附录(中英文对照)
附录中英文翻译格式
附录The strategy and technique that bids to quoteBid to quote the victory or defeat of the petition, can win a mark, not only be decided by the petitor's economic power and technique level, but also still Be decided to pete whether strategy exactitude and bid to quote of technique usage whether ually under the circumstance, other condition homologies, quote to lowestly usually win.But, this offer that isn't absolute, have isn't high, but still keep canning not getting the trust of inviting bids the unit, its reason lies in bid the unit could not lift to be advantageous to inviting bids unit of reasonable suggestion, can't make use of to bid the technique and strategy for quoting, as a result, can not win a mark.Therefore, invite bids to bid activity in have to study is biding to quote medium instruction thought, offer strategy, mark technique.Is so-called to bid to quote strategy, mean to bid the unit makes sure under the legal petition condition, according to the real strenght and condition of oneself of bid target, pete counterplan and offer ly decide to bid to quote behavioral decision thinking and activity, include to bid to quote target, counterplan and technique three main factors.Saying towards biding unit ing is controling the information dynamic state of rival and relevant data behind, generally is at to bid to quote strategy because of with each other vegetable prehensive analytical foundation up, whether decision takes part in to bid to quote;Make sure after deciding to take part in to bid to quote what kind of bid target;Adopt in the petition what counterplan with win a rival, attain a medium object purpose.This kind of research is analytical, the concrete process that draws up to bid to quote strategy.Bid to quote a target is bid the unit is by particularly biding to conduct;Make use of the management condition and advantage of oneself, pass the means of petition tries hard for the benefits target for attaining.This benefits target is to bid unit management instruction thought of concrete embodiment, is also bid core main factor and choice of quoting the strategy to pete a counterplan and quote the basis of technique.The research bids to quote strategy to bid to quote a target beginning from the analysis, research concerning the petition counterplan, the fitting use quotes technique and forms biding of a set of integrityto quote strategy and actually wins an object purpose now.A, bid the choice target for quotingBecause biding the management ability of unit is different from the condition, proceed from a different purpose demand, to the same invitation to bid item, can have the dissimilarity the choice for biding to quote a target.(A)existence type.Bid to quote is with overe business enterprise existence crisis for target, fighting for the medium mark can take no account of various benefits principles.(Two)pensate a type.Bid to quote with pensate business enterprise task shortage, with pursue limit efficiency for target.To the engineering equipments bid is a little bit greatly passionate, low offer take lossing in business as price, have a very strong petition ability.But be subjected to restriction of the production ability, should only consider in smaller invitation to bid item.(Three)development type.Bid to quote to expand a market, backlog experience, backward and continuously bid the item development as target.Bid to take a development, provide for gold, technique devotion means, carry on technique experience storage, set up new market image, in order to contend for follow-up the efficiency for biding.Its characteristics is to don't fix attention on to bid at a time efficiency, bid with the low offer attraction unit.(Four)petition type.It is to take petition as means to bid to quote, take low earnings as a target, offer is at accurate calculation offer cost foundation up, well quote the offer target of each rival attains by having the offer of petition ability medium object purpose.Throw mark offer to express aggressive participation consciousness to the engineering equipments.