捷克大众媒体英文介绍

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常见汽车品牌英语

常见汽车品牌英语教学目标：使学生能够根据英文识读常见的汽车品牌一、美国汽车品牌（Automobile brand）1、Cadillac CADILLAC [’kædilæk］凯迪拉克凯迪拉克公司隶属于通用汽车公司,以生产豪华轿车而闻名世界在设计汽车时更加重视汽车的豪华性和舒适性。

2、Chevrolet ['ʃevrəʊlei] CHEVROLET雪佛兰也译作雪佛莱或雪福兰雪佛兰作为通用汽车集团下最大的品牌，目前，它在美国销售排行榜上位居第二,福特第一。

它的车型品种及其广泛，从小型轿车到大型4门轿车，从厢式车到大型皮卡，甚至从越野车到跑车，消费者所需要的任何一种车型，都能找到一款相应的雪佛兰。

3、Ford ［fɔːd] FORD 福特汽车公司（福特汽车）福特汽车公司是世界最大的汽车企业之一.1903年由亨利·福特先生创立创办于美国底特律市。

现在的福特汽车公司是世界上超级跨国公司,总部设在美国密执安州迪尔伯恩市。

4、Buick ［bju：ɨk］BUICK、别克(通用别克,别克汽车）别克(BUICK)商标中那形似“三颗子弹"的图案为其图形商标，它是别克分部的标志.5、Chrysler ['kraislə] CHRYSLER 克莱斯勒汽车公司图形商标像一枚五角星勋章，它体现了克莱斯勒家族和公司员工们的远大理想和抱负，以及永远无止境的追求和在竞争中获胜的奋斗精神.五角星的五个部分，分别表示五大洲都在使用克莱斯勒汽车公司的汽车，克莱斯勒汽车公司的汽车遍及全世界6、GMC 是通用集团旗下的MPV(多用途车）部门.“商务之星”现有使节（Envoy）[‘envɒɪ］、峡谷（Canyon) ［’kænjən] 、西拉（Sierra）［sɪ‘erə；sɪ’eərə]育空河（Yukon) [ˈjuːkɒn-—美洲] 、旅行（Safari) [sə’fɑːrɪ] 等一系列车型.7、Lincoln［‘liŋkən］LINCOLN （美国第16任总统）；林肯（福特汽车厂出产的名牌豪华汽车）林肯已为美国福特旗下的豪华汽车品牌。

新闻传播各专业英语词汇（2）

新闻传播各专业英语词汇（2）新闻传播各专业英语词汇大全市场驱动新闻学 the Market—Driven Journalism 意识形态 Ideology霸权 Hegemony权力话语 Power Discourse视觉文本 Visual Text文本 Text超级文本 Hypertext结构主义 Constructionism解构主义 Deconstructionism文化工业 Culture Industry大众文化 Mass Culture文化研究 Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论 Critical Theory法兰克福学派 Frankfurt School女权主义/女性主义 Feminism符号学 Semiotics/Semiology符号 Sign能指与所指 Signified/Signifier新闻理论相关词汇Fourth Estate 第四等级（新闻界的别称）freedom of the Press 新闻自由free—lancer n、自由撰稿人full position 醒目位置Good news comes on crutches、好事不出门。

grapevine n、小道消息gutter n、中缝hard news 硬新闻；纯消息headline n、新闻标题；内容提要hearsay n、小道消息highlights n、要闻hot news 热点新闻human interest 人情味in—depth reporting 深度报道insert n、& vt、插补段落；插稿interpretative reporting 解释性报道invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私（权）inverted pyramid 倒金字塔（写作结构）investigative reporting 调查性报道journalism n、新闻业；新闻学Journalism is literature in a hurry 新闻是急就文学、journalist n、新闻记者kill vt、退弃（稿件）；枪毙（稿件）layout n、版面编排；版面设计lead n、导语libel n、诽谤（罪）makeup n、版面设计man of the year 年度新闻人物，年度风云人物mass communication 大众传播（学）mass media 大众传播媒介master head n、报头；报名media n、媒介，媒体Mere report is not enough to go upon、仅是传闻不足为凭、morgue n、报刊资料室news agency 通讯社news clue 新闻线索news peg 新闻线索，新闻电头newsprint n、新闻No news is good news、没有消息就是好消息；不闻凶讯便是吉。

大众传媒的功能 PPT

第25课
现代社会生活
2
大众传媒
大众传播媒介的简称。
新闻传播工具（news media）：传递新闻信息的载体；报纸、通讯社、广播、电视、新闻纪录影片和新闻性期刊的总称。西方称为新闻媒介(News media)或大众传播媒介(Mass media)。
3
发展变化
活字印刷术的发明，特别是金属活字的应用，为近代报纸的产生创造了技术条件。17世纪是近代报纸的开创时期。 19世纪初，随着近代报纸发展的需要，法国人C.-L. 哈瓦斯于 1835 年首创为报纸提供新闻的通讯社。 20世纪初期，无线电广播作为新闻传播工具的新形态出现。1920年美国匹兹堡西屋电器公司的商业广播电台开始播出新闻。 1936年，英国建成世界上第 1 座电视台，播送电视节目。

