医学英语翻译3
医学英语重点3——翻译
医学英语重点翻译11.英译中3分一一范围：西曼博士的《中美针灸》，实验设计方法(附件1)A Zelen-design randomized clinical trial was conducted. The trial protocol adhered to STRICTA guidelines (see trial protocol in Supplement 1). The institutional human ethics committee approved the study. Participants provided written informed consent. We recruited participants from metropolitan Melbourne and regional Victoria (Australia) via advertisements in the community, media, and medical/physical therapy clinics between February 2010 and December 2011. People were included if they were aged 50 years or older, had knee pain of longer than 3months’ duration, had knee pain most days with average severity of 4 or more out of 10 on a numeric rating scale (NRS), and had morning stiffness lasting less than 30 minutes. These criteria are consistent with clinical guidelines advocating a clinical diagnosis of osteoarthritis without need for investigations if these criteria are fulfilled. Exclusion criteria are provided in eTable 1 in Supplement 2. For bilaterally eligible knees, only the most symptomatic knee was evaluated (although acupuncturists were permitted to treat both knees).我们进行了一个Zelen设计的随机临床试验。
医学英语实用翻译教程第三章
Chapter 3
contents
1 科技英语的特点与翻译 2 医学英语的特点与翻译 3.小结 4. 翻译练习 5.参考答案
3.1 科技英语的特点与翻译
3.1.1大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英 语的特点之一
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置， 放在主语部分。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要 原因。
试观察并比较下列短文的主语。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance. It is measured in farads.
译文：如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀 速直线运动。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.
译文：在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信 息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
译文：为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具 有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的 结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的介 质，后来又得出不存在假设的那种物理性质的发光介 质这一明确结论。
医学英语新教程(下册)课文翻译
医学英语（下册）课文翻译UNIT 1 疾病的介绍1 人体是一个艺术的杰作。
我们对身体的功能了解越深，就越赏识。
即使在生病时，身体在故障修复和补偿方面表现也相当出色。
身体内不断发生变化，然而，一个叫内环境稳定（稳态）的平稳状态能大抵保持平衡。
机体内环境稳定出现某种重大的紊乱，就能引起各种各样的反应，这些反应常常促使疾病的体征和症状出现。
比如，由于运动员对氧气的需求增加，他们体内的红细胞计数就会异常升高。
这是一个使更多血红蛋白循环的自然补偿机制，但它却是红细胞增多症的一个症状。
2 当一个器官需要做更多工作时，它往往会增大，肥大。
心脏会因为长期的高血压而增大，因为它必须不间断地克服巨大的阻力把血液输送到全身。
当瓣膜存在缺陷时，心肌同样也会肥大，因为那些要么太宽，要么太窄的瓣膜需要额外的抽吸作用。
如果一个肾衰竭了，另一个肾就会增大以满足身体的需要，并弥补那个有缺陷的肾。
当流向这两个肾的血液不足时，它们会通过分泌荷尔蒙（激素）的方式帮助血压升高。
然而，如果某个器官或身体的某个部位没有得到使用，它就会萎缩，或者，也就是说，面积变小或功能下降。
3 血液在维持内环境稳定方面发挥着几个作用。
当组织受到创伤，损伤，或者感染时，血流就会积聚在受损区域。
这是极其重要的，因为血液携带了专门用于清除有害物质和细胞碎片的细胞。
血液中的其他细胞则产生抗体，以抵抗致病生物的入侵。
4 疾病是某个身体部位，生理系统，或整个身体的不健康状态，其中结构或功能发生紊乱。
疾病经常始于细胞水平。
一个异常的基因不管是因遗传所得，还是因环境因素引起突变或变异，都能启动疾病程序。
比如，当基因信息遭到侵袭（常被病毒侵袭），癌症的发生会伴随着细胞的疯长。
新的研究方法使某些疾病能与异常基因的发现联系起来。
疾病可以是一种结构性的异常，比如，先天性心脏缺陷，也可以是没有器质性改变的功能性病变。
疾病可能是一种结构性的异常，比如，先天性心脏缺陷，也可能是没有器质性变化的功能性病变，比如，高血压或外伤。
[医学英语文章带翻译]医学类英语文章
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[医学英语文章带翻译]医学类英语文章医学英语文章带翻译医学英语文章带翻译医学英语文章带翻译 1 椎间盘突出Unit 2 Text A Herniated Disc (Disc Herniation of the Spine) 第二单元主题 A 椎间盘突出症Many patients with back pain, leg pain, or weakness of the lower extremity muscles arediagnosed with a herniated disc. 许多患腰腿疼痛，下肢肌端乏力的病患均为椎间盘突出症。
When a disc herniation occurs, the cushion that sits between the spinal vertebra is pushedoutside its normal position. 椎间盘突出发生时，脊柱间的缓冲带将发生侧突。
A hrniated disc would not be a problem if it weren“t for the spinal nerves that are very close tothe edge of these spinal discs. 如果脊神经不是离椎间盘特别近的话，椎间盘突出就不是什么大问题了。
HOW ARE THE SPINE AND ITS DISCS *****D 脊柱与椎间盘The vertebras are the bony building blocks of the spine. 脊椎是建造脊柱的构件。
Between each of the largest parts (bodies) of the vertebrae are the discs. 各椎骨之间为椎间盘。
Ligaments are situated around the spine and discs. 脊椎和椎间盘周围散布着韧带。
医学英语 课后翻译及词汇整理
Lesson three1.Furthermore,pathology is concerned with the sequence of events thatleads from cause to structural and functional abnormalities and finally to manifestations.this sequence is referred to as the pathogenesis of disease.this term etiology means the study of causes.it is commonly misused as a synonym for cause.此外，病理学是跟事件发生的顺序有关。
从引起结构和功能异常到最后临床表现。
这个顺序被称为疾病的病因。
病因学是指对原因的研究。
经常被误用为原因。
2.if possible, a diagnosis should be the name of the disease that thepatient has,e .g ., multiple sclerosis . 如果可能的话，诊断应该是病人所患疾病的名称。
例如，多发性硬化。
3. boratory abnormalities in the broad sense refers to theobservations made by tests or special procedures,such as X-rays ,blood counts ,or biopsies.实验室异常广义上说是指通过实验或者特殊程序获得的观察，例如X射线，血细胞计数或者活检。
4.the range of abnormalities in this category is very broad,extendingfrom deformities present at birth to biochemical changes caused by genes but influenced by environment so they appear later in life,e.g.,diabetes mellitus.这一类别的异常表现范围很广，从出生时的畸形直到因基因引起，但受环境因素影响向到后来才表现出来的生化变化，如糖尿病。
03医学英语课后翻译(部分)
第一单元1、干预intervention2、预测因素predictors3、极度疲惫burnout4、队列cohort5、主要结果评估指标main outcome measures6、线性回归linear regression7、随访follow-up8、基线base-line9、代表性样本representative sample10、工作时间的减少reduced working hours11、在。
范围内in dimensions of12、极度疲惫量表Maslach burnout inventory13、情绪性疲惫emotional exhaustion14、线性回归linear regression15、与。