(Five)earnings type.Bid to throw price to well develop oneself advantage, take realization's best earnings as a target, bid unit to efficiency without item enthusiasm of attraction not high, be full of self-confidence to the earnings big item, also not too pay attention to the motive analysis to the rival and counterplan to grind to investigate.The dissimilarity bids to quote the choice of the target according to the certain condition carry on analytical decided.pete sex to bid to quote a target is bid the universal form that the unit pursues.Two, decide to choose the factor of quoting the target of bidingMake sure what kind of biding and quoting the target not is to follow one's inclinations, arbitrarily choose.Want to study to invite bids item first in the technique,economy, and business...etc. various various request, secondly is the technique, economy that analyzes an oneself and manage various various advantage and shortage, however after together bid oneself condition to item request to be one by one carry on checking against, make sure that the oneself is biding to quote medium petition position, draw up to beneficially bid to quote a target.This analysis and check against to mainly consider a following factor.(A)technique material the ability and worker's technique operate level.Bid the technique condition of item, give to bid the unit make the request of corresponding the technique material ability and worker technique operation level.If can not adapt to, need to be renewed or lately place a technique equipments, carry on a technique training to the worker, or outsource and at outside the organization buy, therefore bid the unit have disability or from here arouse of the variety of offer cost, all directly influence to bid the choice of target.Whereas, have a biding of high technique material and operation ability, the unit accepts a load of technique level lower engineering item, the efficiency chooses to equally have already pared the general situation limit.(Two)design ability.The engineering designs usually is bid the item constitute part, in the synthetic invitation to bid item, design work request and more important position of the workload occupancy, biding the design ability of unit can adapt to the request of inviting bids the item, directly decide to throw an object method and bid the choice of target, design ability that adapts to invite bids engineering, can well develop the advantage of biding the unit, Be signed to a petition of active position.(Three)acquaint with procedure to the invitation to bid item.Is so-called to acquaint with degree is bid the unit is past to this engineering item whether accepted to once set up, the backlog had what experience, predict that the ability of risk contains much big etc..The item acquaints with and then can strengthen confidence and ease risk loss, may well can extend the petition ability for biding.The item doesn't acquaint with, will well consider can not to see of risk factor, provide guarantee measure and design to meet an emergency ability.This means increasing of indirect devotion and has a certain difficulty in biding target choice.(Four)bid the item can bring of later on opportunity, so-called later on opportunity, be bid unit in the middle of fighting for mark after, probably to continuous from now on bid to take of medium mark opportunity, or in aftertime to similar item in the middle of adopting while biding mark occupy beneficial position.If with empress opportunity more, to bidunit's setting up image is as beneficial as extension market and so invite bids to this the item does some concessions to attain on the economic benefits medium the mark purpose is also beneficial.If the opportunities are few, so weigh consideration to the economic efficiency important step for biding later on.(Five)bid the exit opportunity that the item may bring.Extend an international market, fight for bid in the nations in have position is bid the unit pursue of important target, to can bid for nations to win victory to bring greater opportunity of bid item, undoubtedly biding the unit should test the problem of Lyu first.It decides to this bid item realistic efficiency of low level choice.