英国社会与文化unit2tex
英语国家社会与文化 第二单元 大英帝国(谷风讲课)
Read the questions
Answer the questions during the documentary
沐风教资
17
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10
African resistance
沐风教资
11
British Rule
Mostly governed through local leaders
Nawab Wallajah
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12
The British Empire
Many Between 1853 and 1880, large scale immigration to British colonies
Many British died of disease in Africa
Africans had been exposed to European diseases and had more advanced weapons making them difficult to conquer – 1800s machine gun, steam boat
Results of international conflict
Many natives died of European diseases
Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, measles, cholera, plague, flu
沐风教资
9
British Expansion
At its height in early 1900s
沐风教资
5
沐风教资
6
Sun never sets…
英国社会与文化
The Wine History of BritishIntroduction UK, as we all know it is famous for its long history andbrilliant culture. The wine culture is a major feature of British culture. It can be said that in Britain a considerable number of people regarded as a drunken. In this paper, through a brief description of the British wine history, as well as analysis of the reasons of the culture with its geography, climate and national character, to introduce the unique charm of this wine history.Key words Britain wine origins, Development of Britain Wine1.Origins and Early Development of Britain wine1.1．Roman OriginsThe Romans invaded the UK in 43 AD, where it is reputed they introduced Britons to wine for the first time. It is said that Julius Caesar brought the vine to England. Nice though that story is, some scholars think it apocryphal - wine was certainly brought to Britain by the Romans, but it is less certain whether the vine was grown here, or if it was, whether it was in sufficent quantity to satisfy the local requirement for wine or just as an ornament to remind Romans of home and wealthy Romano-Britons of the source of their civilization and prosperity.1.2．Domesday & Middle AgesIt is more certain that by the time of the Norman Conquest, vines were grown, and wine made, in a substantial number of monastic institutions in England, especially, southern England. The legacy of street names (such as Vine street or the Vineyards) in London and provincial towns and cities - suggests that vines and vineyards were certainly no great rarities.At the time of the compilation of the Domesday Survey in the late eleventh century, vineyards were recorded in 46 places in southern England, from East Anglia through to modern-day Somerset. By the time King Henry VIIIth ascended the throne there were 139 sizeable vineyards in England and Wales - 11 of them owned by the Crown, 67 by noble families and 52 by the church.It is not exactly clear why the number of vineyards declined subsequently. Some have put it down to an adverse change in the weather which made an uncertain enterprise even more problematic. Others have linked it with the dissolution of themonasteries by Henry VIII. Both these factors may have had some part to play but in all probability the decline was gradual (over several centuries) and for more complex reasons.1.3．Eighteenth & nineteenth century experimentersIn the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth century there is evidence of various noblemen experimenting with growing grapes and making wine - such as the Hon. Charles Hamilton who grew vines at Painshill in Surrey (a garden which has in recent years been restored).In the late nineteenth century, the Marquess of Bute established a vineyard on a commercial scale at Castell Coch in South Wales - this is very well documented. The Marquess died in 1900 but in 1905 there were 63,000 vines at Castell Coch and Swanbridge superintended by the Marquess's 19 year old son who had succeeded him, but no wine making seems to have been carried out after the First World War.2.Modern trend of Britain wine2.1．Twentieth century gapThe period from the end of the First World War to shortly after the end of the Second World War may well be the only time in two millennia that vines to make wine on a substantial scale were not grown in England or Wales. Doubtless, during that time, there were some vines being grown on a garden scale by amateur growers, but for more than 25 years there was a total cessation of viticulture and winemaking on a commercial basis.2.2．