虚假信息、网络欺诈、病毒与恶意软件、色情与暴力、网瘾、数据丢失、网络爆红、阴谋论、过于公开、过于商业化
12
休闲与旅游
地位：休闲成为民众日常生活的组成部分休闲分为每日闲暇、每周闲暇、公共假日、带薪假期四种。特点：旅游集休息、消遣、自我完善（增长知识）等内容于一体，成为休闲活动中引人注目的增长点。
17
成为时装模特必须具备一些条件

最近在中国举办的一次时模特大赛，70%以上的参赛者都是拥有大专学历的，在她们当中还有相当一部分具有本科学历。她们不但在身材和外貌上无可挑剔，而且在文化水平方面，在言谈举止方面都令人称赞。要成为一个时装模特，要具有良好的身材和相貌的基础，和其它因素的配合，如个人的气质、文化基础、人格素养、展示服装的能力等内在素质。才能为一个成功的模特。所以，作为一名模特，她应具备各方面的综合素质。总结起来，有体型、相貌、气质、文化基础、职业感觉、展示能力等几方面的条件

2019-雅思写作高分词汇：大众传媒篇-范文word版 (2页)

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雅思写作高分词汇：大众传媒篇
雅思写作高分词汇：大众传媒篇
1. paparazzi 狗仔队
2. mass media 大众媒体
3. entertainment 娱乐
4. journalism 新闻业
5. journal 期刊
6. the latest news 最新消息
7. exclusive news 独家新闻
8. news agency 新闻社
9. news blockout 新闻封锁
10. news censorship 新闻审查
11. freedom of the press 新闻自由
12. coverage 新闻报道
13. do reportage on 报导
14. hit the headlines 上头条
15. issue 出版、发行
16. newsstand 报摊
17. free - lancer writer 自由撰稿人
18. chief editor 总编。

传播学英文用语

传播学英文用语传播Communication内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication群体传播Group Communication组织传播Organization Communication大众传播Mass Communication单向传播One-Sided Communication双向传播Two-Sided Communication互动传播Interactive Communication媒介Media大众传播媒介Mass Media新媒介New Media新闻洞News Hold新闻价值News Value传播者Communicator主动传播者Active Communicator受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience受众兴趣Audience Interest受众行为Audience Activity信息Information信号Signal讯息Message信息熵Entropy冗余/冗余信息Redundancy传播单位Communication Unit奥斯古德模式Osgood Model编码Encoding解码Decoding信源Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel有效传播Effective Communication传播效果Effects知识沟Knowledge-Gap使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model口传系统System of Oral Communication地球村Global Village内爆Implosion全球化Globalization本土化Localization电子空间Cyber Space数字化Digitalization文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism守门人Gatekeeper新闻采集者News Gatherers新闻加工者News Processors模式Model有线效果模式Limited Effects Model适度效果模式Moderate Effects Model强大效果模式Powerful Effects Model子弹论Bullet Theory两级传播模式Two-Step Flow Model多级传播模式Multi-Step Flow Model沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of Silence Model劝服传播Persuasive Communication议程设置模式the Agenda-Setting Model时滞Time Lag最合适效果跨度Optimal Effects Pan时间跨度Time Span公众舆论Public Opinion选择性接触Selective Exposure选择性注意Selective Attention选择性理解Selective Perception选择性记忆Selective Retention可信性提示Credibility Heuristic喜爱提示Liking Heuristic共识提示Consensus Heuristic市场驱动新闻学the Market-Driven Journalism 意识形态Ideology霸权Hegemony权力话语Power Discourse视觉文本Visual Text文本Text超级文本Hypertext结构主义Constructionism解构主义Deconstructionism文化工业Culture Industry大众文化Mass Culture文化研究Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论Critical Theory法兰克福学派Frankfurt School女权主义/女性主义Feminism符号学Semiotics/Semiology符号Sign能指与所指Signified/Signifier非语言符号Nonverbal Sign意指Signification话语理论Theories of Discourse文化期待Culture Expectations文化批判Culture Criticizing范式Paradigm叙事范式Narrative Paradigm强语境High Context弱语境Low Context功能理论Functionalism话语分析Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式the Commodity Forms of Communication 受众商品Audience Commodity商品化Commodification空间化Spatialization结构化Structuration媒介集中化Media Conglomeration传媒产业Media Industry注意力经济Attention Economy媒介竞争Media Competition受众分割Audience Segmentation媒介资本Media Capital传播政治经济学Political Economy of Communication传播研究Communication Research抽样Sampling调查研究方法Survey Research内容分析法Content Analysis实验分析法Experimental Research定性研究法Qualitative Research Methods个案研究法Case Study效度与信度Validity/Reliability变量Variables实地观察法Field Observation虚拟社群Virtual Community扩散研究Diffusion Research媒介事件Media Events民族志Ethnography传播生态Ecology of Communication真实/虚构Reality/Fiction拟态环境Pseudo-Environment刻板成见Stereotyping晕轮效应Halo Effects二元价值评判Two-Valued Evaluation公共关系Public Relation阐释理论Interpretive Theory第二部分：新闻采编相关词汇daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报part organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版,第一版bulldog edition 晨版article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news 最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 特讯feature 特写,花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review, comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏general news column 一般消息栏cartoon, comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告calssified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊newsbeat 记者采访地区news blackout 新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief, copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑, 主笔newsman, newspaperman, journalist 新闻记者cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent, campaign badge 随军记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由招待会press box 记者席news conference, press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand, kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n．广告advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair n．桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n．趣闻轶事assignment n．采写任务attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源back alley news 小道消息backgrounding 新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