(Six)bid the production quality that the item may bring to raise.Bid the item on the other hand need mutually acmodative production material and labor technical ability, may also give to bid the unit bring a technical progress on the other hand, the exaltation of strengthening of management level and work quality, this kind of amount of quality high degree, undoubtedly bid the unit is interested in, directly influence it bids the decision of earnings target.(Seven)bid the cost that the item may bring lower an opportunity and bid unit after fighting for in the mark, in the process of fulfilling contract in, generally speaking, each management raises of the prehensive achievement will directly reflect opportunity and degree that lower in the cost up, biding the pletion of item can for with after contract for management to bring cost to lower more and bigger opportunity, will also influence to bid unit to bid the decision of earnings target.(Eight)bid the petition degree of item.The so-called petition degree means that amount and each petition bidder of unit that participate in to bidOf motive and target.It wears to bid unit efficiency from the external check and supervision target choice of proper restraint.The petition of biding es to a decision to bid the unit has to take internal condition as foundation while biding and take petition in the market as to lead to and draw up exactitude of bid target.Bid unit to the dissimilarity to say in addition, such as contract for engineering to deliver goods condition, method of payment, history experience, risk etc. is all factor that influences to bid a target choice, have important function to the decision that chooses to bid a target thus.Three, decide to bid the quantity of target factor turns analysisDecide to bid the factor of target generally be not stand alone an occurrence functionof, bid unit to the dissimilarity to say, each is different to bid the decision factor of item influence degree and function direction are also different.Have to take into overall balance, prehensive consideration.Here, a very important technique problem is to chase a not parable various phenomenon factor and has been analyzed the conversion turn a factor for the quantity that can pare and use a calculation opportunity to bid to always divide the method of value, the concrete assurance bids the choice of target.Its procedure is:(A)according to biding unit circumstance, the concrete assurance participation quantity turns an analytical basic factor.The quantity turns the choice of analyzing the factor, according to biding the different circumstance decision of item, can reflect production, management, technique and quality each on the side, and hold tight vital link.(Two)turn an analysis factor to the quantity for making selection, measure it to produce the opposite and important degree in the management in the business enterprise, make sure to add a power number respectively, the power counts total amount to 100.(Three)use to beat to divide a method to measure to bid the contented degree that the item turns to analyze a factor to the quantity, make sure that its opposite cent is worth.Turn each quantity the factor demarcation is Gao(10 divide) and medium(5 divide) and low(0 divide) three fileseses to beat a cent, easy to parison.For example, bid existing technique material of unit the ability and worker operate level to judge the opposite cent value of the factor to divide for"Gao", settling to 10 towards pleting to bid item to have a little bit greatly maying, then canning.(Four)make the power number of each factor judging the opposite cent value of the grade of satisfying the degree with multiply each other, beg getting a goal of an each factor;Get a goal each factor to mutually add, get the total cent of this engineering equipments item opportunity to bid to be worth.For example:Some engineering equipments item opportunity to bid evaluation.(Five)divide the engineering equipments item opportunity to bid to always be worth 825 cent together bid unit in advance certain of can accept best quotation the value carry on a parison for cent, assurance whether participation bid to quote and how quote.