02词语翻译——增词法,减词法
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词语翻译
1
英汉词语在表达上的差异
词汇涵义的范围不同—词义不完全对应
英语： 灵活，范围广， 依赖上下文
汉语： 严谨，凝滞， 范围窄
e.g. well ：涌出、喷出”（动词）；“好、很好、好意地、 恰当地……”（副词）；“健康、很好、可取的……”（形 容词）；“井、泉、源泉、令人满意的事物……”（名 词）；“咳、嗯、好吧……”（语气词） 2
13
补充原文因语法省略的词
Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸 取教训更好
14
二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词
增加动词 形容词 副词 名词 量词
语气词 范畴词 概括性的词 承上启下的词
4) 5) 6)
增词法、减词法
11
一、为了语法上的需要而增词
时态要求 补充原文因语法省略的词 二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词 增加动词 语气词 形容词 范畴词 副词 名词 概括性的词 量词 承上启下的词
三、为了增加背景文化知识 四、名词复数翻译的增词法
12
一、为了语法上的需要而增词
形容词
This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是物美价廉。 He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
他是一个性格复杂的人—喜怒无常，反复多变， 有些犹豫寡欢。
我呢，从一开始就不赞成。
28
• 增加概括性的词 Sino-British links have multiplied—political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology. 中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技方面 的联系进一步加强了。
说服工作 准备工作 落后状态 紧张局势 自满情绪 疯狂行为 敌对态度
22
具体名词表示抽象概念时，名词后增加名词 He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。
The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
8
• 感情色彩 P20 • 正确使用语体 P21 • 符合逻辑和实际情况 P22
9
Homework
• • 写10个含kill不同词义的句子，并将句子翻译成汉语。 Translate the following sentences
1)
2) 3)
How to develop an online course?
Be slow to promise but quick to practice.
不要轻易许诺，但一旦许诺要尽快实践。
3
Develop trouble Develop a force Developing a practical rod Develop a statement
Develop the deposit Develop a design Develop the science of agriculture Develop a kind of paper
21
抽象名词后增加名词
To persuade To prepare Backward Tense Arrogant Mad antagonistic
说服 准备 落后 紧张 自满 疯狂 敌对
Persuasion Preparation Backwardness Tension Arrogance Madness antagonism
19
不及物动词——宾语隐含在动词后面 First you borrow, then you beg.
头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭
Day after day he came to his work— sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活—扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。
20
5
Once the story got abroad, I would never hear the last of it. 要是这个奇闻传了出去，就会议论个没完没了。 You put me on the spot. I have to cook up a story this time. 你把我拖下水，这回我要找借口了。 It was reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story. 据说将军已死，但官方拒绝证实这消息。
17
• 增加副词 The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了
As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲的没完。
18
• 增加名词
不及物动词——宾语隐含在动词后面
在形容词前加名词
抽象名词后增加名词 具体名词表示抽象概念时，名词后增加名词
4
Oh, what a story. 哦，好个谎话。 To make a long story short. 长话短说。 It is another story.
这是另外一个问题。
He storied about his academic career and his professional career. 他编造了他的学历和经历。
英语一词多义
Business was rather slow last month. 上个月生意不太景气。 The book is rather slow. 这本书很乏味（不精彩）。
You’d better go slow in reaching a conclusion.
你最好不要急于下结论。 He is slow of understanding.他理解力较差。 He is so slow that I have to explain everything several times. 他太迟钝，所有的事我都得解释好几遍。
6
to launch a movement, campaign, drive 搞运动、活动；
to launch a training program, class, course
举办培训班， to launch a satellite 发射卫星 to launch a loan 发放贷款
7
翻译时注意：
Develop a theory
Develop a new type of potato Develop a tuberculosis Develop his own manner of acting Develop all the natural substances
Develop photos
Develop an extramarital affair Develop new materials Develop children’s interest Develop the western region
• 时态要求 汉语表示时态的词：着，了，过等 P33 The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.