Exponential growthThe rest, as they say, is history. An ever-increasing number of pioneers followed these leads and especially during the 1960s, 70s and 80s there was a rapid increase in the number of English vineyards to a figure well over 400 by the late 80s/early 90s. The total area under cultivation rose to more than 2,000 acres.The vast majority of these vineyards were small (5 acres or less, many less than 1 acre), whilst a few much larger vineyards emerged, such as Three Choirs near Newent in Gloucestershire. Denbies at Dorking in Surrey has, so far, marked the apogee of size in English vineyards, with around 250 acres under cultivation. Clearly such vineyards have been very serious commercial developments, butmany small English vineyards have been retirement or "second-career" ventures, quite often by individuals or married couples wanting to escape the urban rat-race whilst still pursuing an occupation requiring both manual and intellectual challenges.2.3．A mature industry?In the 1990s the increase in the number of vineyards and the acreage under cultivation has levelled off, maybe even declined a little. There are a number of reasons for this - many English vineyards have undoubtedly been established with little knowledge of, or even concern for, their financial viability. A saying has grown up that the best way to get a small fortune is to have a large fortune and buy an English vineyard. Whilst this is cruel, it is also pretty certain that it is true.2.4．An un-level playing field?In the 1990s English vineyards, especially those in the south-east of England, have also suffered from the cross-Channel "smuggling" phenomenon whereby it is possible (due to high rates of customs duty and VAT on wine in England) for any UK citizen to take a cheap trip by Channel Tunnel or Ferry to one of a number of French ports (such as Calais) and buy practically duty free wines from vast wine supermarkets. On sheer cost of production it is not possible for English wine producers to compete on such prices.2.5．Re-positioning English wineHowever this has led the more thinking members of the English wine industry to raise their sights (as, to be fair, many of them have always done) and to aim not at the bottom of the market but at the top. Recurring successes in blind tastings against all-comers from around the world have shown that when given a fair trial English wines can be as good as the best from anywhere else. Of course, some are not in this league and it can be argued that if low quality producers drop out of the market this may, in fact, be a good thing however much it may be a disappointment or even tragedy for individual winegrowers and makers.ConclusionAt the end of the second Millennium it may reasonably be said that England has at least a small indigenous wine growing industry. The realities of climate and latitude probably dictate that it will never grow into the massive industries ofFrance, Italy, Germany or Australia. However, and it may fairly be said to be one of the best kept secrets of these islands, the fact is that though the grapevine is most productive in sunnier, hotter climes, it produces wine of the very highest quality where it is at the very margin of its existence. That is, in England and Wales. It is no exaggeration to say that wine is an integral part of British life. For this reason, The British wine industry is the important part of the UK economy.Has a certain role in promoting economic development in the UK. References:[1].王九萍. 张锦萍.《英美概况》西安交通大学. 2010(01)[2]. Hugh Barty-King. A Taste of English Wine. 1989[3]. Hugh Barty-King. A Tradition of English Wine. 1977.[4]. Stephen Skelton's. The Vineyards of England. 1989.。
英国社会和文化unit2text1
清 清 ， 这 雨 要下到 何时？
母 亲 4 点 多就 起床准 备包粽 子的材 料。洗 米、搓 绿豆皮 、煮粽 叶、切肥肉、冬菇、 蛋 黄、拿 出早已 洗净的 棕藤， 一切准 备就绪 ，母亲 就坐在 小凳子 上，包 起了粽 子。 在 母 亲 的 手 中，包 一条粽 子，犹 如穿针 引线般 熟练。 拿起一 片叶子 ，弯成 漏斗的 形 状 ， 抓 一 把糯米 ，均匀 散放在 叶子底 部，再 铺一层 绿豆， 挑选肥 美的半 肥瘦猪 肉 ， 往 中 间 一放， 按两下 ，把切 好的四 分之一 蛋黄放 置中间 ，两头 镶嵌冬 菇，上 面 依 次 重 复 开头的 步骤， 又依粽 叶的边 缘绕多 几层粽 叶，轻 轻拍一 下粽身 ，好让 米 厚实些 ，再将 粽叶往 左向下 相折。 拿起绳 子紧紧 绕上两 三圈， 打结， 就完成 了。
• Para.2 however 没什么卵用~~~
Constitution gives much limit In any case she has no means of enforcing her will no real power
英国社会与文化