(namely basis what kind of the target quote)Generally speaking：①opportunity to bid always when cent's being worth is lower than to schedule to best quotation to be worth for cent can choose to give up the opportunity to quote of biding;Opportunity to bid always divide is higher than to schedule to a best quotation score, can decide to participate in to bid to quote.②s always divide Gao Chu to schedule to in the opportunity to bid the zone of best quotation score in, choose to bid the ideal target for ually the zone is big more, the opportunity of choice is many more, and the scope is big more;The zone is small more, the opportunity of choice is little more, and the scope is small more.投标报价的策略与技巧投标报价竞争的胜负，能否中标，不仅取决于竞争者的经济实力和技术水平，而且还决定于竞争策略是否正确和投标报价的技巧运用是否得当。
附录1 分布式发电IEEE1547技术标准主要内容(中英文对照)[共13页]
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附录1分布式发电IEEE1547 技术标准主要内容（中英文对照）1．V oltage regulationThe DR shall not actively regulate the voltage at the PCC. The DR shall not cause the Area EPS service voltage at other Local EPSs to go outside the requirements of ANSI C84.1-1995，Range A.ANSI C84.1 Range A voltage limits：These requirements vary from state to state and may be different from those specified in ANSI C84.1-2006. The maximum permissible deviation from nominal system voltage at the PCC is typically 5%. 1．电压调整分布式电源的接入不应该引起接入点电压的变化。
分布式电源的接入不能使区域电网的工作电压超出C84.1-1995，Range A标准的要求。
C84.1-1995，Range A对电压的要求：地区之间要求各不相同，与C84.1-2006标准中的内容也不尽相同。
接入点的电压与系统参考电压的最大允许偏离值一般为参考电压的5%。
2．Integration with area EPS groundingThe grounding scheme of the DR interconnection shall not cause overvoltages that exceed the rating of the equipment connected to the Area EPS and shall not disrupt the coordination of the ground-fault protection on the Area EPS.2．与区域电网接地保护的配合分布式互连系统的接地方案不能使连接到区域电网的设备在任何运行方式下出现过电压，而且不能让区域电网的接地保护误动作。
附录5-全国酒店名称中英文对照翻译
6. 沈阳新世界大酒店
7. 沈阳皇朝万豪酒店 8. 沈阳房地产大厦 9. 沈阳世星国际饭店
New World Hotel of Shenyang
Danasty Marriott Hotel Real Estate Hotel World Star International Hotel
10. 沈阳假日酒店
7. 山东民营企业家会馆
8. 济南泉景大酒店 9. 济南玉泉森信大酒店 10. 山东新闻大厦
Private Entrepreneur Association of Shandong
Jinan Telecom Hotel Jinan Yuquan Simpson Hotel Shandong News Hotel
大连理工大学电子音像出版社
The Chinese and English Name of Hotel in China 全国酒店名称中英文对照翻译参考
济南酒店 1. 济南索菲特银座大饭店 2. 济南阳光商务大酒店 3. 济南贵和皇冠假日酒店 4. 济南山东大厦 5. 济南万家灯火大酒店 6. 济南银座泉城大酒店 Sofitel Silver Plaza Hotel Jinan Sunshine Business Hotel Crown Plaza Guihe Jinan Shandong Hotel Jinan Golden Family Hotel Jinan Silver Plaza Quancheng Hotel
大连理工大lish Name of Hotel in China 全国酒店名称中英文对照翻译参考
沈阳酒店 1. 新世界万怡酒店 2. 沈阳凤凰饭店 3. 沈阳东湖度假村 4. 沈阳世星国际饭店 5. 沈阳凯宾斯基大酒店 New World Courtyard Hotel Phoenix Hotel Shenyang East Lake Holiday Village World Star International Hotel Kempinski Hotel
欧盟GMP附录11-计算机系统(中英文对照)
EUROPEAN COMMISSION欧盟委员会HEALTH AND CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL卫生与消费者协会Public Health and Risk Assessment公共卫生与风险评估Pharmaceuticals药品Brussels,SANCO/C8/AM/sl/ares(2010)1064599EudraLexThe Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union欧盟药品生产规范Volume 4卷4Good Manufacturing PracticeMedicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use人用与兽用药品良好生产管理规范Annex 11: Computerised Systems附件11：计算机系统Legal basis for publishing the detailed guidelines: Article 47 of Directive2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use and Article 51 of Directive 2001/82/EC on the Community code relating to veterinary medicinal products. This document provides guidance for the interpretation of the principles and guidelines of good manufacturing practice (GMP) for medicinal products as laid down in Directive 2003/94/EC for medicinal products for human use and Directive 91/412/EEC for veterinary use.依法发布的具体指导方针：2001/83/EC第47条人用药品规范和2001/82/EC第51条兽用药品规范。
附录六植物名称中英文对照表