Scientists develop ―brain chip‖. The purpose of this course is to help students develop understanding of business communications in English at an intermediate level. From life to death is man’s reach. The new principal has no previous experience of school government. He put forward some new ideas to challenge the interest of all concerned. 10
23
• 增加表示名词复数的词
增加重迭词表示复数 增加数词或其他词表示复数
Flowers bloom all over the yard 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院 The lion is the king of animals. 狮是百兽之王
24
The ASIAN countries have designated 1992 as ―Asian Tourism Year‖, and are cooperating in a drive to convince the world’s pleasure-andculture-seekers of their attractions. 亚洲几个国家将1992年指定为“亚洲旅游年”，携 手合作发起一场宣传攻势，旨在让世界各地的那些 猎奇探胜的游客确信，他们这些国家也有许多引人 入胜的旅游景观。
15
二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词
• 增加动词
– In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.
在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、 看演出、吃名菜。（）
– In the evening, after the banquet, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.
• 平时多积累 Their people have always been available to offer assistance and answer technical questions. 他们的工作人员随时为我们提供支持并解答 技术上的问题。 You have a creative edge in business. 你获得创造性地商业优势。
A full moon
A mouth A bad dream
一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。
27
• 增加语气词——的、呢、吧、啊、呀等 Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.
不要认真嘛！我只不过和你开个玩笑罢了。
As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.
25
• 增加量词
数词与可数名词直接连用 有些动词或动作名词
26
数词与可数名词直接连用
A tractor A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea A bike
一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。
A stream is winding its way through the valley into the river.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之 后， 他还得起草最后公报。 汉语动词连用 vs 只有一个定式动词 I forgot my key 我忘了带钥匙 16
Fra Baidu bibliotek
• 增加形容词
– The war made a man of him.
战争把他锻造成一个堂堂的男子汉。 Deflation has now reached unprecedented level. 通货紧缩已经发展到了空前严重的地步。
1
英汉词语在表达上的差异
词汇涵义的范围不同—词义不完全对应
英语： 灵活，范围广， 依赖上下文
汉语： 严谨，凝滞， 范围窄
e.g. well ：涌出、喷出”（动词）；“好、很好、好意地、 恰当地……”（副词）；“健康、很好、可取的……”（形 容词）；“井、泉、源泉、令人满意的事物……”（名 词）；“咳、嗯、好吧……”（语气词） 2
13
补充原文因语法省略的词
Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸 取教训更好
14
二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词
增加动词 形容词 副词 名词 量词
语气词 范畴词 概括性的词 承上启下的词
4) 5) 6)
增词法、减词法
11
一、为了语法上的需要而增词
时态要求 补充原文因语法省略的词 二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词 增加动词 语气词 形容词 范畴词 副词 名词 概括性的词 量词 承上启下的词
三、为了增加背景文化知识 四、名词复数翻译的增词法
12
一、为了语法上的需要而增词
形容词
This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是物美价廉。 He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
他是一个性格复杂的人—喜怒无常，反复多变， 有些犹豫寡欢。
我呢，从一开始就不赞成。
28
• 增加概括性的词 Sino-British links have multiplied—political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology. 中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技方面 的联系进一步加强了。
说服工作 准备工作 落后状态 紧张局势 自满情绪 疯狂行为 敌对态度
22
具体名词表示抽象概念时，名词后增加名词 He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。
The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
8
• 感情色彩 P20 • 正确使用语体 P21 • 符合逻辑和实际情况 P22
9
Homework
• • 写10个含kill不同词义的句子，并将句子翻译成汉语。 Translate the following sentences
1)
2) 3)
How to develop an online course?
Be slow to promise but quick to practice.