独立相关be independently associated with 16、全日病假full time sick leave17、显著降低a considerable reduction18、工作时间的减少reduced working hours19、人格personality20、贡献（有助于）Contribute to 第二单元1、怀孕期pregnancy/gastation2、微营养素micronutrient3、出生体重birth weight4、分娩孕周duration of gastation5、血红蛋白haemoglobin6、随机双盲对照试验randomised double-blind controlled7、维生素vitamins8、矿物质mineral9、头围head circumference10、早产early preterm delivery11、剂量充足sufficient doses12、新生儿死亡率neonatal mortality13、孕妇pregnant women14、体重增加weight gain15、怀孕期duration of gestation16、推荐量recommended allowance17、自信区间confidence interval18、早产preterm delivery19、血红蛋白（浓度）水平haemoglobin concentration20、显著差异significant differences第三单元1、并发症complications2、安慰剂placebo3、荟萃分析meta-analysis4、发表状态publication status5、需治数number needed to treat6、提取数据date extraction7、喉部水肿laryngeal oedema8、副作用side effects9、不良事件adverse events10、亚组subgroup11、给药administration12、发生率incidence13、拔管extubation14、明显效果positive effect15、纳入跟排除inclusion and exclusion16、成年危重症患者critically ill adults17、疗程给药occurrence18、养生法、服法regimen19、发生率odds ratios20、再次给药subsequent21、胃肠外的、不经肠的、静脉使用parenteral22、复制品duplicate第四单元1、并发症outcomes2、肾结石renal stone3、血尿haematuria4、急性肾衰竭acute renal failure5、尿路阻梗urinary tract obstruction6、超声检查ultra sonography7、异常abnormality8、试剂reagent9、小儿科paediatrics10、断面的sectional11、服用exposure to12、放射诊断学diagnostic Radiology13、器官造影organ Imaging14、横断面调查方法cross sectional study15、肾结石renal stone16、确实存在confirmed17、可疑存在suspected of 18、试纸reagent strip19、患病率prevalence20、过高估计overestimate21、值得投入更多的经费cost effective22、进一步治疗specific treatment第五单元1、基于人群的病例对照研究population based case-control study2、高发地区area with high incident /high risk area3、平均摄入量mean volume consumed4、中等一致moderate agreement5、邻居对照者neighbourhood controls6、经组织学诊断的histologically proved cases7、比值比odds ratio8、中等一致moderate agreement9、高度一致strong agreement10、具有强相关性be strongly associated with 11、食管鳞状细胞癌oesophageal squamous cell carcinama12、比值比odds ratio13、具有强相关性be strongly associated with 14、温度低于at temperatures less than15、高度一致strong agreement16、队列研究cohort17、高发率high incidence18、经组织学诊断的histologically proved cases第六单元1、人口老龄化纵向研究Longitudinal Study of Ageing2、生物标记物biomarker3、基于全国人口横断面分析的研究cross sectional analisis of a national population based study4、认知减退cognitive cline5、痴呆危险性risk of demetia6、分层随机样本stratified random sample7、前瞻性设计prospective8、浓度concerntration9、一组神经心理测试a battery of neuropsychological tests10、认知损害cognitive impairment11、生物标记物biomarker12、唾液中的可替宁浓度salivary cotinine concentration 13、认知损害cognitive impairment14、横断面研究cross sectional analysis15、基于全国人口的研究national population based study 16、分层随机样本stratified random sample17、人口老龄化纵向研究Longitudinal Study of Ageing 18、一组神经心理测试a battery of neuropsychological tests19、国家层面、有代表性的前瞻性研究prospective nationally representative studies20、危险因素established risk factors第七单元1、诊断准确性diagnostic accuracy2、双变量回归bivariate regression3、评分最佳scored most favourably4、敏感性和特异性sensitivity and specificity5、低风险患者low risk patients6、连续门诊病例consecutive out patients7、荟萃分析meta-analysis8、预先定义的predfine9、静脉血栓栓塞venous thromboembolism10、诊断准确性diagnostic accuracy11、系统评价systematic review12、预先定义的predfine13、双变量回归bivariate regression14、敏感性和特异性sensitivity and specificity15、平均年龄为range in mean age16、评分最佳scored most favourably17、尤其、尤为值得注意notably第八单元1、冠脉综合征coronary syndrome2、射频血管内超声影像检查radiofrequency intravascular ultrasonography3、心脏停搏cardiac arrest4、心肌梗死myocardial infarction5、肇事病变culprit lesions6、进行性心绞痛progressive angina7、经皮冠状动脉介入术percutaneous coronary intervention8、血管造影cardiovascular angiography9、心因性死亡death from cardiac causes10、灰度超声影像gray-scale11、动脉粥样硬化斑块atherosclerosis plaque12、主要不良心血管事件major adverse cardiovascular events13、冠状动脉狭窄coronary-artery stenosis14、冠状综合征coronary syndrome15、经皮冠状动脉介入术percutaneous coronary intervention16、肇事病变culprit lesions17、灰度超声影像和射频血管内超声影像检查gray-scale and radiofrequency intravascular ultrasonography18、多变量的分析multivariate analysis19、斑块负担plaque burden20、进行性心绞痛progressive angina21、心因性死亡death fromcardiac causes22、心肌梗死myocardial infarction23、心脏停搏cardiac arrest 第九单元1、筛查screening2、抗乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原antibodies against hepatitis B3、窗口期window period4、人类免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus5、随访样本follow-up sample6、接种vaccination7、亚临床感染subclinical infection8、未接种疫苗的献血者unvaccinated donor9、转归outcomes10、血清反应阴性的seronegative11、供血者blood donors12、优势病毒株dominant strain13、筛查screening14、临床上没有意义的转归clinically inconsequential outcomes15、三重检测single triplex assay16、血清学、生化学和分子特征serologic,biochemical,and molecular features17、窗口期window period18、随访样本follow-up sample19、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原hepatitis B surface antigen20、血清转化seroconversion21、人类免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus22、亚临床感染subclinical infection第十单元1、高密度脂蛋白high-densitylipoprotein2、重要决定因素significant determinants3、逆向转运reverse transport4、冠状动脉疾病coronary artery disease5、比值比odds ratio6、提供心血管保护provide cardiovascular protective7、强负相关性strong inverse association with 8、胆固醇流出cholesterol efflux capacity9、高胆固醇血症hypercholesterolemia10、孵化incubation11、高密度脂蛋白high-density lipoprotein12、心血管的cardiovascular13、胆固醇逆向转运reverse cholesterol transport14、假设hypothesize 15、巨噬细胞macrophage16、动脉粥样硬化负荷atherosclerotic burden17、胆固醇流出量cholesterol efflux capacity18、经验证的体外系统validated ex vivo system19、冠状动脉疾病coronary artery disease20、流出量进行量化quantified efflux capacity21、颈动脉内膜中层厚度carotid artery intima-media thickness22、重要决定因素significant determinants23、反比关系inverse relationship24、校正之前和之后before