外国语学院教案英国社会与文化Lecture 1 Food & DrinksBreakfast•traditional English breakfast: sausages, eggs (scrambled or fried or poached ), bacon, black pudding, mushrooms, fried tomatoes, baked beans, accompanied by toast and tea or coffee.typical English breakfast now:•toast with butter or margarine and jam (often strawberry, raspberry, apricot jam), or marmalade, orange juice or a cup of coffee•a bowl of cereal, for example, cornflakes with milk, or porridge (a mixture of oats, hot milk and sugar)Continental breakfast: croissant, cheese or ham, coffeeLunch/Luncheon/Dinner•Packed lunch: sandwich, a packet of crisps, a piece of fruit and a drink.A Ploughman’s Lunch•a traditional lunch for farmers, also traditional if you go to eat in a pub at midday.Sunday Roast•a traditional British main meal served on Sundays (usually in the early afternoon for lunch) Dinner•meat and two veg followed by dessertTea break•Mid-morning Snacks (10 o'clocks/ Elevenses)•Afternoon teaa cup of tea or coffee, cola or Pepsi etc.with biscuits, crisps, chocolate bars etc.Afternoon tea•Duchess of BedfordAfternoon tea was "invented" by Anna, Duchess of Bedford (1783 – 1857) in 1840 as "a way to quell the inevitable hunger pangs between lunch and dinner".High tea & afternoon tea•High tea is a light meal served around 6-7 P.M., when the worker comes home from work. It isalways a hot meal, like sausage and chips, followed by bread, butter and jam, cakes, and hot tea to drink.•Afternoon tea is served at around 4, and is an elegant upper-class meal, with snacks and tea or coffee to drink.Fast food / takeaways•fish 'n' chips•Pizza•Chinese food•Curry•Pies•SpaghettiEnglish Traditional food•Cheddar Cheese•Pudding•Roast beef and Yorkshire Pudding•Fish and chips•Jellied eels•Scottish shortbreadTable mannersTable-setting basics–Fork on the left–Knife and spoon on the right–Knife next to plate with blade toward plate–Utensils should be placed in the order of use, with those for the first course farthest from the plate and those for the last course closest to the plate.–Liquids on your right–Solids on your leftHow to eat correctly•Eat with cutlery (knife, fork, spoon)•Start with the cutlery on the outside and work your way inward with each subsequent course •The fork is held, with the prongs facing down, in the left hand, and the knife in the right.Alcoholic Drinks•Stout is dark brown and tastes a little bitter. The most popular is the Irish drink called Guinness. When you order a beer,you may have a choice between a pint ( half a liter) or a half pint. •Lager is a lighter-coloured type of beer and is normally served cold.•Bitter is a traditional British beer (known as ale), it ’s quite strong and leaves a bitter taste in your mouth after drinking. Served at room temperature.•Cider is a traditional English drink made from apples. It may be sweet or dry.•Whisky is a strong drink produced in Scotland and in Ireland.•Shandy is a mixture of beer and lemonade.•Drinks are often mixed as : Gin and tonic, Whisky and coke, V odka and tonic.•You have to be 18 years old to order a drinkLecture 2 Travelling Around the UKTravel Conditions⏹Cars are the most popular forms of transport but the public transportation systems of bus, coach, rail, or air offer a wide choice of routes and networks to any destination.⏹For coach and rail travel a ticket may be purchased immediately before a journey or in advance.⏹Buses: When seeing your bus approaching, wave your hand to let the driver know to stop. Watch for your stop and ring the bell when you want to get off. If you don't know your stop, tell the driver when you get on the bus and they will announce it for you. Always say thank you.⏹One way of seeing local major sights is on an open-top double-decker bus. Tickets are valid for24 hours and allow unlimited “hop on / hop off” travel.⏹TaxiA black cab:a licensed taxi; 10% tip.You can telephone for a black cab, hail one in the street or find one in a rankA minicab: private; book in advance⏹Bicycles: a great way to get around at no cost, with the added benefit of helping you to keep fit.⏹Better wear a bicycle helmet for your own safety and well being. Wearing reflective clothing and using lights if cycling at night is also recommended.Making your money go further⏹many discount cards and schemes available that can help students to save money, especially if you are planning to travel frequently.⏹Cheaper fares are often available if the ticket is bought in advance or for a particular day of the week.⏹Single or return tickets may be purchased. Return tickets are cheaper. (cheap day return or open return)⏹Travel cards are available for students, giving them cheaper concessionary fares.✓International Student Identity Card (ISIC)✓Young Person’s Coachcard✓Young Person's Railcard⏹One-day off-peak Travel card (after 9:30 am) for travel on underground trains and most buses in London⏹Daysaversideal for leisure journeys and gives unlimited travel on Metro, Ferry and local rail services forthe whole day.