel ...+ to be 作宾语补足语或主语补足语findimagineproveappointjudge 例:People considered him to be a great leader .He imagines himself to be an able man .5. 作定语:1) 若不定式所修饰词是不定式的地点、工具,不定式后要有相应介词:He didn’t have a house to live in . 若修饰的词为:time、way、place,不定式后省略介词: He didn’t have place to live .2) 若不定式作定语与所修饰词形成被动关系(动宾关系),可用to do 也可用to be done :Have you got anything to send ? (执行者为句子主语)to be sent ? (执行者是其他人)3) 用不定式作定语的情况:①表将来:The car to be bought is for his sister .②修饰被序数词、最高级或no ,all ,any 限定的中心词且为主动关系:He was the best man to do the job .③用来修饰抽象名词:能力机会主意事实借口承诺答案回复企图信仰方式理由时刻时光☆某些名词的同根词常跟to do ,因而也跟to do ,如:计划提议决定拒绝失败警告焦虑渴望愿望准备就绪例:我没有去观光的机会我不相信他会来访的承诺他没有去那里的计划他没有计划去那里6.作状语:1) 目的状语:He worked day and night to get the money. 若强调目的性,也可加in order to (可在句首)/ so as to(只在句中),此两结构在剧中时,不用都好隔开。
非谓语动词之不定式
动词不定式一.定义1•由“ to+动词原形”构成,是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中作除谓语之外的其他成分。
to 是不定式的标志,无词义。
不定式无人称和数的变化,2. 肯定形式to do; 否定形式not to do 。
3. 不定式仍有动词的特点,即可以有自己的宾语和状语。
二.功能:不定式有名词、形容词、副词的功能,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。
就是不作谓语。
1. 作主语(谓语动词使用三单形式) , 一般表示具体的某次动作。
①直接放在句首To help each other is good.②用it 作形式主语,而将作真正的主语(不定式)置于句末,如以下结构:♦It is easy/ hard/ difficult/important/necessary/interesting …(for sb.) to do sth.It is important for us to learn English we l.l♦It is our duty to do sth.It is our duty to keep our classroom clea. n注:-ing形式与不定式作主语之区别:-ing 作主语,通常是某种经常性的活动,即泛指某种抽象的动作;不定式作主语,通常表示某次具体的动作。
2. 作宾语①常只跟to do 作宾语的动词如下:hope, plan, decide, expect, agree, choose, seem, happen, learn, teach, prepare, promise, wish, wait, fail, afford, manage, refuse, pretend, offer, arrange 等②即跟to do又跟-ing作宾语,意义差别不大的有:begin/start; continue;③即跟to do又跟-ing作宾语,且意义差别很大的有:remember, forget, mean, try, regret, stop, can'thelp 等。
第六章 非谓语动词之不定式
6.---What do you think of the school? ----It is a very good school__________. to study in 你认为这学校怎么样? 是一所学习的好学校。
9.不定式的时态与语态: go out (go out). 1.I saw him_______ 2.I plan to attend the meeting__________ to be held (hold) tomorrow to be sleeping (sleep)when I 3.He pretended ____________ came in. 4.I’m sorry ____________ to have kept (keep) you waiting. 5.The article is said to _______________ have been read (read) by many people.
4. 不定式做定语
I have something to say. He has a lot of homework to do . He is looking for a room to live in . There is nothing to worry about.
注意: 1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动 形式表被动。 2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定时 短语中的副词或介词。 我需要一支钢笔写字。 I need a pen to write with . 我有一个婴儿要照看 I have a little baby to look after .