and after adjustment25、代谢综合征the metabolic syndrome26、高胆固醇血症hypercholesterolemia第十一单元1、协同护理管理coordiated care management2、糖尿病diabetes3、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇low-density lipoprotein cholesterl4、内科疾病medical disease5、控制不佳的糖尿病poorly controlled diabetes6、整合性医疗护理系统integrated health care system7、初级保健诊所primary care clinics8、单盲、随机、对照试验single-blind, randomizd, controlled trial9、糖化血红蛋白glycated hemoglobin10、收缩压systolic blood pressure 11、单盲、随机、对照试验single-blind, randomizd, controlled trial12、冠心病coronary heart disease13、协同护理管理coordiated care management14、整合性医疗护理系统integrated health care system 15、被随机分入were randomly assigned to16、常规护理组usual-care group17、干预组intervention group18、结合（同时发生的）simultaneous19、糖化血红蛋白glycated hemoglobin20、低密度脂蛋白low-density lipoprotein21、调整胰岛素adjustments of insulin22、抗抑郁药antidepressant medications23、生活质量较好better quality of life24、基于指南以患者为中心的管理guide-line-based,patient-centered management第十二单元1、。
实用医学英语翻译第三单元
The Muscular SystemMuscle is the tough, elastic tissue that makes body parts move. All animals except the simplest kinds have some type of muscle.People use muscle to make various movements, such as walking, jumping, or throwing. Muscles also help in performing activities necessary for growth and for maintaining a strong, healthy body. For example, people use muscles in the jaw to chew food. Other muscles help move food through the stomach and intestines, and aid in digestion. Muscles in the heart and blood vessels force the blood to circulate. Muscles in the chest make breathing possible.肌肉系统肌肉是一种结实而有弹性的组织，能够使身体活动。
除了最简单的几种动物，所有动物都有某些类型的肌肉。
人们用肌肉来完成各种运动，如行走、跳跃或者投掷。
肌肉也有助于执行身体生长和保持强壮、健康的身体所必需的各种活动。
例如，人们用位于下巴的肌肉咀嚼食物。
其他肌肉帮助食物通过胃和肠道，帮助消化。
心脏和血管处的肌肉促使血液循环。
胸部肌肉使人能呼吸。
Types of MusclesThe human body has more than 600 major muscles. About 240 of them have specific names. In general, muscles are classified into three groups: (1) skeletal muscles, (2) smooth muscles, and (3) cardiac musclesSkeletal muscles help hold the bones of the skeleton together and give the body shape. They also make the body move. Skeletal muscles make up a large part of the legs, arms, abdomen, chest, neck, and face. These muscles vary greatly in size, depending on the type of job they do. For example, eye muscles are small and fairly weak, but the muscles of the thigh are large and strong. 肌肉的类型人体有超过600个主要的肌肉。
医学专业英语词汇翻译（三）
医学专业英语词汇翻译(三）小编为大家整理了一些医学专业英语词汇翻译，一起来学习吧! 医学专业英语词汇翻译：肌萎缩 muscle atrophy;重症肌无力 myasthenia gravis;弥散性局部缺血 diffuse ischemia;常染色体隐性 autosomal recessive;全身性感染 systemic infection;受累的肌肉 muscle involved;显著相关性 significant correlation;神经末梢 nerve terminal;自体免疫反应 autoimmune reaction;神经支配 innervation;肌营养不良 muscular dystrophy;慢性营养不良 chronic mulnutrition;先天性肌病 congenital myopathy;预期寿命 life expectancy;免疫紊乱 immunologic derangemant;发病高峰年龄 the peak age of onset;胸腺肿瘤 thymoma;呼吸肌受累 the involvement of respiratory muscle;感染性肌炎 inflammatory myositic;去神经支配 denervation;矿物质吸收 mineral absorption;机械应力 mechanical stress;骨基质有机部分 the organic parts of bone matrix;青春期早熟 premature puberty;蛋白溶解酶 protein-digesting enzyme;破骨细胞 osteoclast;松质骨 spongy bone;骨折 fracture;不规则骨 irregular bone;骨骼系统 skeletal system;维生素吸收 vitamin absorption;骨钙丧失 the loss of calcium from bone;生长激素 growth hormone;骺软骨 epiphyseal cartilage;镁缺乏 magnesium deficiency;成骨细胞 osteoblast;密质骨 compact bone;骨髓腔 marrow cavity;红骨髓 red marrow;软骨内骨化 endochondral ossification;矫形学 orthopedics;闭合性骨折 closed fracture;骨代谢疾病 metabolic bone disease;雌激素替代疗法 estrogen replacement therapy; 肾上腺皮质 adrenal cortex;佝偻病 rickets;骨肉瘤 osteosarcoma;软骨肉瘤 chondrosarcoma;止痛 relieve pain;类风湿关节炎 rheumatoid arthritis;骨髓炎 osteomyelitis;开放性骨折 open fracture;骨质疏松症 osteoporosis;营养缺乏 nutritional deficiency;骨软化症 osteomalocia;听力丧失 hearing lose;恶性肿瘤 malignant tumor;关节炎 arthritis;抗炎剂 anti-inflammatory drugs; 痛风 gout;。
[医学指南]医学英语词汇与翻译
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aftermath rheumatic fever sterility resemble
health professional comprehensive
Homework: translations
1. The human body is a masterpiece of art. The more one understands the functioning of the body, the greater appreciation one has for it. Even in disease, the body is quite remarkable in attempting to right what is wrong and compensate for it.
Vocabulary
devise multipronged advancement
administer nucleoside analog
diminish indicate drawback
equip destruction replication administration nucleocapsid appear to
Vocabulary
pneumonia sequela paralysis polio fallopian tubes alleviate masterpiece defective deficient
concurrent respectively Utilize perceive terminal severity fracture prostate
LOGO
discipline recess efficacy/effectiveness concurrent peer address
医学英语翻译 Chapter 3
Abstraction Every life has its roses and thorns. thorns. Therapeutic measures were tailored to fit the patient.
Conversion Conversion is not common in medical English, but we need to understand the meanings of some ordinary words in medical contexts.
17. Asthma is not a disease entity but one form of clinical presentation of a variety of disorders of the bronchi. 18. No person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually killing them. 19. A pregnant woman is admitted to a hospital once she has begun labor. labor. 20. Acute and sub-acute hepatic necrosis more suboften complicates hepatitis in the elderly.