⏹Oyster cardsIf in London for more than seven consecutive days, consider buying a pre-paid travel card.Where to stay⏹Bed and Breakfastthe charge includes a bed for the night and an English breakfast: “traditional” style of bacon and eggs followed by toast, or “continental” style, coffee and croissants.⏹Youth Hostelspopular with young people. Cheap and basic self-catering accommodation is provided, usually in dormitories, with a warden. But visitors have to tidy up after themselves.⏹Camp sitesTravel Destinations and AttractionsThe most popular destinations :⏹Seaside attractions⏹Areas of natural beauty: mountains; Lough Ness and the Lake District⏹Historical or cultural sites: Stonehenge;Edinburgh castle; Stratford upon Avon;Windsor Castle; Bath; the university cityof CambridgeLecture 3 The British Ways & MannersPolitenessMagic words●Thank you / cheers / ta●Please●Sorry●I don’t really like asking you, but… / I know the trouble I’m cau sing you, but would you mind…?●Have a nice dayTerms of Endearment●South England: love, lovey, dear, darling, sweetie, pet, petal●North England: duck, flower, chuck●Scotland: henPolite in the way they behave●Smile a lot●Queuing for everything●Lady first : showing respect to females●Hold the door for the person after you●Drivers would always stop to let the people across the road first.●Polite way of using mobile phone●Complaining politelyDo’s and Don’ts●Do Smile●Do not spit/pick your nose/pass wind in public●Do not ask personal or intimate questions (marital status, salary, age, religion, etc)●Avoid physical contact with strangers beyond a handshake on first meeting.Social customspunctualityInvitations●give a gift to your host, such as flowers, chocolates, or wine●Send a short thank-you note after the visit or telephone the following day.Meeting and Greeting●keep your distance●offer them your hand●kissing and hugging are only for friends.Lecture 4 ShoppingThe High StreetSupermarkets⏹The leading supermarket chainsTesco Morrison Sainsbury’s AsdaWays to save money in the supermarket⏹Apply for the loyalty card. (student discount)⏹Supermarkets may sell fresh food cheaply if it is close to its “use by” date.⏹Goods sold using the supermarket's own label may be cheaper and the quality is often similar.⏹Supermarkets often have special offers such as "two for the price of one".Markets⏹I’ll have a pound of carrots.⏹Three pounds of apples for 50 p (3 lb for 50 p)Department Stores⏹Marks & Spencer⏹Fenwick⏹John Lewis⏹Harrods (the largest one)⏹selfridgesSpecialized stores⏹WHSmith (newsagents, stationers, CDs and DVDs)⏹Pharmacy, Superdrug, Boots⏹The body shop⏹Barber’s shop⏹DixonsRefundCan I have a refund?/ I’d like to get a refund on this. / I’m afraid I have to return this.Working Hours⏹9:00 am – 5:30 pm from Monday to Saturday⏹9:00 am – 8:00 pm on Thursday (shopping day)⏹11:00 am to 5:00 pm on SundayHow much do things cost in England?Bargain⏹Don’t try to bargain in the UK. The British do not expect or welcome bargaining.The biggest sales are usually after Christmas (late December / early January). Summer sales are in July or August.Money used in the UK⏹8 denominations of coin1p and 2p (copper)5p, 10p, 20p and 50p (silver)£ 1 (gold)£ 2 (gold and silver)V AT Refunds⏹If you buy some expensive goods less than 3 months before you leave the UK, you may be able to reclaim VAT (value added tax).⏹The current rate of V AT in the UK is 20% .Lecture 5 Holidays & FestivalsBonfire Night / Guy Fawkes’ Night (November 5th)▪In 1605 Guy Fawkes attempted to kill King James I and to blow up the Houses of Parliament. ▪Throughout England, towns and villages light huge bonfires, let off magnificent fireworks, burn an effigy of Guy Fawkes and celebrate the fact that the Parliament and James I were not blown sky high.Hogmanay (Scotland)▪New Year’s Eve in Scotland; the major winter celebration, and overshadows Christmas▪Torch parade▪Street parties▪Fireworks▪First footingBurns’ Night▪Every year Burns is commemorated by Scots all over the world▪Burns’ supperWhen the haggis is on the table, the host reads the "Address to a Haggis". At the end of the reading, the haggis is ceremonially sliced into two pieces and the meal begins.Haggis (P33)St. Patrick’s Day (March 17) Northern IrelandCloverPeople wear greenEisteddfod (1st week of August) Wales▪an annual assembly of Welsh poets and musicians, to celebrate their culture and to preserve their language (Cymru), to remind people throughout the UK of Wales’ special cultural heritage.Valentine’s DayTraditionally sending cards which do not let on who the sender is.publish messages of love and wishes for the loved ones on the classified pages on newspapers.Birds and Love ( woodpecker no man at all)Public holidays / Bank holidays (often fall on Monday)a day on which banks are legally closed and which is kept as a public holiday in the UK. It often falls on Monday.