大众集团各品牌汽车介绍

昊锐明锐晶锐
29
西雅特是西班牙最大的汽车公司，创立于 1950在巴塞罗那。1983，大众集团收购了西雅特的大部分股份，并与西班牙政府一起管理公司
Exeo
30
Ibiza
伊比萨
Leon
Altea
阿尔蒂
Mii IBE concept
31
1900，费迪南· 保时捷在斯图加特发现 porache。它主要开发，生产豪华跑车和 SUV。它利用斯图加特的盾形徽章作为其包厢。保时捷911是有名的。大众汽车公司拥有保时捷跑车的部分。
Golf GTI
9
大众首款国产SUV——途观，这款紧凑型SUV在09年广州车展上首次与消费者见面，一经露面，便得到广泛关注与喜爱观的出现打破了德系车无国产SUV产品的尴尬局面，同时也给消费者提供了更多、更好的选择。售价：17.98-30.58
Tiguan 途观
10
Touareg 途锐
途锐是德国大众所产SUV，它集越野、豪华和运动的超群表现于一身，途锐全新的设计理念将征服的激情、惬意的豪华、澎湃的动力、轻捷灵敏的操控融为一体。售价：61.9-110
Panamera
帕纳米拉
36
保时捷卡宴最早亮相于2002年初的日内瓦车展，分为Cayenne， Cayenne S，Cayenne Turbo，Cayenne Turbo S和Cayenne GTS五个类别。由于出身于以生产超级跑车著称的保时捷公司，卡宴虽然身为SUV ，却也不可避免地带有许多跑车的特质。因此也成为世界上速度最快的越野车，成为了越野世界中的一个飞驰的“辣椒”。在西班牙语中，cayenne是“辣椒”的意思。而这款著名跑车生产厂家生产的越野车无论是外在还是内在，也确实像一支火辣辣的辣椒，吸引着人们的

美国电视美国大众媒体1 American Mass_Media_1

syndicated talk show, hosted and produced by its namesake Oprah Winfrey, and is the highestrated talk show in American television history.
张靓颖奥普拉脱口秀张靓颖上奥普拉的脱口秀节目.flv

Monday-Saturday：20：00-23：00、Sunday：19：00-23：00
ytime Emmy Awards/日间时段艾美奖 International Emmy Awards

国际艾美奖
Friends/老友记 Will & Grace/威尔和格蕾丝 Growing Pains/成长的烦恼 The Big Bang Theory/生活大爆炸 Modern Family/摩登家庭 Glee/欢乐合唱团

One of the three traditional broadcasters . Headquartered in New York City History: Founded in 1943. The Group is headquartered in New York City, Manhattan, and its programming, based in Burbank California City, and the Walt Disney Company's headquarters and the Walt Disney studio is connected by a footbridge. As of 2008, ABC television network owns the largest American audience. TV ratings and radio listening rates ranked 2 Main productions :Boston Legal, Commander in Chief, Desperate Housewives, Grey's Anatomy, LOST, Alias (Allias) ,Growing Pains etc.

汽车品牌——大众介绍

布加迪威龙奥迪Q5
是一家总部位于捷克姆拉达-博莱斯拉夫的汽车公司，也是世界上历史最悠久的四家汽车生产商之一。1991 年，斯柯达成为大众集团旗下的品牌。
奥迪
奥迪是著名的汽车开发
商和制造商，其标志为四个圆环。现为大众汽车公司的子公司，总部设在德国的英戈尔施塔特，主要产品有A1系列、 A2系列、A3系列、A4 系列、A5系列、A6系列、A8系列、Q7 （SUቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ）、R系、敞篷车及运动车系列等。
Volkswagen CC(大众 CC)，
这款采用四门设计的轿跑车将强劲的动力、灵敏的操控及出色的舒适性完美融合。虽说Volkswagen CC的诞生基于大众现有的迈腾、领驭等车的共用平台，不过该车从外形上看已经脱离大众一贯的设计风格，整车身段优美、曲线和谐、动感实足，是名副其实的风之精灵。
德国大众旗下七大品牌
宾利
大众斯柯达
奥迪
布加迪
西亚特
兰博基尼
宾利
宾利（又译作本特
利）（Bentley）轿车标志是以公司名的第一个字母“B” 为主体，生出一对翅膀，似凌空翱翔的雄鹰，此标志一直沿用至今，过去曾用过一个展翅飞翔的“B”标志。
斯柯达
斯柯达（SKODA）
车之道，唯大众
在倡导绿色生活的今天，大众汽车致力于在发展与环境之间创造和谐。作为一个值得信赖的伙伴，大众汽车在关注自身发展机遇的同时，更关注环境的保护。我们在为您提供超值驾乘体验的同时，更将绿色科技产品和前瞻的环保理念带到您的身边。用绿色的力量驱动我们的时代，这就是大众汽车的愿景。
大众标志的由来
甲壳虫RSi是大众汽车集