Exercise: Healthy young men in whom the plasma bicarbonate is experimentally reduced over a period of several days usually complain of fatigue and lassitude, anorexia or nausea and marked dyspnea on exertion. An aggressive dosage of penicillin as high as 40,000,000 units per diem is recommended. Influenza is an acute self-limited infection and is selfcharacterized by constitutional symptoms, although the infection is restricted to the respiratory tract. From the sidelines it often seems to me that people from 75 to 85 may well be made of better material and stand up to operations in a more satisfactory way than individuals between 55 and 65 years.
最新学术英语医学Unit1,3,7,9课文翻译
学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
学术英语医学Unit3,7,9课文课本翻译
学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
中医术语名词英文翻译--3
exogenous disease
六淫、疫疠之气等病邪侵犯人体，导致疾病的过 程。
six climatic exopathogens visiting pathogen
风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪的合称。 从外而来，侵袭机体的邪气。
wind pathogen
具有轻扬开泄、善动不居、升发、向上、向外特 性的邪气。
warm dryness
感受燥邪而偏兼热邪者，与凉燥相对而言。
characteristic of
燥邪具有易伤人津液，导致人体阴津亏虚的特
dryness being dry and 点，致病易表现出口鼻干燥、咽干口渴、皮肤干
puckery
涩等症。
dryness likely to injure 燥邪一般多从口鼻、肌表侵袭人体，肺外合皮
虫兽伤、溺水等为不内外因。
internal cause
三因学说中指喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊七情
内伤过度。现将七情过极、劳倦损伤和饮食失调
等能导致气机紊乱，脏腑受损的病因称为内伤病
因。
external cause
三因学说中指外感风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六淫
病邪。现将六淫和各种疫疬病邪统属外感病因；
跌仆、虫兽伤、烧伤、冻伤等称为外伤病因。
impairing qi injury due to diet
乱，产生疾病。 饥饱失常、饮食不洁和饮食偏嗜等各种饮食失调
flavor predilection
因素而导致内伤。 长期偏好酸、甜、咸、苦、辛辣等食味而损害脏 腑。现也包括偏食某种单一食物，以及饮食过寒
greasy and surfeit
、过热等饮食不合理的致病因素。 油腻或味道浓厚的食物。长期多食此类食物，不
医学英语单词及翻译
1.Appendicitis inflammation of the vermiform appendix阑尾炎阑尾由于多种因素临床上常有右下腹部疼痛、体温升高、呕吐2.Gastritis inflammation of the lining of the stomach胃炎胃部的炎症3.Gastrorrhagia stomach bleeding胃出血4.Peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum腹膜炎5.Ascites accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity腹水6.Apnea transient cessation of respiration窒息7.Tachypnea Shortness of breath呼吸急促8.Pneumonia respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants肺炎9.Bronchitis inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes支气管炎10.Glycemia the presence, or the level, of glucose in one's blood糖血症11.Goiter abnormally enlarged thyroid gland甲状腺肿12.Diabetes Mellitus diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria糖尿病13.Encephalitis inflammation of the brain脑炎14.Rachitis childhood disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D and sunlight 痀偻症15.Spondylitis inflammation of a spinal joint脊椎炎16.Hematuria the presence of blood in the urine血尿17.Migraine a severe recurring vascular headache偏头痛18.Audiometer an instrument used to measure the sensitivity of hearing听力计19.Otitis inflammation of the ear耳炎20.Tympanitis inflammation of the inner ear中耳炎21.Tympanotomy Tympanic membrane in operation鼓膜穿破术22.Nasitis inflammation of the nose鼻炎23.Arthrosclerosis Joint stiffness关节硬化24.Rhinorrhea persistent watery mucus discharge from the nose鼻溢25.Percussion the act of playing a percussion instrument叩诊26.Dermatitis skin becomes itchy and may develop blisters皮肤炎27.Cataract clouding of the natural lens of the eye白内障28.Glaucoma increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor青光眼29.Hyperemesis severe and excessive vomiting剧吐30.Polydipsia excessive thirst剧渴31.Lipoma a tumor consisting of fatty tissue脂肪瘤32.Infertility the state of being unable to produce offspring不孕症33.Amnion thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo 羊膜34.Amniocentesis extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman羊膜穿刺术35.Malformaiton something abnormal or anomalous畸形36.Genital of or relating to the external sex organs生殖的37.Nocturia excessive urination at night夜尿症38.gerd gastroesophageal reflux disease胃食管反流病39.Hyperplasia abnormal increase in number of cells增殖40.Dysplasia abnormal development of an abnormal structure resulting from such growth发育不良41.Dyspepsia a disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea消化不良42.Antibiotic a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections抗生素43.arthritis inflammation of a joint or joints关节炎44.Suture an immovable joint缝合45.autism an abnormal absorption with the self自闭症46.Erythema abnormal redness of the skin resulting from dilation of blood vessels 红斑47.dement Dement is a surname痴呆症48.illusion an erroneous mental representation错觉49.unconscious that part of the mind wherein psychic activity takes place of which the person is unaware潜意识50.Resistance the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with阻抗51.gallbladder a muscular sac attached to the liver胆囊52.duodenum the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum十二指肠53.jejunum the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum 空肠54.ileum the part of the small intestine回肠55.Pleura the thin serous membrane around the lungs胸膜56.esophagus the passage between the pharynx and the stomach食道57.pharynx the passage to the stomach and lungs咽58.Eardrum the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound耳骨膜59.leukemia malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues血癌60.lymphoma a neoplasm of lymph tissue that is usually malignant淋巴瘤61. pulmonary relating to or affecting the lungs肺的,和肺有关的62.constipation irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels便秘63.pregnancy the state of being