▪Christmas has a Christian meaning:it commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ▪Christmas crackersa brightly coloured paper tube, twisted at both ends. There is a banger inside the cracker and when it is pulled by two people, the cracker snaps in half with a bang. Inside the cracker there is a tissue paper hat, a joke and a little gift.Two Christmas traditions which are particularly British▪to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.▪Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas, a day for shopping, eating, visiting and relaxingEaster▪The Easter weekend is the time for Christian traditions which commemorates the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is observed on the first Sunday after a full moon on or after 21 March.▪Maunday Thursday (濯足日)Christians remember it as the day of the Last Supper, when Jesus met with his followers before he was betrayed by Judas and was captured by the Romans.▪Good Friday is the day when Christians remember the death of Jesus Christ, who was crucified by the Romans. Christian churches hold special services, and are often decorated with flowers.▪Easter SundaySpecial Easter Sunday services in Christian churches celebrate the belief that Jesus Christ came back to life (known as the "resurrection") on the third day after he was killed.Christians gather together on Easter Sunday for a Sunrise Service. This service takes place on a hill side so everyone can see the sun rise.▪People eat "hot cross buns": currant buns with a symbol on the top which represent the cross on which Jesus was killed (these are cut in two, toasted, and butter is spread on each half).▪Easter eggsFor Christians, Easter eggs symbolise new life. They believe that, through his resurrection, Jesus defeated death and sin and offers people the promise of eternal life if they follow his teachings.▪Easter Mondaya bank holiday and has little religious significance. It is the occasion for numerous secular customs.▪The Easter Bunnya symbol of spring and fertility. In the UK children believe that if they are good the "Easter Bunny " will leave (chocolate) eggs for themHalloween (31st Oct, the eve of All Saints’ Day)▪The tradition of Halloween began way back in the fifth century BC by the Irish Celts, who organised their year according to the agricultural calendar and marked the transition from one year to the next on October 31.▪Pumpkin and Jack-O’-Lantern (Halloween lanterns)▪Trick or treatIf children knock on your door and say 'trick or treat', you may want to give them some sweets (otherwise they may play a small trick on you!)Remembrance Day (11th NOV.)▪People wear red poppy to commemorate the soldiers who died in the First World War. The eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month in 1918 marks the signing of the Armistice.Lecture 6 Family lifeModern British FamiliesThe increase in the number of divorce:It’s expected 42% of marriages will end in divorceModern British FamiliesThe increase in the number of working mothersThe increase in the number of single mothers, particularly among teenagersSingle mothers in BritainThis week, the Government-backed British Social Attitudes survey of lifestyles concluded that the proportion of single mothers has increased from 10 per cent to 25 in the past 20 years.More than half of these have never lived with a man because they make the 'lifestyle choice' to stay on their own.MarriageMarriage between the ages of 16 and 18 is possible with parental consent.CohabitingCivil partnershipThe Legislation to allow same-sex marriage in England and Wales was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in July 2013 and came into force on 13 March 2014, and the first same-sex marriages took place on 29 March 2014.Types of HousesA detached house:A house which is not joined to another houseA semi-detached house: a house which is joined to another house on one side•terraced : a house which is joined to other houses on two sides/ a house which is part of a line of housesBungalow: a house with no stairs, on one level.Flat/ apartment: a house which is part of a bigger buildingCost of HousesAccording to recent reports in the media, the average UK house price has now reached £250,000.The Culture and Society of the UKBritish WeddingsGROOMBRIDETHE BEST MANBRIDESMAID●To tie the knotWedding ListsStag party & Hen party●Stag party: a party for a man who is going to get married, to which only his male friends are invited●Hen party: a party for a woman before she is married●Things the Bride must wear when she gets marriedSomething Old something New something Borrowed something BlueWedding ceremony●Religious ceremony takes place in a church.