不要轻易许诺，但一旦许诺要尽快实践。
3
Develop trouble Develop a force Developing a practical rod Develop a statement
Develop the deposit Develop a design Develop the science of agriculture Develop a kind of paper
21
抽象名词后增加名词
To persuade To prepare Backward Tense Arrogant Mad antagonistic
说服 准备 落后 紧张 自满 疯狂 敌对
Persuasion Preparation Backwardness Tension Arrogance Madness antagonism
19
不及物动词——宾语隐含在动词后面 First you borrow, then you beg.
头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭
Day after day he came to his work— sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活—扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。
20
5
Once the story got abroad, I would never hear the last of it. 要是这个奇闻传了出去，就会议论个没完没了。 You put me on the spot. I have to cook up a story this time. 你把我拖下水，这回我要找借口了。 It was reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story. 据说将军已死，但官方拒绝证实这消息。
17
• 增加副词 The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了
As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲的没完。
18
• 增加名词
不及物动词——宾语隐含在动词后面
在形容词前加名词
抽象名词后增加名词 具体名词表示抽象概念时，名词后增加名词
4
Oh, what a story. 哦，好个谎话。 To make a long story short. 长话短说。 It is another story.
这是另外一个问题。
He storied about his academic career and his professional career. 他编造了他的学历和经历。
英语一词多义
Business was rather slow last month. 上个月生意不太景气。 The book is rather slow. 这本书很乏味（不精彩）。
You’d better go slow in reaching a conclusion.
你最好不要急于下结论。 He is slow of understanding.他理解力较差。 He is so slow that I have to explain everything several times. 他太迟钝，所有的事我都得解释好几遍。
6
to launch a movement, campaign, drive 搞运动、活动；
to launch a training program, class, course
举办培训班， to launch a satellite 发射卫星 to launch a loan 发放贷款
7
翻译时注意：
Develop a theory
Develop a new type of potato Develop a tuberculosis Develop his own manner of acting Develop all the natural substances
Develop photos
Develop an extramarital affair Develop new materials Develop children’s interest Develop the western region
• 时态要求 汉语表示时态的词：着，了，过等 P33 The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.
Scientists develop ―brain chip‖. The purpose of this course is to help students develop understanding of business communications in English at an intermediate level. From life to death is man’s reach. The new principal has no previous experience of school government. He put forward some new ideas to challenge the interest of all concerned. 10
23
• 增加表示名词复数的词
增加重迭词表示复数 增加数词或其他词表示复数
Flowers bloom all over the yard 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院 The lion is the king of animals. 狮是百兽之王
24
The ASIAN countries have designated 1992 as ―Asian Tourism Year‖, and are cooperating in a drive to convince the world’s pleasure-andculture-seekers of their attractions. 亚洲几个国家将1992年指定为“亚洲旅游年”，携 手合作发起一场宣传攻势，旨在让世界各地的那些 猎奇探胜的游客确信，他们这些国家也有许多引人 入胜的旅游景观。
15
二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词
• 增加动词
– In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.
在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、 看演出、吃名菜。（）
– In the evening, after the banquet, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.
• 平时多积累 Their people have always been available to offer assistance and answer technical questions. 他们的工作人员随时为我们提供支持并解答 技术上的问题。 You have a creative edge in business. 你获得创造性地商业优势。
A full moon
A mouth A bad dream
一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。
27
• 增加语气词——的、呢、吧、啊、呀等 Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.
不要认真嘛！我只不过和你开个玩笑罢了。
As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.
25
• 增加量词
数词与可数名词直接连用 有些动词或动作名词
26
数词与可数名词直接连用
A tractor A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea A bike
一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。
A stream is winding its way through the valley into the river.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之 后， 他还得起草最后公报。 汉语动词连用 vs 只有一个定式动词 I forgot my key 我忘了带钥匙 16
Fra Baidu bibliotek
• 增加形容词
– The war made a man of him.
战争把他锻造成一个堂堂的男子汉。 Deflation has now reached unprecedented level. 通货紧缩已经发展到了空前严重的地步。