pregnant妊娠64.tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils扁桃炎65.climacteric a period in a man's life corresponding to menopause更年期66.epilepsy a disorder of the central nervous system 癫痫67.ataxia inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements运动失调68.arthritis inflammation of a joint or joints关节炎69.rheumatism any painful disorder of the joints or muscles or connective tissues风湿症70.somnolence a very sleepy state嗜睡71.strabismus abnormal alignment of one or both eyes斜视72.nyctalopia inability to see clearly in dim light夜盲73.tonsil two masses of lymphatic tissue on each side of the oral pharynx扁桃74.stupor the feeling of distress and disbelief 昏迷75.asthma respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing气喘76.palpitation a rapid and irregular heart beat心悸77. respiration a single complete act of breathing in and out呼吸78.neuralgia acute spasmodic pain along the course of nerves神经痛79.Scalpel a thin straight surgical knife used in surgery手术刀80.Stretcher a litter for transporting people who are ill or wounded or dead担架81.Gauze bleached cloth of plain weave used for bandages and dressings纱布82.Urethra duct through which urine is discharged尿道83.cochlea the snail-shaped tube耳蜗84.pupil contractile aperture in the iris of the eye瞳孔85.Urinary relating to the urinary system of the body膀胱86.Ureters a pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder输尿管87.Kidney two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes肾脏88.Renal pelvis a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney肾孟89. Ovary organs that produce ova卵巢90.Tendons Sinew and tendon肌腱91.Cartilage tough elastic tissue软骨92.Vertebra one of the bony segments of the spinal column脊椎93.Cranium the part of the skull that encloses the brain颅腔94.Glands organs that synthesize substances needed by the body腺体95.Adrenals of or pertaining to the adrenal glands or their secretions肾上腺96.Pancreas a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach胰97. Gastroenteritis inflammation of the stomach and intestines肠胃炎98.Alveoii alveolar septum 气泡99.Platelet tiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood血小板100.restraint the of act controlling by restraining someone约束101.catelepsy a trancelike state with loss of voluntary motion and failure to react to stimuli僵直102.jaundice yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes黄疸103.Myxedema hypothyroidism marked by dry skin and swellings around lips 黏液腺瘤104.Nausea the state that precedes vomiting恶心105.Excretion the bodily process of discharging waste matter排泄，排泄物药物或其代谢产物排出体外的过程106. Hypotension abnormally low blood pressure低血压107.orientation the act of orienting定向力108.apathy an absence of emotion or enthusiasm冷漠109.hallucination illusory perception;幻觉110.Mumps an acute contagious viral disease characterized by fever 腮腺炎111.Vaccine injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies疫苗112.Diarrhea frequent and watery bowel movements腹泻113.Vomiting the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach呕吐114. Eczema generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin湿疹115. Embryo an animal organism in the early stages of growth 胚胎116.Sepsis the presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins in the blood败血症117.Tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils 扁桃腺炎118.Encephalitis inflammation of the brain 脑炎119.Perforation a hole made in something穿孔120.Dermatitis inflammation of the skin皮肤炎121.Gynecology the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases of women 妇科122. Amnion thin innermost membranous sac羊膜123.Osteoporosis abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones 骨质疏松症124.Amputation a condition of disability resulting from the loss of one or more limbs截肢125.Aseptic free of or using methods to keep free of pathological microorganisms无菌的126.Hypertension a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high高血压ryngitis inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx喉炎128.Pharyngitis inflammation of the fauces and pharynx咽炎129. Enterorrhagia Intestinal bleeding肠出血130.Esophagoscopy A method for the examination and treatment of the lesions in the esophagus.食道镜检查131.Vasodilatation Vascular dilatation血管扩张132.Arteriosclerosis sclerosis of the arterial walls动脉硬化133.Peptic relating to or promoting digestion消化的134.Distal situated farthest from point of attachment or origin末梢的135.Moderately to a moderately sufficient extent or degree适度的136. Ployuria renal disorder characterized by the production of large volumes of pale dilute urine多尿137.fibrosis development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ纤维化138.therapy the act of caring for someone 治疗139.Hepatitis inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin肝炎140. Necrosis the localized death of living cells坏死141.Liver Cirrhosis Chronic liver disease caused by many reasons肝硬化142.Apnea transient cessation of respiration窒息143.Mucosa mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities 黏膜144.Cholelithiasis the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder胆石症145.diagnostic concerned with diagnosis诊断的146.dyspepsia a disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea消化不良147.Ligaments an existing marriage tie, which constitutes an impediment to the contracting of a second marriage.韧带148.Infertility the state of being unable to produce offspring不孕症149.Uremia accumulation in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urine尿毒症150.Adenocarcinoma malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium腺癌欢迎下载，谢谢观看！资料仅供参考学习。