大众介绍英文作文

大众介绍英文作文英文：As a Volkswagen enthusiast, I am excited to introduce this iconic car brand to you. Volkswagen, which means "people's car" in German, has a rich history and a strong presence in the global automotive market.Volkswagen was founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front, and it quickly became known for its durable and reliable vehicles. One of the most famous Volkswagen models is the Beetle, which was first introduced in the 1930s and has since become a symbol of the brand. The Beetle's unique design and affordable price made it a popular choice for consumers around the world.In addition to the Beetle, Volkswagen has also produced a wide range of other popular models, such as the Golf, the Jetta, and the Passat. These vehicles are known for their quality engineering, innovative technology, and stylishdesign. For example, the Golf has won numerous awards forits performance and safety features, making it a top choice for many drivers.Volkswagen's commitment to innovation andsustainability is also worth mentioning. The company has been a leader in developing electric and hybrid vehicles, such as the e-Golf and the upcoming ID. series. These environmentally friendly options demonstrate Volkswagen's dedication to reducing its carbon footprint and providing greener transportation solutions.中文：作为一名大众汽车的爱好者，我很高兴向你介绍这个标志性的汽车品牌。

关于媒体的常见英语词汇

关于媒体的常见英语词汇daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸；严肃报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报party organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸Chinese paper 中文报纸English newspaper 英文报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸Japanese paper 日文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版,第一版bulldog edition 晨版the earliest daily edition of a newspaper. article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题. byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news 最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 抢先报道的新闻；独家新闻feature 特写,花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review, comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏,读者来信general news column 一般消息栏cartoon, comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告. classified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊news blackout 新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprietor 社长bureau chief, copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑, 主笔newsman, newspaperman, journalist 新闻记者cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent, campaign badge 随军记者columnist 专栏记者.star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿者news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由撰稿人press box 记者席news conference, press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand, kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街Publicationmagazine 杂志periodical 期刊back number 过期杂志pre-dated 提前出版的world news 国际新闻home news 国内新闻news agency 新闻社editor 编辑commentator 评论员reporter, correspondent, journalist 记者resident correspondent 常驻记者special correspondent 特派记者editorial, leading article 社论feature, feature article 特写headline 标题banner headline 通栏标题news report, news story, news coverage 新闻报导serial, to serialize 连载serial story 小说连载editor's note 编者按advertisement, ad 广告press communiqué新闻公报press conference 记者招待会publication 出版publishing house, press 出版社publisher 发行者circulation 发行量edition 版本the first edition 初版the second edition 再版the third edition 第三版the first impression 第一次印刷the second impression 第二次印刷deluxe edition 精装本paperback 平装本pocket edition 袖珍本popular edition 普及版copyright 版权royalty 版税type-setting, composition 排版proof-reading 校对工作proof-reader 校对（者）editing 编辑（工作）editor 编辑（者）printing 印刷printing machine 印刷机type-setter, compositor 排字工人folio 对开本quarto 四开本octavo 八开本16-mo 十六开本32-mo 三十二开本64-mo 六十四开本reference book 参考书booklet, pamphlet 小册子, 小书periodical 期刊magazine 杂志daily 日报weekly 周刊fortnightly 半月刊monthly 月刊bimonthly 双月刊quarterly 季刊annual 年刊year-book 年鉴extra issue （报纸）号外special issue 特刊daily paper 日报. evening paper 晚报morning paper 晨报Sunday newspaper 星期日报manual, handbook 手册document, paper 公文pictorial magazine 画报memorial volume 纪念刊selected works, selections 选集complete works 全集anthology 文集, 文选scientific literature 科学文献index 索引original edition 原版（书）new edition 新版revised edition 修订版reprint 重印, 翻印cheap edition, paperback 廉价本encyclopaedia, encyclopedia 百科全书textbook 教科书reader 读本best seller 畅销书。

mass media(大众传媒)