非谓语动词不定式
非谓语动词--动词不定式(一)形式:1)I plan to attend the meeting.我计划参加这次会议。
2)I am sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉让你久等了。
3)They are said to be working hard.据说他们工作得很努力。
4)He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.据说他已在那家工厂工作12年了。
5)These clothes are to be washed as soon as possible.6)He is disappointed not to go swimming this afternoon.(二)用法1. To help each other is good.It is good to help each other_____________________________________________2. My job is to drive them to the power station every day.Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.To see is to believe.______________________________________________3. She wishes to be a musician.I am determined to give up smokingI don’t think it right to do it that way._____________________________________________4. Tell the children to play outside.I saw a little girl run across the street_________________________________5. Have you got anything to eat?But she gave up the chance to go abroad.Who was the last one to leave the classroom last night?Is this the best way to help him?__________________________________6. We went there to see our grandparents.I am very sorry to hear that.She hurried home only to find her father dead.To look at the picture, you would like it._____________________________________(三)句型1. It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest.It is very kind of you to help him every day._______________________________________________________________________________________________2.疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式结构,它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语。
三种非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。
以下是三种非谓语动词的形式及示例:1,不定式(Infinitives):不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分。
作主语:To learn English is important.(学英语很重要。
)作宾语:I want to go to the park.(我想去公园。
)作表语:My dream is to become a doctor.(我的梦想是成为一名医生。
)作定语:She has a lot of work to do.(她有很多工作要做。
)作状语:He ran to the station to catch the train.(他跑到车站去赶火车。
)2,动名词(Gerunds):动名词由“动词+ing”构成,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
作主语:Eating healthy food is important.(吃健康的食物很重要。
)作宾语:I enjoy playing football.(我喜欢踢足球。
)作表语:My hobby is reading.(我的爱好是阅读。
)作定语:She has a swimming pool in her backyard.(她的后院有一个游泳池。
)3,分词(Participles):分词分为现在分词和过去分词,现在分词由“动词+ing”构成,过去分词由“动词+ed”或“不规则变化”构成,在句子中可以作定语、状语、补语等成分。
作定语:The running man is my brother.(正在跑步的男人是我的哥哥。
)作状语:Walking in the park, she met her friend.(她在公园里散步时遇到了她的朋友。
)作补语:I saw him playing football on the playground.(我看到他在操场上踢足球。
非谓语动词(不定式)
3) 进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同 时发生。 He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时: She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
一、作主语
1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 • easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; • the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. • 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. • 当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
六、作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句: Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
非谓语动词不定式
非谓语动词不定式非谓语动词不定式是英语中的一种语法结构,它具有多种用法和形式,是英语学习中比较基础和重要的一部分。
本文将分步骤阐述非谓语动词不定式的常见用法和相关注意事项。
一、基本形式非谓语动词不定式是由“to”加动词原形构成的,例如:to go, to eat, to sleep等等。
不定式也可以省略to,形成动词原形作为不定式,例如:go, eat, sleep等等。
这种形式被称为“裸不定式”。
二、用法1. 作主语或宾语不定式可以作句子的主语或宾语,例如:To travel is my dream.(旅行是我的梦想)I want to learn English.(我想学英语)2. 作目的状语不定式可以表示谓语动词的目的或原因,放在句子末尾,例如:She went to the supermarket to buy some groceries.(她去超市购买一些杂货)I am here to help you.(我在这里帮助你)3. 作定语不定式可以作为修饰名词的定语,放在被修饰的名词后面,例如:The book to read is on the desk.(要读的书在桌子上)The woman to marry is very beautiful.(要结婚的女人很漂亮)4. 作状语不定式可以表示时间、条件、结果等状语,放在句子中合适的位置,例如:He hurried in order to catch the last bus.(他赶快走为了赶上最后一班车)If you want to succeed, you must work hard.(如果你想成功,你必须努力工作)三、注意事项1. 句子主谓一致性当不定式作主语时,不能决定谓语动词的人称和数,“to”后的动词原形保持不变。
例如:To dance is her favorite hobby.(跳舞是她最喜欢的爱好)To study abroad is their dream.(出国留学是他们的梦想)2. 可以与情态动词连用不定式可以加上情态动词,例如:I can swim.(我能游泳)She should study harder.(她应该更加努力学习)3. 可以与被动语态连用不定式也可以与被动语态连用,形成被动不定式。