医学专业英语翻译3单元2
Muscles are subject to various disorders and diseases, some as simple as muscle soreness or cramp, some as complicated as myasthenia gravis, but here we would like to start with the description of the simple ones. 肌肉常受到各种疾患的侵扰，有的症状很轻，如肌酸痛或肌痉挛，有的病可能很复杂，如重症肌无力。本文先从一些轻度的疾患谈起。
Muscle soreness is often caused by hard muscular work.. in severe cases, the soreness may last up to four days. The cause of muscle soreness is not completely understood, but it probably involves damage to muscle and connective tissue. With proper exercise, the muscles and body can adapt to strenuous muscle work and greatly reduce the risk of tissue damage. 肌酸痛常因过度的肌肉劳累所致。严重时，症状可能会持续上数日。导致肌酸痛的机理至今尚不完全清楚，但可能是因为肌肉和结缔组织受到损害所致。通过适当的训练，肌肉和身体是可以适应强体力运动的Biblioteka 从而极大地减轻肌组织损害的危险。
医学英语单词及翻译
1.Appendicitis inflammation of the vermiform appendix阑尾炎阑尾由于多种因素临床上常有右下腹部疼痛、体温升高、呕吐2.Gastritis inflammation of the lining of the stomach胃炎胃部的炎症3.Gastrorrhagia stomach bleeding胃出血4.Peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum腹膜炎5.Ascites accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity腹水6.Apnea transient cessation of respiration窒息7.Tachypnea Shortness of breath呼吸急促8.Pneumonia respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants肺炎9.Bronchitis inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes支气管炎10.Glycemia the presence, or the level, of glucose in one's blood糖血症11.Goiter abnormally enlarged thyroid gland甲状腺肿12.Diabetes Mellitus diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria糖尿病13.Encephalitis inflammation of the brain脑炎14.Rachitis childhood disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D and sunlight 痀偻症15.Spondylitis inflammation of a spinal joint脊椎炎16.Hematuria the presence of blood in the urine血尿17.Migraine a severe recurring vascular headache偏头痛18.Audiometer an instrument used to measure the sensitivity of hearing听力计19.Otitis inflammation of the ear耳炎20.Tympanitis inflammation of the inner ear中耳炎21.Tympanotomy Tympanic membrane in operation鼓膜穿破术22.Nasitis inflammation of the nose鼻炎23.Arthrosclerosis Joint stiffness关节硬化24.Rhinorrhea persistent watery mucus discharge from the nose鼻溢25.Percussion the act of playing a percussion instrument叩诊26.Dermatitis skin becomes itchy and may develop blisters皮肤炎27.Cataract clouding of the natural lens of the eye白内障28.Glaucoma increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor青光眼29.Hyperemesis severe and excessive vomiting剧吐30.Polydipsia excessive thirst剧渴31.Lipoma a tumor consisting of fatty tissue脂肪瘤32.Infertility the state of being unable to produce offspring不孕症33.Amnion thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo羊膜34.Amniocentesis extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman羊膜穿刺术35.Malformaiton something abnormal or anomalous畸形36.Genital of or relating to the external sex organs生殖的37.Nocturia excessive urination at night夜尿症38.gerd gastroesophageal reflux disease胃食管反流病39.Hyperplasia abnormal increase in number of cells增殖40.Dysplasia abnormal development of an abnormal structure resulting from such growth发育不良41.Dyspepsia a disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea消化不良42.Antibiotic a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections抗生素43.arthritis inflammation of a joint or joints关节炎44.Suture an immovable joint缝合45.autism an abnormal absorption with the self自闭症46.Erythema abnormal redness of the skin resulting from dilation of blood vessels红斑47.dement Dement is a surname痴呆症48.illusion an erroneous mental representation错觉49.unconscious that part of the mind wherein psychic activity takes place of which the person is unaware潜意识50.Resistance the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with阻抗51.gallbladder a muscular sac attached to the liver胆囊52.duodenum the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum十二指肠53.jejunum the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum空肠54.ileum the part of the small intestine回肠55.Pleura the thin serous membrane around the lungs胸膜56.esophagus the passage between the pharynx and the stomach食道57.pharynx the passage to the stomach and lungs咽58.Eardrum the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound耳骨膜59.leukemia malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues血癌60.lymphoma a neoplasm of lymph tissue that is usually malignant淋巴瘤61. pulmonary relating to or affecting the lungs肺的,和肺有关的62.constipation irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels便秘63.pregnancy the state of being pregnant妊娠64.tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils扁桃炎65.climacteric a period in a man's life corresponding to menopause更年期66.epilepsy a disorder of the central nervous system 癫痫67.ataxia inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements运动失调68.arthritis inflammation of a joint or joints关节炎69.rheumatism any painful disorder of the joints or muscles or connective tissues风湿症70.somnolence a very sleepy state嗜睡71.strabismus abnormal alignment of one or both eyes斜视72.nyctalopia inability to see clearly in dim light夜盲73.tonsil two masses of lymphatic tissue on each side of the oral pharynx扁桃74.stupor the feeling of distress and disbelief 昏迷75.asthma respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing气喘76.palpitation a rapid and irregular heart beat心悸77. respiration a single