●Civil ceremony can be held in a registry office, in a hotel, or even on a boat!Arriving●Walking the aisleThe Wedding Vows●John Smith, do you take this woman, Mary White, to be your lawful wedded wife, to live together in the estate of matrimony Will you love her, honor her, comfort her and keep her in sickness and in health, and forsaking all others, be true to her as long as you both shall live.●I, John Smith, take you, Mary White, as my wedded wife, to have or hold from this day forward, for better or for worse, for richer or for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death do us part.Confetti●Italian words for sweets●Colored paper; rice; raisins or nuts：to bestow prosperity and fertility on the couple. Reception●The wedding cakeThe couple make the first cut together to symbolise their shared future●DancingThe Wedding Bouquet (Flowers)●The bride throws her bouquet to all the unmarried females present, the person who catches the bouquet is said to be the next bride.Leaving for the honeymoonLecture 7 WelfareWhat is a welfare state?It can be defined as “ a state with a government which assumes responsibility of the well-being of its citizens throughout life”.A welfare state is a system in which the government✓provides free social services such as education and health✓gives money to people when they are unable to work, because they are old, unemployed, or sick.Resources for welfareNational Insurance contributionsGeneral taxationV ATWho started the idea?William Beveridge (1879 - 1963)a British economist and social reformer, closely associated with the development of the welfare state.“Beveridge Report 1942”1) to establish the National Health Service with free medical treatment for all;2) to provide 'social security' so that the population would be protected from the “cradle to the grave”3 areas of welfare provisionSocial securityHealthHousingSocial securityFor children and gravidas (child benefit; single parent allowance)For the disabled and sick (sickness benefit; disability livign allowance)For the retired (basic retirement benefit)For the widows (widow’s pension; widowed mother’s allowance)For the unemployed (job seekers allowance)For the low income people (income support)Different AttitudesSome people criticize the welfare state for being too generous. Others claim that it is notgenerous enough.ProblemsFigures show the scale of the problem facing British welfare system, which has been criticised for allowing jobless people to be better off than those in work.Speech by Prime Minister David Cameron on welfare reform (2012)Building that society is simply not possible without radically reforming welfare. The government is promising to “make work pay” as it sets out plans to ensure people in work are better than the unemployed.The National Health Sevice (NHS)•the world’s largest publicly funded health service. Almost all services are free.It covers everything from antenatal screening and routine treatments for long-term conditions, to transplants, emergency treatment and end-of-life care.•With the world’s largest employees and a budget about ￡100 billion a year.Funding 80% from general taxationPrinciplesComprehensive and free medical treatment for all, based upon need, not the ability to payHow to obtain the serviceRegister on a general practitioner’s (GP’s) list;Make an appointment and contact your GP first;If necessary, GP may refer the patient to the specialist in hospital;If life-threatening, visit A&E directly or call 999.Who are entitled to the serviceSome visitors to the UK are entitled to at least some NHS hospital treatment free of charge. These include people working for UK-based employers and students on courses of at least six months’ duration.ComplaintsPoor standardsBureaucracyLong waiting listLong waiting time in A&E department。
英国社会与文化