Mass mediaMass media are institutions of mass communication; they serve as the channels through which messages are passed from the source to the destination. From the founding of the United States to the present day, mass media have played an important role in nearly all the important events of the nation. Nowadays, new media has become a significant element in everyday life. The global network of the Internet connects people and information via computers. Mass media unquestionably influence every dimension of people’s lives.Mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks,mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use for centuries.Mass media includes Internet media (like blogs, message boards, podcasts, and video sharing) because individuals now have a means to exposure that is comparable in scale to that previously restricted to a select group of mass media producers. The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and propaganda.The term public media is less used and is defined as "media whose mission is to serve or engage a public." Marshall McLuhan, one of the biggest critics in media's history, brought up the idea that "the medium is the message".Mass media are very important tools of communication, through which information is passed to even the farthest end of the world. They enable us to communicate with each other by helping us to overcome the barriers of time and apace.Kinds1、TVAfter World War II, people’s homeswere invaded by a powerful new force --television. The idea of seeing "live" showsin the living room was immediatelyattractive. The effects of this powerfulmedium are still being measured.Television has developed since World WarII into the most popular medium in the USand UK, one that has had great influenceon American way of life. Virtually everyAmerican household -- 98% in 1999 -- has at least one TV set. Seven in ten Englishmen in 1991 reported getting most of their news from TV. Three large privately-owned networks -- NBC, CBS and ABC -- claimed 90 percent of the TV market from the 1950s through the 1970s with free broadcasts.Cable TelevisionHowever, the rapid spread of pay cable TV in the 1980s broke the hegemony of the big three. By 1999, close to 70% of American households had subscribed to cable TV. Cable TV, carried by coaxial and fiber-optic cables, originated in 1948 to better serve individuals in mountainous or geographically remote areas who could not receive over-the-air TV stations. The genesis of cable as it is known today stems from development of the domestic communications satellite, approved by the Federal Communications Commission in January 1973.The new technology offered cable programmers a cost-effective method of national and international distribution. In December 1975, Home Box Office, an all-movie channel owned by Time, Inc., became the first programmer to distribute its signal via satellite. The next service to use the satellite was a local television station in Atlanta owned by Ted Turner. It became known as the first "superstation," bouncing its signal off a satellite to reach a nationwide audience. The same technology allowed Turner in 1980 to found the Cable News Network, CNN, the world's first 24-hour all-news channel. By early 1993, MTV, the leading American rock music TV network, had an audience of 46 million in the United States and 32 other countries. Cable television has also been successfully used to reach very defined audiences. Beginning in the late 1970s, a growing number of U.S. cable systems began "narrowcasting" or offering television programming with an entire channel tailored to a narrow section of the audience.Advancing digital technology and increasing wiring of U.S. cities with fiber-optic cable that permits massive transmission of digital signals are giving cable TV subscribers a host of new interactive services. The convergence of the computer with TV is permitting a host of new "interactive" services in which the viewer no longer watches passively, for example "Movies on demand" which allows a viewer to choose between several thousand videos is one interactive service. Another example is "shop-at-home" channels.Public TelevisionU.S. public television stations are independent and serve community needs. All public television organizations are linked nationally, however, through three national organizations: the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), created by Congress in 1967 to channel federal government funding to stations and independent producers; the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), formed in 1969 and which today distributes programming and operates the satellite system linking all public TV stations; and the Association of Public Television Stations (APTS), which helps member public TV stations with research and planning. In addition to these public TV stations, there area growing number of noncommercial stations run by Christian evangelistic ministries, which are, for the most part, supported by donations from viewers and member churches.2、MagazinesThe late 1800s saw the start of opinion journals still influential a century later, including the Atlantic Monthly, the Nation, and Harper's. The largest readerships were won, however, by magazines that catered to people's increasing leisure time and appetite for consumer goods, magazines such as Cosmopolitan, the Ladies Home Journal, and the Saturday Evening Post. Publishers were no longer just selling reading material; they were selling readers to advertisers. Because newspapers reached only local audiences, popular magazines attracted advertisers eager to reach a national audience for their products. By the early 1900s, magazines had become major marketing devices.At the same time, a new breed of newspaper and magazine writer was exposing social corruption. Called "muckrakers," these writers sparked public pressure for government and business reforms. Yet magazines did not truly develop as a powerful shaper of news and public opinion until the 1920s and 1930s, with the start of the news weeklies. Time was launched in 1923 by Henry Luce (1898-1967). Intended for people too busy to keep up with a daily newspaper, Time was the first magazine to organize news into separate departments such as national affairs, business and science. Newsweek, using much the same format, was started in 1933. Other prominent news weeklies are Business Week and U.S. News and World Report.Magazine publishers have increasingly tried to appeal to clearly-defined audiences. Computer technology has helped publishers to target special-interest audiences. As a result of this specialization, the number of periodicals published in the United States jumped from 6,960 in 1970 to close to 10,000 in 1999.3、RadioThe beginning of regularcommercially licensed sound broadcastingin the United States in 1920 ended theprint monopoly over the media andopened the doors to the more immediateand pervasive electronic media. By 1928,the United States had three national radionetworks - two owned by NBC (theNational Broadcasting Company), and oneby CBS (the Columbia BroadcastingSystem).Though mostly listened to for entertainment, radio's instant, on-the-spot reports of dramatic events drew huge audiences throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. President Franklin Roosevelt recognized the potential of radio to reach the American public, and during his four terms (1933-1945), his radio "fireside