附录六植物名称中英文对照表（按中文拼音顺序排列）阿米芹Bishop's Weed矮牵牛Petunia艾菊T ansy八角茴香Anise白菊Feverfew白三叶White Clover百里香Thyme蓖麻Castor Bean扁竹Common Knotweed滨藜Saltbush波斯菊Cosmos草木樨Sweet Clover除虫菊Pyrethrum川芎Lovage刺槐Black Locust大果田菁Hemp Sesbania当归Angelica地三叶草Subterranean Clover 番红花Crocus粉蝶花Baby-Blue-Eyes覆盆子Raspberry 高粱Sorghum葛缕子Caraway海带Kelp旱金莲Nasturtium黄春菊Golden Marguerite茴香Fennel加拿大接骨木Blue Elderberry剑兰Gladiolus豇豆Cowpea绛车轴草Crimson Clover洁顶菊Tidy Tip金鸡菊Coreopsis金盏菊Pot marigold菊花Chrysanthemum辣根、山葵、山萝卜Horseradish 留兰香Spearmint琉璃苣Borage柳树Willow龙蒿T arragon芦笋Asparagus罗勒Basil马齿苋Purslane马利筋Butterfly Weed猫薄荷，猫草Catnip毛木兰Hairy Indigo毛叶苕子Hairy Vetch迷迭香Rosemary牛膝草Hyssop牛至Oregano荠菜Sheperd's purse千鸟草Larkspur牵牛花Morning Glory荨麻Stinging Nettle青蒿Southernwood秋葵Okra伞形蜂蜜花Candytuft沙棘，鼠李草Buckthorn 圣叶樱桃Hollyleaf Cherry 蓍草Yarrow莳萝Dill鼠尾草Sage天人菊Gaillardia土木香Helenium万寿菊Marigold卫矛Euonymus细叶芹Chervil夏香薄荷、夏风轮菜Summer Savory苋菜Amaranth香菜Parsley香蜂草Bee Balm，Lemon Balm香雪球Sweet Alyssum小飞蓬Horseweed熏衣草Lavendar亚历山大三叶草Berseem Clover芫荽Coriander洋甘菊Chamomile野胡萝卜Queen Anne's Lace一枝黄花Goldenrod羽扇豆Lupine芸香Rue皂皮树Soapbark Tree掌叶酒瓶树Flowering Bottle Tree脂香菊Costmary紫草Comfrey紫花苜蓿Alfalfa第 2 页。
中国药典附录Ⅰ(A-Z)中英文对照
（附录Ⅰ制剂通则）Appendix ⅠGeneral Requirements for Prearations（丸剂）ⅠA Pills丸剂系指药材细粉或药材提取物加适宜的黏合剂或其他辅料制成的珠形或类球形制剂，分为蜜丸、水蜜九、水丸、糊丸、蜡丸和浓缩丸等类型。
Pills are spherical or spherical-like solid dosage forms made of finely powdered crude drugs or crude drug extracts, proper binders or other excipients. They are classified into honeyed pills, water-honeyed pills, watered pills, pasted pills, concentrated pills waxed pills and concentrated pills etc.蜜丸系指药材细粉以蜂蜜为黏合剂制成的丸剂。
其中每丸重量在0.5g( 含0.5g)以上的称大蜜丸，每丸重量在0.5以下的称小蜜丸。
Honeyed pills are made of fine powder of crude drugs, using honey as binder. Among them, pills weighing more than 0.5g (including 0.5g) per pill are big honeyed pills, pills weighing less than 0.5g per pill are small honeyed pills.水蜜丸系指药材细粉以蜂蜜和水为黏合剂制成的丸剂。
Water-honeyed pills are made of fine powder of crude drugs, using honey and water as binders.水丸系指药材细粉以水（或根据制法用黄酒、醋、稀药汁、糖液等）为黏合剂制成的丸剂。
人教版九年级上册化学：附录Ⅲ 部分名词中英文对照表
元素 Element
答：元素周期表
Symbol of element? 答：元素符号
Chemical formula
化学式 如KMnO4
全班大PK
6、What is the chemical formula for water? 7、What is the chemical formula for Oxygen? 8、What is the chemical formula for Hdrogen?
B、water C、natural gas
纯净物substance
以下哪些是纯净物
1、氧气 2、液氮3、 稀有气体4、二氧
化碳5、空气
元素 Element
说出8种元素，并书写正确
单质 Elementary substance
说出6种单质
化合物compound
说出6种化合物
Periodic table of elements?
全班大PK （P101习题改编）
5、下列属于chemical equation书写错误的有
A、HgO=Hg+O2 B、 2H2O2—2H2O+O2 C、 S+O点2 燃 SO2 D、 + O2 点燃 H2O2 E、Ca(OH)2 +CO2 = CaCO3 +H2O
2 物质大比拼
Part 2 物质大比拼——猜猜我是谁
食物的腐烂
酿酒
全班大PK
4、以下哪个不是Oxidation reaction ？
A
B
C
D
Chemical Reaction 化学反应
氧被夺去 还原反应
Reduction reaction
附录6 常用术语中英文对照
附录6 常用术语中英文对照1.排放污染物emission pollutants排气排放物exhaust emission氮氧化物（NOx）oxides of nitrogen （NOx）一氧化碳carbon monoxide（CO）碳化氢hydrocarbons (HC)总碳化氢total hydrocarbons (THC)二氧化碳carbor dioxide (CO2)质量排放率mass emission转化效率converter efficiency温度传感器temperature sensor压力传感器pressure sensor位置传感器position sensor2.成套分析设备analytical train不分光红外线（NDIR）分析仪nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer 组合气室stacked cell参比室reference cell滤光室filter cell样气室sample cell氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）仪flame ionization detector (FID) analyzer总碳氢（THC）分析仪total hydrocarbons (THC) analyzer化学发光检测器（CLD）分析仪chemiluminescent detector (CLD) analyzer 氮氧化物转化器NOx(NO2-NO)converter (NO2-NO)反应室reactive cell(chamber)碳氢化合物响应度hydrocarbon response碳数当量carbon equivalent百万分率碳（ppmC）parts per million carbon（ppmC）干扰interference湿度校正（KH）系数humidity correction（KH）factor拖尾tailing（hang up）？氧发生器ozonator响应时间responsive time平衡气balance gas零气zero gas零点气zero grade gas（air zero gas）标定气calibrating gas响应曲线（校正曲线）response curve （calibration curve）量距span量距气span gas拉格朗日（多项式）拟合lagrange（polynomial）fit水蒸气干扰校正correted for water vapor extraction 二氧化碳干扰校正correter for CO2 extraction袋式分析bag analysis实时分析modal analysis量程range分辨率resolution底盘测功机chassis dynamometer惯性质量inertia mass行驶监视仪driver sid3动态或连续取样法dynamic or continuous sampling 定容取样法constant volume sampling定容取样器（CVS）constant volume sampler（CVS）临界流量文丘里管critical flow Venturi（CFV）稀释空气dilution gas稀释排气diluted exhaust稀释比dilution ratio稀释系数dilution factor袋式取样bag sample全量袋式取样法total bag sampling取样袋sampling bag4试验循环test cycles行驶循环driving cycle工况mode当量惯量equivalent inertia weight5排放标准emission standard浓度排放标准emission concentration standard质量排放标准mass rate of emission standard型式认证（TA）type approval（TA）车辆型式vehicle type发动机型式engine type生产一致性（COP）conformity of production（TOP）不一致性罚款（NCP）non-conformance penalty（NCP）回收（召回）recall。