complete act of breathing in and out呼吸78.neuralgia acute spasmodic pain along the course of nerves神经痛79.Scalpel a thin straight surgical knife used in surgery手术刀80.Stretcher a litter for transporting people who are ill or wounded or dead担架81.Gauze bleached cloth of plain weave used for bandages and dressings纱布82.Urethra duct through which urine is discharged尿道83.cochlea the snail-shaped tube耳蜗84.pupil contractile aperture in the iris of the eye瞳孔85.Urinary relating to the urinary system of the body膀胱86.Ureters a pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder输尿管87.Kidney two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes肾脏88.Renal pelvis a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney肾孟89. Ovary organs that produce ova卵巢90.Tendons Sinew and tendon肌腱91.Cartilage tough elastic tissue软骨92.Vertebra one of the bony segments of the spinal column脊椎93.Cranium the part of the skull that encloses the brain颅腔94.Glands organs that synthesize substances needed by the body腺体95.Adrenals of or pertaining to the adrenal glands or their secretions肾上腺96.Pancreas a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach胰97. Gastroenteritis inflammation of the stomach and intestines肠胃炎98.Alveoii alveolar septum 气泡99.Platelet tiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood血小板100.restraint the of act controlling by restraining someone约束101.catelepsy a trancelike state with loss of voluntary motion and failure to react to stimuli僵直102.jaundice yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes黄疸103.Myxedema hypothyroidism marked by dry skin and swellings around lips 黏液腺瘤104.Nausea the state that precedes vomiting恶心105.Excretion the bodily process of discharging waste matter排泄，排泄物药物或其代谢产物排出体外的过程106. Hypotension abnormally low blood pressure低血压107.orientation the act of orienting定向力108.apathy an absence of emotion or enthusiasm冷漠109.hallucination illusory perception;幻觉110.Mumps an acute contagious viral disease characterized by fever 腮腺炎111.Vaccine injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies疫苗112.Diarrhea frequent and watery bowel movements腹泻113.Vomiting the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach呕吐114. Eczema generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin湿疹115. Embryo an animal organism in the early stages of growth 胚胎116.Sepsis the presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins in the blood败血症117.Tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils 扁桃腺炎118.Encephalitis inflammation of the brain 脑炎119.Perforation a hole made in something穿孔120.Dermatitis inflammation of the skin皮肤炎121.Gynecology the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases of women妇科122. Amnion thin innermost membranous sac羊膜123.Osteoporosis abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones 骨质疏松症124.Amputation a condition of disability resulting from the loss of one or more limbs截肢125.Aseptic free of or using methods to keep free of pathological microorganisms无菌的126.Hypertension a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high 高血压ryngitis inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx喉炎128.Pharyngitis inflammation of the fauces and pharynx咽炎129. Enterorrhagia Intestinal bleeding肠出血130.Esophagoscopy A method for the examination and treatment of the lesions in the esophagus.食道镜检查131.Vasodilatation Vascular dilatation血管扩张132.Arteriosclerosis sclerosis of the arterial walls动脉硬化133.Peptic relating to or promoting digestion消化的134.Distal situated farthest from point of attachment or origin末梢的135.Moderately to a moderately sufficient extent or degree适度的136. Ployuria renal disorder characterized by the production of large volumes of pale dilute urine多尿137.fibrosis development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ纤维化138.therapy the act of caring for someone 治疗139.Hepatitis inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin肝炎140. Necrosis the localized death of living cells坏死141.Liver Cirrhosis Chronic liver disease caused by many reasons肝硬化142.Apnea transient cessation of respiration窒息143.Mucosa mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities 黏膜144.Cholelithiasis the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder胆石症145.diagnostic concerned with diagnosis诊断的146.dyspepsia a disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea消化不良147.Ligaments an existing marriage tie, which constitutes an impediment to the contracting of a second marriage.韧带148.Infertility the state of being unable to produce offspring不孕症149.Uremia accumulation in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urine尿毒症150.Adenocarcinoma malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium腺癌。
医学英语原文翻译1至5单元
1. 生理学是研究生物体正常功能的一门科学。
它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。
这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。
生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。
尽管从生物学整个范畴看，生物体某些活动过程是相似的，如基因编码的复制，但许多过程还是某些生物体群组特有的。
鉴于此，将这门学科分成不同部分研究如细菌生理学，植物生理学和动物生理学是有必要的。
Physiology is the study of thefunctions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations . The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite mac hines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for example —many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology. 2. 正如要了解一个动物如何活动，首先需要了解它的构成，要充分了解一个生物体的生理学活动就必须掌握全面的解剖学知识。
基础医学英语课后翻译
汉译英P1261.心脏是一个肌性空腔器官，重约342克，每天跳动10万多次，泵送748升血液通过6万英里长的血管。