非谓语动词动词不定式
非谓语动词顾名思义,非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词。
包括:不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。
不定式1.不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时态和语态的变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例):主动式被动式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing /完成进行式to have been doing /1). 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。
如:They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2). 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。
如:She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3). 不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。
非谓语动词--动词不定式
←非谓语动词------动词不定式(1)在英语中,不能做句子谓语,而是担任其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词,非谓语动词有三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词(含现在分词和过去分词)。
另外,动名词和现在分词统称为“ing形式”。
←动词不定式←1.定义:动词不定式与动词-ing,过去分词一样,是动词的非谓语形式。
他与动词原形同形,但它的前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”,动词不定式存在不带to的情况。
← 2.不定式的形式:动词不定式有主动、被动两种语态,也有一般式、进行式、完成式等时态:←另外,请注意不定式与原形和现在式的区别(以be, have, go为例):← 3. 不定式的时态:不定式虽没有人称和数的变化,但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后顺序,即不定式仍有自己的时态。
不定式的时态包括一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。
←1)不定式的一般式:←表示的动作或状态通常发生在主句谓语动作之后或与主句谓语动作同时发生。
←我们想天黑前到家,但结果没有像计划那样。
←We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite turned out as planned.←(to get home发生在want之后)←他已经决定要给她一些钱。
He has decided to give her some money.←看电影时,我听见坐在我后面的那对夫妇一直在小声说话。
←I heard the couple behind me whisper all the time while seeing the film. (whisper与here同时发生)←2)动词不定式的进行式:表示正在进行,与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时进行。
←当我路过的时候,怀特先生和他的妻子碰巧正在吵架。
←Mr. White and his wife happened to be quarreling when I passed by.←当妈妈打开门时,这个女孩假装正在学习。
非谓语动词(不定式)
非谓语动词---不定式:在句子中充当除谓语以外句子成分的动词形式。
三种形式:不定式,动名词,分词(现在分词和过去分词)非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分。
不定式作用:(主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,补语)1 做主语,谓语用单数,通常后置。
常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to doIt is very hard to finish the work in ten m inutes2 做宾语(通常接不定式的动词:want, try, hope, w ish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, dec ide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等)We plan to pay a visitA特殊疑问词+to do当名词用。
I don’t know what to do.B 不定式做宾语时,有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替。
I find it nec essary to learn a foreign language.C 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语I have no choic e but to stay hereD 在hope, think, w ant, plan, expect, mean, intend等后的不定式完成式表示“本来打算做,而实际没能实现, 但是mean 和intend的过去式+不定式的一般式也能表示未实现的愿望。
)We meant to have stopped him from doing suc h a thing.3 做宾语补足语(用做宾语补足语的动词有ask, tell, order, w ant, get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, w ish, warn, expect, prefer, enc ourage)He w ants me to be c areful.A feel, hear, listen to, have, let, make, notic e, see, w atc h, observe, look at 后面的不定式去掉to,但变成被动语态需要加上to.I see the boy fall off tree. / the boy is seen to fall off the tree.4 做定语I have a lot of work to do.A当名词被first, last, second, 以及only等词修饰,用不定式做定语。
非谓语动词 -不定式
非谓语动词-不定式原形动词前加to,构成动词不定式。
不定式不作谓语,属非谓语动词。
第一节不定式的时态和语态 一 不定式的时态 1 时态的构成(1) 一般是的使用范围○1 不定式所示动作或状态与谓语动词所示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生或存 在,用一般式:I ’m glad to see you.I saw her enter the room just now.○2 不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之后,也用一般式: My uncle asked me to see him this summer.I ’m glad to take my younger sister to the countryside. (2) 完成式的使用范围不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之前,用完成式: I ’m glad to have seen your mother yesterday.He is said to have written a novel about the Long March(长征). (3) 进行式的使用范围当谓语动词的动作或状态发生时,不等式动词所示动作正在进行时,用进行时: They seemed to be talking about you.You are said to be writing a paper on pollution. 二 不定式的被动语态1 被动语态的两种时态不定式被动语态常用于两种时态,一种是一般式被动语态,一种是完成时被动语 皇帝下令织这种神奇的布These students want to be sent work in our company.这些学生想要分到我们公司工作(2) 完成式举例:He is said to have been killed. The assistant seemed to have been fired. 