chats" informed the nation on the progress of policies to counter the Depression and on developments during World War II. After World War II, television's visual images replaced the audio-only limitation of radio as the predominant entertainment and news vehicle. Radio adapted to the new situation by replacing entertainment programs with a format of music interspersed with news and features. In the 1950s, automobile manufacturers began offering car radios as standard accessories, and radio received a big boost as Americans tuned in their car radios as they drove to and from work.The expansion and dominance of FM radio, which has better sound quality but a more limited range than traditional AM, represented the major technical change in radio in the 1970s and 1980s. FM radio, aided by the invention of ever smaller portable radios and inexpensive "Walkman" headsets, dominates music programs, while AM has shifted to "talk" and news formats. Barely in existence 25 years ago, "talk radio," in which celebrities and experts from various fields answer listener "call-in" questions and offer their advice on various topics, has grown spectacularly in recent years. It has contributed to the comeback of AM radio. Both FM and AM radio have become increasingly specialized. Music formats, for instance, comprise a variety of specializations -- the top five in 1991 being "country and western," "adult contemporary," "top 40," "religious" and "oldies."In an era in which TV is clearly the glamour medium, the reach of radio is still awesome. Ninety-nine percent of American households in 1999 had at least one radio; the average is five per household. Every day, radio reaches 80 percent of the U.S. population at one time or another. Revenues more than doubled from $8.4 billion in 1990 to more than $17 billion in 1999.In 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662FM stations. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations in the United States. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public and/or private funds, subscriptions and some underwriting. NPR (National Public Radio) was incorporated in February 1970 under the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act. NPR was created to provide leadership in national newsgathering and production and to act as a permanent nationwide interconnection of noncommercial stations.4、NewspaperThe first U.S. newspaper, PublickOccurrences: Both Foreign andDomestick, first published on September25, 1690 lasted only one day before itwas suppressed by British colonialauthorities. Other newspapers quicklysprang up, however, and by 1730, thecolonial press had gained sufficientstature to seriously challenge Britishgovernors. Historians consider the birthof America's free-press tradition to havebegun with the 1734 trial of John PeterZenger for seditious libel. After theRevolutionary War (1775-1783), thisconcept found a home in the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The First Amendment states: "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech or of the press..." These 14 words made it possible for a free press to develop over the next two centuries as one of America's strongest watchdogs over government actions and protectors of individual rights. In fact, one of America's greatest political journalists was one of its first, Thomas Paine. Paine's stirring writings urging independence made him the most persuasive "media" figure of the American Revolution against Britain in 1776.By the early 1800s, the United States had entered a period of swift technological progress that marked the real beginning of the "modern media." The inventions of the steamship, the railroad and telegraph brought communications out of the age of windpower and horses. The high-speed printing press was developed, driving down the cost of printing. Expansion of the educational system taught more Americans to read. Publishers realized that a profitable future belonged to cheap newspapers with large readerships and increased advertising. The press went from a small upper class readership to mass readership in just a few years. It was a time that shaped a breed of editors who set the standard for generations of Americanjournalists. Many of these men were hard-headed reformers who openly sided with the common men, opposed slavery and backed expansion of the frontier. They combined idealism with national pride, and their papers became the means by which great masses of new immigrants were taught the American way of life.By the 1820s, about 25 dailies and more than 400 weeklies were being published in the United States. Horace Greeley founded the New York Tribune in 1841, and it quickly became the most influential newspaper in America. Other important dailies, such as the New York Times, Baltimore Sun, and Chicago Tribune were founded in the 1850s. Two media giants, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, began building their newspaper empires after the Civil War (1861-1865). Their fierce competition produced "yellow journalism" -- sensational and often inaccurate reporting aimed at attracting readers. "Chain" newspapers under the same ownership became a dominant feature in the early 20th century. In addition to the front-running Hearst chain, the Scripps-Howard and Cowles chains grew following World War I. That trend accelerated after World War II, and in 1990, a total of 135 groups owned 1,228 daily newspapers, accounting for about 75 percent of all U.S. dailies. In 1971, there had been 66 cities with two or more dailies owned by separate companies, while in 1995 there were only 36.In spite of the serious competition from television after World War II, more than two-thirds of American adults read a daily newspaper on an average weekday. The top five daily newspapers by circulation are: the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and the Washington Post. The number of dailies dropped from 1,763 in 1946 to 1,438 in 1999. However, the number of Sunday papers rose from 497 in 1946 to 905 in 1999, bringing total daily and Sunday papers to 2,388. This figure represents the highest number of newspapers with the highest total circulation -- 115 million -- for any country in the world.Today, American newspapers face competition not only from network TV, but from a whole spectrum of targeted and specialized media, including personalized web services, local cable programming, interactive television, special-interest publications, catalogs and other direct-mail initiatives. Newspapers are relying on new technology to meet the challenge. Through the Internet, electronic newspapers can be transmitted to hand-held computers and printed using personal computers.FunctionMass media function in various ways. Below are listed the most commonly seen.First, mass media keep us well informed of the happenings of the world which would otherwise remain unknown.Second, mass media persuade us mostly through advertisements. As we can see, newspapers, magazines and TV are filled with all kinds of colourful, persuasive advertisements which tempt us to buy their products.Third, mass media give us entertainment. Television and radio broadcasting provide us with a big variety of programmes every day. Films, books, magazines, etc. give us daily amusement.In a word, mass media will be all the more important in the future and their fufietions will enormously expand. Limited by apace, only a few examples are mentioned here.。

