第11单元翻译

11 Geotechnical Engineering and Underground EngineeringUnit

11 岩土工程和地下工程

Soil

土

Loadings in buildings consist of the combined dead and imposed loads which exert a downward pressure upon the soil on which the structure is founded and this in turn promotes a reactive force in the form of an upward pressure from the soil. The structure is in effect sandwiched between these opposite pressures and the design of the building must be able to resist the resultant stresses set up within the structural members and the general building fabric. The supporting subsoil must be able to develop sufficient reactive force to give stability to the structure to prevent failure due to unequal settlement and to prevent failure of the subsoil due to shear. To enable a designer to select, design and detail a suitable foundation he (she) must have adequate data regarding the nature of the soil on which the structure will be founded and this is normally obtained from a planned soil investigation programmer.

作用在建筑物上的恒荷载和外加荷载，会给建筑结构所处的地基土体施加一个向下的力，反过来，地基土也会产生一个向上的反作用力（作用到建筑结构上）建筑结构在反作用力的作用下必须是（完好的）有效的，建筑设计（必须考虑）能够抵抗来自建筑结构构件和普通房屋结构的合应力。为了防止由于不均匀沉降而导致的结构破坏，为了避免地基土发生剪切破坏，为上部结构提供支撑的天然地基必须具有足够的承载力来保证上部结构的稳定性。设计师必须要掌握大量的建筑物所在位置的土体性质的资料，当然，这些资料是从初步土质勘察说明中获得的，只有这样，设计师才能更顺利地对基础进行选型，设计并能绘出所选合适基础的详图。

Although they are closely related, soil mechanics and foundation engineering are not synonymous. Foundation engineering as a profession is a subtle combination of soil mechanics and engineering geology with the intuitive art of judgment and innovation where experience exercises an important role. Soil mechanics, on the other

hand, is a study of the behavior of a material whose most important characteristic is its particulate composition. Since this characteristic is not unique to soils, the principles and techniques of soil mechanics may find application to a variety of problems in geophysics, materials processes, and most recently, lunar exploration.

尽管土力学和基础工程中有很多东西是相关的，但是他们是不一样的。基础工程作为一个专业，与土力学和工程地质学有着微妙的关系，它需要具有一种直观的判断力和以经验为基础的创新能力。从另一方面看，土力学是一个来研究具有重要特征的颗粒组成的材料的性状的学科。既然这种特征并不只是土所特有的，那么，土力学的原则和技术则可以用来解决在地球物理学，材料加工工艺和最近的月球探测方面的各种问题。

The science of soil mechanics began its rapid growth with the pioneering studies of Karl Terzaghi during the early part of this century. Terzaghi developed many of the theories of soil mechanics out of the practical necessity of providing solutions to the many difficult foundation problems introduced by modern construction.

在本世纪初，太沙基在土力学方面开始了首创性研究，从此以后，土力学理论得到快速发展。太沙基发展了许多土力学理论，这些理论用来解决现代建筑中许多令人头痛的基础问题。

1 Characteristic of soils

1 土的性质

Soils are aggregates of mineral particles that cover extensive portions of the earth’s surface. In soil engineering, the force applied to soil masses very frequently produce relative displacements between particles. Hence a study of soil mechanics requires an appreciation of the particulate nature of the material. Another characteristic of soils is that they are three-phase systems: they are composed of solid particles, water, and air. Since air is very compressible, and water may flow into or out of a soil, the relative proportions of three components change with time and load. Hence these components often form the basis for the quantitative description of soil behavior.

覆盖在地球大部分表面的土是一种矿物颗粒的聚合体，在岩土工程中，在力