2 被动语态的用法在下列情况下不定式要用被动语态:(1) 当句子的主语是这个不定式所示动作的承受者时:The girl is to be taken to the Summer Palace. The book is said to be put into English.(2) 当不定式所修饰的名词是此不等式的逻辑宾语,且句中又无它的逻辑主语时: He wanted the letter to be typed at once.Are you going to the meeting to be held this afternoon?(3) 当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语,且不定式本身又带有一个宾语时: She is too nervous to be told such bad news. I ’m glad to be given a gold ring. (4) 当句子的主语和表语是指同一人(物),不定式修饰这个表语名词,且与这个名词有动宾关系时:He is a man to be trusted. 但也可用主动式:This is a nice place to visit.(5) 不定式作定语,且与所修饰的名词有动宾关系时:The plan to be made is a five-year plan.注意:不定式动作是相关名词的执行者还是承受者,对这个不定式用主动还是 被动语态关系很大,试比较下列各组句子:It ’s a good thing to be elected a model worker.被选为模范工人是好事 It ’s a good thing to elect him a model worker.选他当模范工人是好事Have you anything to be done this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事要人做? Have you anything to do this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事情要自己做? 三 不定式的主动态代替被动态在下列情况下,不定式可用主动态代替被动态:1 当不定式与最近的名词(代词)有动宾关系,且与句中另一名词(代词)有主谓关系时:He has nothing to eat . I ’ll give you a book to read. I have a lot of papers to type.Would you bring me a bench to sit down? 2 当不定式在“主语+表语(形容词)”结构中作状语,且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时:This test is easy to recite.The washing –machine is too expensive for me to buy. 3 当不定式修饰there(here) be 引导的句子中的主语时: There are two tractors to repair.Here is a baby to take care of.当然也可用被动态:There is nothing to fear(to be feared).句中不定式如有逻辑主语,则只用主动语态:There is nothing for us to fear.4 to let, to blame,等不定式一般只用主动语态:The house is to let.房子要出租I’m to blame. 我要受责备的第二节不定式的语法功能一作主语1 直接用作主语:To get to the palace with just a flower is to say “I’m poor.”How to get rid of (清除)these things is a big problem.2 用it代替不定式作形式主语:It’s bad manners to be rude to people.It made us very happy to hear from him.How would it be to start tomorrow?It was decided to bring the matter up at the meeting.已决定把这件事提交会议讨论1,2 两种形式可以互换:It made us very excited to hear of his success.=To hear of his success made us very excited.但如果不定式短语在疑问句或感叹句中作主语,则只能用it作形式主语:To watch the TV play is very interesting.(改为一般问句)Is it very interesting to watch the TV play?To get to the station took me two hours.(特殊问句)How long did it take you to the station?To lose this necklace was a pity.(感叹句)What a pity it was to lose this necklace!二作宾语1 可用不定式直接作宾语的动词want, like, wish, hate, prefer, continue, refuse, mange, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend, begin, decide, learn, agree, care, choose, determine,expect, afford等2 需用it代不等式作宾语的动词: find, make, think, consider, feel等:He found it important to study the situation in Russia.This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry工农业to develop very quickly.I thought it impossible to arrive there in half an hour.Do you consider it better not to go. I feel my duty to say that you are wrong.3 不能直接用不定式作宾语的动词:单词know需在不定式前加连接代词或副词:They knew how to weave cloth. I know when to start.We don’t know where to go. They don’t know whether to stay or not.Nobody knew what to do next. Does he know which to take?但why不能用于此句型,不说:I don’t know why to do it.有些动词根据意思的需要,也可在不等式前加连接代词或连接副词:The computer will then tell what to do.I’ve forgot which way to takeThe students of today will have to decide how to use the computers of tomorrow.Everyone wanted to learn how to make silk.You must remember when to begin.4 不能接不定式作宾语的动词:enjoy, finish, suggest, excuse, pardon, give up, avoid,advise, can’t help, delay, escape, miss, imagine, mind, keep, practice, consider等三作宾补1 可接不定式作宾补的动词:(1)love, teach, ask, get, tell, invite, force, oblige, beg, allow, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, forbid, lead, trouble,summon, 等。
非谓语动词-动词不定式
注:在it先行词作主语的句型中,常用for sb. 或of sb. 作 不定式的逻辑主语。
1. 如果说明不定式短语是由谁做的,则在不定式前加for sb.常用形 容词有:difficult, easy, important, necessary, interesting, (im)possible等。 It is important for us to express our feelings. 对于我们来说,表达我们的情感是很重要的。 It is difficult for us to finish the work in such a short time. 对于我们来说,在这么短的时间完成这项工作是困难的。
He has a lot of books to read. 他有许多书要读。
He is looking for a room to live in.