介绍布拉格的英语作文

介绍布拉格的英语作文Prague, the capital city of the Czech Republic, is a beautiful and historic city that is known for its stunning architecture, rich history, and vibrant culture. With its charming cobblestone streets, majestic castles, and lively atmosphere, Prague is a popular destination for tourists from around the world.One of the most iconic landmarks in Prague is the Prague Castle, which is the largest ancient castle in the world. This impressive complex dates back to the 9th century andis home to stunning buildings such as St. Vitus Cathedral and the Old Royal Palace. The castle also offers breathtaking views of the city and the Vltava River, making it a must-see attraction for visitors.Another famous site in Prague is the Charles Bridge, a historic bridge that spans the Vltava River and is adorned with statues of saints. The bridge is a popular spot for tourists and locals alike, with street performers, artists, and vendors lining the walkway. It's a great place to take a leisurely stroll and take in the picturesque views of the city.In addition to its historic landmarks, Prague is also known for its vibrant cultural scene. The city is home to numerous museums, galleries, and theaters, showcasing everything from classical art to contemporary works. Visitors can also enjoy live music, opera, and ballet performances at venues throughout the city.Prague is also famous for its delicious Czech cuisine, which features hearty dishes such as goulash, dumplings, and roast pork. The city is home to numerous traditional Czech restaurants, as well as international eateries offering a wide range of culinary options.In terms of nightlife, Prague offers a lively and diverse scene, with everything from trendy bars and clubs to cozy pubs and beer gardens. The city is particularly known for its beer culture, with a long tradition of brewing and a wide variety of local beers to sample.Overall, Prague is a city that offers a perfect blend of history, culture, and modern amenities. Whether you're interested in exploring its rich architectural heritage, indulging in its culinary delights, or experiencing itsvibrant nightlife, Prague has something to offer for every type of traveler.布拉格，捷克共和国的首都，是一个美丽而充满历史的城市，以其令人惊叹的建筑，丰富的历史和充满活力的文化而闻名。

大众传播学英文

大众传播学英文IntroductionMass communication is a field that deals with the transfer of information on a large scale to a large number of people. It involves the use of various media channels to convey messages to the audience. The study of mass communication is essential as it helps us understand the impact of media on society, politics, and culture. In this article, we will explore the basics of mass communication in English.Step 1: Understanding the Concept of Mass Communication Mass communication refers to the dissemination of information to a large and diverse audience through various channels like newspapers, magazines, radio, TV, and the internet. It is a powerful tool that shapes opinions, attitudes, and beliefs of individuals and societies. The study of mass communication involves the analysis of the media and the content conveyed using them.Step 2: Types of Mass CommunicationThere are several types of mass communication channels that we use in modern times; some of them include:1. Print Media: This includes newspapers, books, and magazines. They are the oldest mode of mass communication and have been used for centuries.2. Electronic Media: This includes radio, television, films, and streaming services. They are the most common mode of mass communication.3. Online Media: This includes social media, blogs,podcasts, and websites. They have gained prominence in the21st century.Step 3: Importance of Mass CommunicationMass communication is essential as it facilitates the spread of knowledge, information, and ideas across the globe. It helps people to keep up with the latest happenings and gain awareness about current events. It also plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion on various issues. Mass communication is also a tool of entertainment and is used by people to relax and unwind.Step 4: Roles of Mass CommunicationMass communication plays several roles like:1. Informing: It provides information to the public about events, issues, and policies.2. Educating: It helps in the dissemination of knowledge and learning.3. Entertaining: It provides a source of entertainment to the masses.4. Persuading: It attempts to influence the thinking and behavior of the audience.5. Promoting: It promotes ideas, products, services, and personalities.ConclusionIn conclusion, mass communication plays a vital role in modern societies. It has a significant impact on our lives and influences our thoughts and actions. The study of mass communication is essential as it helps us understand the workings of the media and their impact on society. It also helps us to become responsible consumers of media by enabling us to critically analyze the information presented to us.。

捷克新媒体发展研究

第11卷第20期Vol.11 No.20119捷克新媒体发展研究杨杏初（四川外国语大学重庆非通用语学院，重庆 400031）摘要：互联网时代下，新媒体融入生活的各个方面，无声地影响着人们的行为及习惯。