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that weighs about 342 grams and beats over 100 000 times a day to pump 3 784 liters of blood per day through over 60 000 miles of blood vessels2.心脏内部有4个接受循环血液的腔。
上方的两个腔为左心房和右心房。
每个心房有一个附器，因其形状酷似狗的耳朵而被称为心耳。
The interior of the heart is divided into four cavities called chambers that receive circulating blood. The two superior chambers are called the right and left atria. Each atrium has an appendage called an auricle, so named because its shape resembles a dog 's ear.P1611 肿瘤恶性程度越高，与正常组织差异就越大，最终变得与正常组织和细胞几乎没有类似之处。
The more malignant the tumor, the more deviation form normal, the ultimate being changes so extreme as to bear little or no resemblance to normal tissues and cells.2在对肿瘤组织和细胞特征的论述中，均应强调肿瘤与正常组织和细胞之间存在很大的差异，而且所有肿瘤均不具有特异性的恒定特征。
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医学英语文献3翻译（缺Unit1、3、7）U3 TCBeneficial bacteria may protect babies from HIV有益菌或能保护婴儿防止感染艾滋病毒毫无疑问，在喂养婴儿时，母乳是最好的选择。
但感染HIV（艾滋病病毒）的母亲面临着一个困境：由于有些病毒会流入母乳，婴儿吃奶时便面临被感染的风险。
目前两组研究队伍正在调查一场细菌之战以治疗这些脆弱的婴儿。
他们将在母乳中加入抑制艾滋病的细菌。
黎巴嫩，达特茅斯医学院HIV专家Ruth Connor 说，这些有益菌并不能保证儿童一定不会被感染，但可以大大降低感染概率。
在八月的“母乳喂养医学”中，她和来自西班牙马德里康普腾斯大学的同事，报告说将可以充分抑制HIV-1增长和感染的某些乳酸菌从健康女性的母乳中隔离出来。
试管研究对代表15个不同种类的38个细菌菌株进行了实验，它们都显示出了对HIV的抑制性。
效力最小的可以抑制细菌6.7%的传染性；效果最好的可以抑制HIV感染细胞能力的55.5%.研究者们试验了隔开的细菌和细菌产生的无细胞粘液。
“我们想分清抑制HIV 的能力是不是由细菌的某些特定组成部分造成的，例如外部细胞壁，或仅仅是组成细菌的可溶性成分，”Connor 解释说。
最终，她说每一项都被证明有抗病毒性，虽然细菌整体抑制性最好。
所有热灭菌都或多或少显示出了对HIV传染的抑制性，有11个可以杀掉41%甚至更多的HIV传染性。
相比之下，只有六种菌株产生的可溶性细胞化合物证实具有抑制作用，而且只有一种可以减少至少41%的传染性。
Connor说小组的发现揭示了她和其他病毒学家以前一直困扰的问题：为什么艾滋病病毒测试呈阳性的女性母乳喂养的婴儿没有被传染。
她说，目前还不知道，到底是最有抑制性的一种或几种细菌（例如乳酸菌/gramininis VM25；酵母VMA和戊糖片球菌VM95）单独提供了本质上防止HIV的保护作用还是共同作为自然的微生物群来起作用。
Connor说，但其最终目的是通过传输一些额外的细菌，将益生素补充到母乳中。
益生菌就是作为辅助消化或增进健康的食品补充剂的有益菌。
Connor说，有些有益菌是针对已出生的婴儿。
它们被作为口服药丸服用或加入到婴儿食品中。
该理念是在幼儿体内培养有益菌的生命群，这样就可以准备好击退任何可能被吸收的HIV。
这是”保护不受传染的一个额外保护层，“Connor说。
要达到这样的结果，就要在刚出生开始母乳喂养时就开始执行，这样有益菌的效果最好，因而婴儿体内就可以优先具有反HIV菌株。
当然，这种婴儿补充物的发展还有很长的路要走。
还要进行试验以确定当服用剂量较大时，有益菌不会引起腹泻或其他不良副作用——开始是大人，然后是健康的婴儿，最后是感染HIV风险很大的婴儿。
”乳酸菌是人们从母乳中隔离出来的很普通的一种细菌，它可以有很多来源，”包括植物，酒和发酵的蔬菜或乳制品，加利福尼亚大学的David Mills 说。
他说这会引起一个问题：从非人类处分离出来的同种类菌株是否引起的反应也一样？如果是的话，这就是一种非特定的作用（但可能还是很有用处）。
”我很惊奇发现母乳中有这么多有机体，因为现在还不清楚它们是怎么到母乳里的，”伦敦西安大略大学加拿大益生菌研究与开发中心的Gregor Reid 说。
他说，有一种关于来源的理论是，在怀孕后期，树状细胞——一些活跃的白血球——“在身体内部收集乳酸杆菌或其他生物体并将它们在乳房管道内储存起来。
”他说如果这可以证实的话，就的确有可能将益生素乳酸杆菌传送到乳房管道内，并选择最能抑制HIV的乳酸杆菌。
但对抗HIV的母乳细菌明显缺乏专一性，这给林涛提出了警告。
林涛是伊利诺伊大学的微生物学家，他在芝加哥口腔生物学院花了七八年时间研究用益生素治疗母亲感染艾滋的婴儿。
他说在发现可以有效抑制和杀死HIV的菌株前他们团队筛选了几千个健康婴儿体内的细菌。
Tao说新论文中调查研究的38种菌株都显示出对抗HIV的效力，他怀疑多数并不能真正对抗病毒扰乱HIV生活环境，使病毒不易生存——至少试管试验中进行的大量实验如此。
他质问Connor团队正在研究的细菌在遇到——或添加入——母乳时是否还可以有很好的效果。
他还怀疑一种或多种益生菌的价值，即使是高浓度也只能抑制30%到50%的病毒。
他所在团队研究的菌株效果更好但仍然不能完全清除可能进入婴儿体内的HIV。
这就是为什么他的小组新战略是加入可以支持婴儿免疫系统的第二种益生菌。
Tao说，第一种细菌减少了存活于婴儿体内的病毒微粒的数量。
第二种细菌通过增强免疫力，提高了引起感染所需病毒的数量。
这种益生素正在进行动物实验。
但他说进程缓慢，“因为我们很难获取风险资金。
"这个防止HIV的食谱是针对帮助非洲贫穷的妇女儿童的，他解释道，那里抗病毒治疗——美国金本位制——远远超出多数被感染人群的经济能力。
因为他们没法通过生产这些救助婴儿的有益菌赚大钱（在发达国家），”Tao说，“风险投资家把我们的产品价值定为零。
”U4 TB 机译Wonderful ways to prevent cancer美好的预防癌症的方法大多数癌症不发展或在一夜之间冒出来。
癌症主要是可预见的，最终结果是一个长达数十年的过程，但只是几个简单的变化，在日常生活中可显着降低风险。
这里有31大秘诀。
野餐一定要食用腌菜。
芬兰研究发现，腌菜过程中的发酵生产一些抗癌化合物，包括国际贸易中心，吲哚，和萝卜硫素。
为了降低钠的含量，冲洗罐头或坛泡菜吃之前。
食用绿花椰菜，但它而不是微波蒸汽。
花椰菜是一种预防癌症的超级食物，你应该经常食用。
但要注意：一项西班牙研究发现，微波的花椰菜破坏百分之97的蔬菜的抗癌的黄酮类化合物。
所以蒸汽，生吃它作为零食，或将其添加到汤或沙拉。
烧烤一些巴西坚果和撒在沙拉。
它们富含硒，一种微量元素，使癌细胞自杀并帮助细胞修复基因。
哈佛大学的一项研究超过1000的男性前列腺癌发现，那些具有最高的血硒水平分别为百分之48不太可能发展先进的疾病超过13年，比男性的最低水平。
一个五年进行的研究表明，在康奈尔大学和亚利桑那大学200微克硒——金额2揭露巴西坚果——导致了百分之减少前列腺肿瘤，减少百分之58的大肠癌，百分之46肺恶性肿瘤，和百分之39的总体减少癌症死亡。
流行补充钙与维生素D达特茅斯医学院的一项研究表明，补充减少结肠息肉（结肠癌的危险因素）在人们容易生长。
添加大蒜的一切任你吃。
大蒜含有硫化合物，可能刺激免疫系统对癌症的天然防御，并可能减少肿瘤生长的潜力。
研究表明，大蒜可以降低胃癌的发病率高达12倍！炒2瓣大蒜粉碎2汤匙橄榄油，然后混合在一个可以低钠盐，番茄丁。
轻轻的搅拌直到变热，全麦面食。
我们已经提到的好处大蒜。
番茄红素在番茄防止结肠癌，前列腺，膀胱癌；橄榄油能够帮助身体吸收番茄红素；和纤维面食降低结肠癌的风险。
至于好处，所有这些成分在一起：味道好极了！每个星期，买甜瓜在杂货店和切割后，你把你的杂货。
它存储在一个容器中，每天早上吃几片。
香瓜富含类胡萝卜素，植物化学品表现出显着降低肺癌风险。
抗氧化剂的功效将半杯蓝莓混入早餐。
蓝莓排名在其抗氧化能力。
抗氧化剂消除自由基，这是不稳定的化合物，可以破坏细胞并导致疾病，包括癌症。
学习吃洋蓟今晚。
朝鲜蓟富含水飞蓟素，一种抗氧化剂可以帮助防止皮肤癌。
吃这些美味的蔬菜，剥去其坚韧的叶子的底部，底部切成片状，并削去尖部。
然后煮或蒸至软，约30 - 45分钟。
排水管。
每个叶浸汁或大蒜蛋黄酱，然后轻轻地撕裂纤维，包括关闭与您的前牙，你的工作方式，向内温柔的心。
一旦有了，轻轻地舀从刷毛的心脏中，蘸一点黄油或柠檬汁，并享受！食品添加厚厚的酱汁。
烤肉能够产生一种致癌物质。
但研究人员从美国癌症研究所发现，涂层厚肉腌料，从而预防烧焦，降低致癌物质的产生。
另一个提示：预煮的肉类在烤炉上烧烤，然后把它完成。
每次你去浴室，停止由厨房或水冷却器的一杯水。
主要研究发表在新英国医学杂志在1996发现，男性谁喝六盎司的水每一天，膀胱癌的风险降低一半。
另一项研究表明大量的水对女性结肠癌的风险，重水饮酒，减少他们的风险高达百分之45。
养成喝茶的习惯。
愈合的权力，绿茶叶在亚洲已经有数千年。
在西方，新的研究表明，它可以防止多种癌症以及心脏病。
一些科学家相信，化学在绿色茶称为儿茶素可以被称为一个最强大的抗癌化合物的发现。
有一个啤酒今晚。
啤酒防止细菌幽门螺杆菌，已知会导致溃疡和可能与胃癌。
但是不要过火。
喝1、2种以上酒精饮料一天可以增加您的风险口腔，咽喉，食道，肝，和乳腺癌。
把鲑鱼烧烤今晚。
澳大利亚研究人员对加拿大（去图）发现那些吃四份或更多的鱼每星期近三分之一不太可能患血液癌症白血病，骨髓瘤，非霍奇金淋巴瘤。
其他的研究表明之间的联系的饮食脂肪的鱼（鲑鱼，鲭鱼，沙丁鱼，金枪鱼，鲭鱼，以及虾和扇贝）与降低患子宫内膜癌的妇女。
啊，这些惊人的ω- 3脂肪酸在它再次！每天早晨摄入多种维生素。
许多研究表明，获得理想的水平，维生素和矿物质，可以增强免疫系统功能，有助于防止多种癌症。
获得大约15分钟的阳光对皮肤的每一天。
你听说过阳光维生素，维生素吗？原来我们一直那么善于听取意见，涂上厚厚的防晒霜，避免阳光的照射，我们中的许多人没有得到足够的这一宝贵的养分。
研究人员发现，太小维生素会增加您的风险，多种癌症，包括乳腺癌，结肠癌，前列腺，卵巢，和胃，以及骨质疏松症，糖尿病，多发性硬化症，血压高。
最好的来源？暴露于紫外线照射在自然和人工日光。
每天约15分钟应该做的。
避免过度，当然。
这可以增加您的风险，皮肤癌。
你也可以获得维生素在钙的补充，如果你选择了一个补充，包含。
携带一个铅球玻璃在海滩袋。
然后填写与防晒霜擦在你的身体。
一个铅球玻璃持有1.5盎司，这是多少防晒皮肤科医生估计你需要保护自己免受致癌紫外线的太阳。
重复每2小时。
将猕猴桃切成一半，然后用勺子舀出果肉。
现在吃！猕猴桃是少量抵抗癌症的抗氧化剂，包括维生素，维生素，叶黄素，和铜。
您也可以擦几切猕猴桃在低脂肉切割为嫩肉粉。
使用避孕套，并坚持一个伙伴。
更多的性伴侣的女人，她的更大的风险感染人类乳头状瘤病毒，或病毒，导致宫颈癌。
有一个不忠的丈夫也增加了风险。
减少高脂肪的动物蛋白。
耶鲁大学的一项研究发现，女性谁吃的动物性蛋白质有百分之70的风险较高的发展中国家非霍奇金淋巴瘤，而那些吃高饱和脂肪饮食增加了他们的风险百分之90。
所以改用低脂或脱脂奶制品，有家禽或鱼取代牛肉或猪肉，用橄榄油代替牛油。
U6 TADisease and intelligence: Mens sana in corpore sano良好的智商孕育于健康的体魄寄生生物和病原体也许能够解释为什么世界上有些地区的人比其他地区的人聪明人类的智商一直以来都是个迷。