他正在找一间房子住。
1. 我有一些话说。 I have something to say.
2. 今天早上我什么也没吃。 I had nothing to eat this morning.
作宾补 在动词后用不定式作宾补。
1. 大多数及物动词后要用不定式作宾补。这类的动词: ask, want, invite, help, expect, prefer, tell, allow, advise, require等 (及物动词+sb.+to do sth)
She wants Tom to tell her truth. 她想让Tom告诉她真相。
I'm glad to see you.
非谓语动词-不定式
动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语时宾语有逻辑上的主动关系。 my mother asked me to learn English well. 我妈妈让我学好英语。
注意事项 3
①常用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语): persude(说服),allow(允许)order(命 令),teach(教),ask(要求),want(想 要),invite(邀请),forbid(禁止),cause (导致),encourage(鼓励),tell(告诉), warn(警告),advise(建议),expect(期 望),would like(愿意)...
Attribute (定语)
We found a house to live in.
Adverbial They jumped with joy to hear the (状语) news.
THANK YOU
It is foolish to do that sort of tou have to do is(to)finish it
(表语) quickly
不 定
Object (宾语)
I want to see you this weekend
式 Complement Oor head teacher ask us to develop (补语) the habit of keeping a diary.
You should learn to finish the work by yourself. 你应该学着独立完成工作。
注意事项2
②在find, think 后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语,而 将真正的宾语放在后面。 I find it interesting to play chess. 我发现下棋很有趣。
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hard的逻辑主语不是you,而是不定式。
在“It is +形容词+for/of sb.+不定式”结构中,如果for/of sb.中的sb.是形容词的逻辑主语,则用介词of,如果不是,就用介词for.
A.having met B.meeting C.to meet D.to have met
这道题正说明了不定式可以在句中作宾语,它常跟在某些及物动词的后面。
不定式在句中可以作宾语补足语。
4.Father will not allow us _____ on the street.
9.We hurried to get to the railway station________ that the train had left.
A.to find B.in order to find C.only to find Dso as to find
不定式常和only,never连用,作结果状语,表示失望或意外的情绪。
下面我们继续学习关于不定式的一个重要部分,是一些省略不定式符号to或者省略不定式动词的情况。
10.Paul doesn’t have to be made________.He always works hard.
A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning
please give me some paper to write on.
eg: There is no chair to sit on
I have no pen to write with
这些介词都不可以省略。但是如果所修饰的词是place,time,way时,不定式后的介词也可以省略。
1.___to give up a bad habit.
A.Bob is difficult B.It is not difficult for me C.John it is easy D.It impossible
To talk with you is a pleasure.换成由it作形式主语的句子。It is a pleasure to talk with you.
新技术的目 的是使生活变得简单,不是变得复杂。
不定式可以直接作主语,比如:To talk with you is a pleasure.和你谈话很愉快。注意,不定式作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
但是它也可以用另外一种形式表达,
若作主语的不定式较长时,常用it代替不定式作形式主语,使句子结构平衡。it本身并没有实际意义。
it是形式宾语,而不定式是真正的宾语。
在这个it 作形式宾语的句了中,a good habit就是宾语补足语。
主谓+it+n./adj.+不定式
我认为在一天之内完成这么多的作业是不可能的。
I think …it…impossible…to finish so much homework in a day.