新媒体的发展与个人的生活息息相关，甚至关系到国家的发展。

新媒体的发展推动了捷克电视、体制及艺术等多方面的革新，进一步提升了捷克整个国家的数字化水平，但新媒体的快速发展也存在诸多问题，需要正视新媒体发展问题，积极寻求解决对策，谋求新媒体的创新发展之路。

本文介绍捷克新媒体在电视广播、体制及新媒体艺术领域的发展概况，浅析捷克新媒体发展存在的问题。

关键词：捷克；新媒体；发展中图分类号：G206 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-8883（2020）20-0119-03一、捷克新媒体发展概况在互联网时代，新媒体应运而生，极大地方便了人们的生活，现已成为当代人生活中不可或缺的存在。

随着互联网的普及，捷克新媒体迅速发展，推动了传统媒体的改革。

新媒体以其独特的优势迅速占领市场，渗透到各行各业，给整个社会带来了翻天覆地的变化，本文就捷克新媒体在电视广播、体制及艺术领域的发展进行简单的介绍。

（一）新媒体的概念英国著名的媒体理论家马丁·李斯特在其著作《新媒体批判导论》中定义了新媒体的五项原则，也可视为新媒体具有的五大特征，即数字化、互动性、超文本性、分散性和虚拟性。

新媒体是允许双向移动的媒体，新媒体的“新”体现在人们交流的方式和逻辑上。

信息既从媒体流向用户，又在虚拟空间中从用户流向媒体，用户不再仅仅只是信息的被动接收者，同时也是信息的创作者和传播者。

信息的形式也在不断优化，YouTube （油管）和其他类似的视频网站，使信息具有了视听形式，借助Facebook（脸书）和Twitter（推特），信息传播变得高效快速，使得全球的新闻机构都开始使用新媒体，可以说新媒体激活了整个世界［1］。

（二）电视广播与新媒体马歇尔·麦克卢汉曾预测未来电视观众从被动到主动的转变，他在只有少数人在办公室有计算机且没有互联网的情况下就预测了交互式的新媒体［2］。

MasscommunicationMassmedium-Departmentof：大众传播媒介部

Mass communicationSharing ideas across a large audience either at a given point or through an extended time frame.Mass mediumA form of communication that is transmitted through a medium and reaches many receivers.U.S. MediaBooksNewspapersMagazinesFilm/motion pictures RadioTelevisionInternet and Web Mass communication processMessages disseminated rapidly over distance using point-to-multipoint.Messages available to large and diverse populations who attend to them selectively.Individuals construct interpretations (meanings) somewhat parallel to the communicators.Attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are influenced.AudienceTarget the largest possible audience.Some target specific groups.FeedbackFairly linear process.Some feedback. (Ratings, chat sessions, calls on talk radio).Delayed feedback.Media organizations must…Evaluate the demand for information and ideas.Draw on people as sources in the tsystem.Supply content to fill the demand.Power of mass communicationAccumulation process–peoplesee the same thing again and again. (Watergate, Vietnam, Clinton)Ad ti di t Adoption process–media presentthe information that people use todecide whether to adopt aninnovation.Influence of Mass CommunicationMass media’s persuasive messages are largely ignored.●Only a select few attend to issues thatinterest them and this segmentinterest them, and this segmentbecomes heavily exposed to itspreferred medium.●People also have media preferences:High socio-economic status rely onprint/Internet.Low socio-economic status rely on TV,radio.Influence of Mass CommunicationEven during presidential campaign, people rely more on friends and relatives than on mass media for information and decision making information and decision making.Two-Step FlowMass MediaOpinion LeaderIndividual/Group Two-Step FlowOpinion leaders are…●Leaders for specific topic areas●Their leadership depends on theirpersonal characteristics such as sociopersonal characteristics, such as socio-economic status, life cycle, and socialcontacts●And they use mass media more tofollow the topics on which they areopinion leaders.Nearly everyone is an opinion leader for certain topics.Multi-Step FlowMass MediaMass AudienceOpinion LeadersCliquesInterconnected networksOther opinion leadersExpertsColleaguesPower of mass communicationUses and gratifications theory●Communication behavior is goal-oriented, purposive, and motivated.●People take the initiative in selecting and using communication vehicles to satisfy felt needs and desires.User is in control; can accept or reject the medium.People (users) are active, not passive.●Media compete with other forms of communication for selection, attention and use to gratify needs and wants.Uses and gratifications theoryNewer technology such as the Internet provides many of the different media in one package. Therefore, one could say that the Internet would be moregratifying than a newspaper article.Media such as radio programs,television interviews, online methods, and demonstrations are more likely to be gratifying and rich because they have more interaction than a simple press release.Mediated and unmediated channelsMediated (traditional)●TV, newspaper, radio, blogs ●“Where you work the medium”U di t dUnmediated ●YouTube, Web site, Twitter, Facebook ●“Where you communicate directly to the public”Mediated and unmediatedchannelsMediated●Message preparation and media trainingUnmediated●Temptation is to use the channels to transmit your message. Social media is more about relationships. Promote others, not yourself. Promoteconsumers and employees, not the company.●Takes different skills.。