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附录AEuroPean Tunnelling ReviewQuality，Environment and Safety FocusBill Weburn(Vinci Construction Grands ProjetsF一92851，France)Abstract This paper provides an overview Of tunnelling projects with some of the themes covered by the Chengdu Tunnelling Conference.(a)Environmental issues and tunnels under high groundwaterpressure((Hallandsas Rail Tunnel，Sweden)(b)Fire-fighting and tunnel safety on long highway tunnels(Socatop Tunnel，WestParis)(c)Mechanised tunnelling below the world’s largest airport (HeathrowTS)of aquality that avoids disruption to its operation.Each of these overviews show an enhanced performance in regard to projects specific events or objectives. Particularly，in tunnelling，project owners expect more than just a facility delivered on time for Iheir money: they expect an all roundperformance respecting deadlines，budget，environmental protection，safety，qualily and community harmony. Funding agencies do not always have the same agenda as project owners，acknowledging peripheral selection criteria but often demanding that the lowest bidder be awarded work. All round Performance requires all round project selection criteria.Hallandsas Rail Tunnel，SwedenThe Hallandsas Rail Tunnel is located between Malmo and Gothenburg and is part of the Swedish high speed rail link between the Oresund crossing to Denmark and Oslo.Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Skanska are currently working in a joint venture to complete this tunnel，on which work had stopped during the 1905s, after damage to the environment had been sustained.The idea for a tunnel through the Hallandsas Ridge had first heen reviewed as early as 1975,and by 1988，the Swedish National Railway Administration(“ NRA”)drew up a conceptual design for the tunnel. The Hallandsa ridge is primary horst formation consisting of mainly fractured gneiss partly weathered into clay and amphibolite.It is considerably more aquiferous than most Swedish primary rock formations，which makes the area on the ridge and the Bj re peninsula highly suitable for cultivation.In 1992，the NRA initiated construction with its first contractor who commissioned an open-mode TBM for an unlined tunnel,designed with lateral rock grippers. In mid 1993,it became stuck after advancing 16m, when the machine sank into the machine sank into the highly weathered surrounding ground. Work continued by conventional tunnelling until the end of 1995，when with 3,000 metres bored，the contractor withdrew.By 1996，work recommenced and a central access gallery was exeavated to open four additional tunneling faces using conventional tunnelling methods.High rates of water ingress at 601/ second，instead of the amounts Provided for in the contract at less than 331/second，seeped into the tunnel and hampered progress. This water inflow caused a draw down of the water table locally and dried a number of wells in the vicinity. Over 80 different grouting agents were tested for suitably low enough viscosity to penetrate all fractures，before Rhoca-Gil(bi-component chemical sealing agent) was used.This grout sealing agent polluted the ground water，Poisoned livestock and high levels of acrylamide(toxic additive)were subsequently found in water flowing from the tunnel.This ecological scandal in october 1997 drove the media into a frenzy and，with substantial local stakeholder protest，caused work on the project to be suspended with only 6 000m bored.Decontamination of the tunnel and water table was carried out in 1998-99，by removing active acrylamide and installing a waterproof lining in a re-dimensioned tunnel in zones of high water ingress.Decontomination consisted of draining the groundin grouted areas to try to recover the toxic additive .Tunnel lining had been requested by the NRA over some 750m of each tunnel at the northern section ,which had reduced water ingress to 131/second by March 2000.Less than one year later, the project was to be halted again,since it was recognized that excavation could no longer continue by conventional methods.By early 200l，the railway link between Malm and Gothenburg had been 90% complete with 30 km outstanding，of which 10 km comprised the Hallandsas Rail Tunnel.Despite hostile public opinion，and under intense media and political pressure，the NRA was