不定式作定语 通常要放在被修饰的词的后面。如果还有其它的后置定语,不定式要放在最后。
eg: I have a lot of work to do
Do you have anything new to tell us ?这里new放在anything之后 ,不定式只有放在最后了,也修饰anything.
it作形式宾语,把不定式后置。
在实际意义上,“我认为”(I think)显然是主谓语,而早上早起to get up early in the morning是宾语。
可是这个不定式作宾语并不是句子的全部,不定式还带有自己的成分,对它本身进行补充说明,也a good habit这部分,在这种情况下,我们常用it作形式宾语,把不定式后置。
如果选A.B,D都是说我们匆忙赶到火车站,为了发现火车开了,好像不通呀,应该说“结果却发现火车开了”才合逻辑呀。
不定式作结果状语还可以用too…to…这种形式。比如:She is too young to go to school.
她太小了,不能上学。
不定式也常常在句中作表语,比如:My dream is to be football player.
A.taken B.took C.taking D.take.
当介词but,except,beside前面有一个实义动词do或do的其他形式时,其后的不定式要省略to.
只要有do就省略to.
介词后面常常跟不定式,如:那个迷路的孩子想回家。我们可以说:
The lost child desired nothing but to go home.
也就是三种情况下要省略to,第一是在使役动词和感官动词后,第二是有do省略to,第三就是用and,or连接省略后to.
不过在另外一些情况下,我们也会保留不定式符号to.而省略后面的动词。如:
12.----Does your brother intend to study German?
再比如:In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work.
为了赶火车,她匆匆做完了她的工作。
在这个句了里,为了强调目的状语,in order to 被放在了句首,这时候它就不能用so as to 来代替了。另外不定式还可以作其他形式的状语。
除了看电视,你还想做什么?What would you likd to do besides watch TV?
另外还有一种情况,就是当不定式在系动词be后作表语时,如果主语部分有实义动词do,不定式中的to也可以省略。
刚才是介词前面有do省略to,现在是主语有do省略表语的to.
The only thing I could do was obey his order. 我唯一能做的就是听从他的命令。
在“It is+不定式”结构中,可以用for sb.或者of sb.来强调不定式动作的发出者。
在“It is +形容词+for/of sb.+不定式”结构中,如果for/of sb.中的sb.是形容词的逻辑主语,则用介词of,如果不是,就用介词for.
2.It is very hard________ two foreign languages.
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t decide which to buy.
which to buy 作decide的宾语
疑问词加不定式可以作宾语补足语,这两种情况比较常见。
eg:When to turn the corner is a difficult problem.
6.Please show us ________.
A.how to do that B.how that be done C.how to be done that D.how to be done
在某些动词后面常跟一个带疑问词的不定式作宾语或宾语补足语。
show是谓语,us是宾语,不定式结构当然是宾语补足语了。
Another problem is where to stop the car
请告诉我为什么要这么做Please tell me why to do it.(错)
我们所说的疑问词包括how, what ,when ,where ,whether 和which等,但是没有why
please tell me why I should do it.
不定式作主语时,我们可以用it代替它,作形式主语,那作宾语时有没有这样的用法呢?
我们也可以用it 代替不定式作形式宾语,如
5.I think it a good habit _________ early in the morning.
A.to get up B.got up C.getting up D.to getting up
7.Please give me some paper to ________.
A. write B. be written C. wrote D.write on
虽然是不定式作定语,但当不定式作定语时,有时需要在动词后面放上一个适当的介词,当不定式是不及物动词时,或者所修饰词是不定式动作发生的地点或使用的工具时。
他们太笨了,那“他们”就是foolish的逻辑主语了,用介词of.
It is foolish of them to make such a mistake.
不定式可以在句中作宾语,它常跟在某些及物动词的后面。
3.We agreed_________ here,but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
He has no place to live(in).他没地方住。
This is the best way to travel(by).这是最好的旅行方式。
另外,不定式还可以在句中作状语,比如它可以作目的状语:
I opened the window to let some fresh air in.我把窗户打开好让新鲜空气进来。
非谓语动词不定式
――不定式
――动名词
――分词(现在分词、过去分词)
他们的功能特别强大,在句中除了不能独立当谓语之外,可充当句子的任何成份。因此得名:“非谓语动词”。
不定式的基本结构
肯定:to+动词原形