committed to completing the Project with no further mistakes.Water ingress had been limited to 131/second for the four tubes and the central accesses.Water table levels had been recharged and the site was now pollution free. Completing the ProjectThe Swedish NRA initiated a European tendering process that was won by Skanska-Vinci JV(”JV”) in July 2002.The JV and Herrenknecht developed a mixed shield capable of functioning as a hard rock machine in open mode(anticipated over 80% of the drive)and as a slurry machine in closed mode.The TBM has been designed to operate under 8 bars Pressure and can drive in short lengths at pressures of up to 13 bars.The machine has been custom designed to accommodate 6 drills for probing and ground treatment as follows: ·3 on the back-up，with each having 44 drilling positions，distributed over 360 degrees(30 through the shield and 14 through the cutterhead);·2 Inside the Shield,each with 12 drilling positions through the cutterhead;·1 at the TBM centre，with 6 drilling directlons.However，a specific part of the tunnel，known as the Mollebackzonen，comprised of highly weathered and highly fractured rock，will still need ground treatment prior to the TBM drive.This will require a 20m Pilot gallery to be excavated from the North drive by conventional tunnelling methods and the creation of two small chambers.Thereafter，the ground will be frozen over 100 m in the highly weathered andhighly fractured zone，and then grouted over the further 200m in the highly fractured zone.The TBM will then drive through to complete the full size tunnel.The segmental lining is 54cm thick 2,20m wide and composed of 7 standard segments and 1 key. Segments，are designed to resist 15 bars pressure and rings are fitted with a gasket which will be tested at 45 bar.Enviromental Protection RequirementsIn addition to monitoring and controlling noise，vibration，air quality and waste management，a rigorous and thorough environmental protection programme is now operated，requiring a detailed review and chemical analysis of all products used for the Works. Currently，more than 500 materials submittals sheets have been issued requesting approval of proposed materials.Management of water discharges from the tunnel is now subject to rigorous and continuous control and six environmental engineers are permanently stationed on site.Water inflow from the tunnels is monitored quantitatively and qualitatively twice a week and continuously for discharges.Inflows during construction are specified not to exceed 100/second over 4 week period on average and a maximum of 2801/second daily，A water treatment plant is installed on site to purify wate r．Tunnelling ManagementIn order to respect the maximum water inflows，the JV has developed the following tunnelling strategy:·Probe forward to estimate impending water inflow and to assess the ground;·Carry out ground treatment from the TBM ,if necessary;·Monitor effect by probe drilling;·Drive in open mode if impending water inflow and/or geological conditions are suitable，and otherwise drive in closed mode.It is necessary to bear in mind that payment is made in accordance with specified boring and grouting classes，proposed by the JV for the NRA's agreement，and referred to a technical panel for resolution of Payment class in the event ofdisagreement.Payment classes for boring.EndwordThe Hallandsas Railway Tunnel represents a new challenge in tunnelling at 13 bars and a state-of-the-art TBM is being manufactured by Herrenknecht for this purpose.In addition，a high standard of environmental monitoring and management is being implemented to safeguard local ecology，after a series of infelicitous mishaps during previous development of the Project.The Project is now back on track with tunneling having started in March 2004 and all efforts have been made and precautions taken to make this tunnel operational.A86 Socatop TunnelThe A86 autoroute is a ring-road skirting the Creater Paris region known as the Ile de France. Most of this ring road is in operation，with the remaining uncompleted section hetween Rueil Malmaison and Versailles designed underground in the interests of residential and environmental harmony 。