英国社会与文化The government of the UKThe British government system politics is the most ancient of system. Its origins can be traced back to more than 1000 years ago, and the British parliament is also the world's most ancient representation parliament. Now The UK is a long history of the parliamentary system of democracy, and for government constitutional monarchy. the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty's Government.The democratic political through free elections, freedom of speech and everyone is equal before the law system of public and get. Britain is the principle of democracy, the national through an election in the house of Commons in London elected senator, term not more than five years. Every member of the house of Commons on behalf of Britain's national 651 constituencies in a, or "seat", the senator is usually one of several major political party members.The Monarchy and The role of the monarchThe most ancient system of government is the monarchy (by king rules). This can be traced back to from the 5 th century Britain began to rule until 1066 was the normans conquered Saxon. King egbert in AD 829 will be unified in their England under the rule of, but now the queen Elizabeth ii is the direct descendant of him.The rights of the Kings come mainly from ancient creed "rights granted". It said the authority of the monarchy is from god and not from his people. Although sometimes different between the family have WangWeiZhi divided, have insisted that he is the legal heir of the crown, but with the sacred rights, few peoplequestioned whether the monarchy should exist. For more than 1000 years, Britain is always the hereditary rule by the king and queen. But there is only a short exception.Now the queen of the UK is Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Ch urch of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.But now The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power are limited by law and Parliament. a nd the actual state power is in the prime minister hands, In today's monarch symbol is the role of traditional and British national unity. Obviously, the prime minister and the ruling at any time, The party is part of the accounts for only of the population, they voted for. The queen, but, because she is political, belong to everybody. According to the constitution, the scope of her other role as follows: she is legal administration person in charge, legislative, and judicial organs in charge,In 1988, according to the survey, most British people think, the queen of England's most important job is to represent Britain at home and abroad, Her second most important job is to establish a good citizen and family living standards. Although the queen, in fact, is a kind of mould manufacturing Van life.constitutionNow the rule of the British method based on the basis of theterms of the constitution. Israel and the UK is the only two without written written constitution in the world, and most countries have such constitution. Without a specific written documents to list on how to control a country basic terms, the British government is the foundation of the statute law, common law (case law) and the common law. Statute passed by congress is to point to by the law; Common law is refers to the British court ruling has formed by the law; Common law refers to the law not required, but the system of government to run very important some traditional rules and habits.ParliamentThe English language "congress" (parliament) the phrase comes from the verb "parley", meaning is to discuss or talk.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.Strictly speaking, the parliament today by the queen of England, the house of lords and the house of Commons composition. The three agencies must agree with the through anylaws.The house of lords and the house of CommonsThe House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as achamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect House.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons.A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.Now the British governmentFrom the above in brief, we can see that the British government now by its long history of influence. Britain is a representative democracy, it is a constitutional monarchy. Though the country's official summit is the queen, but her right most of it is traditional and symbolic. National and local government was elected by the people, according to the British constitution principle rules the country.。
英语国家文化与社会文化入门Unit2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom II
the Giant’s Causeway, the World Natural Heritage
the Giant’s Causeway
the Giant’s Boot
2. Political problems Ireland has been divided by a long and bloody conflict as a result of its colonial history. One of the key issues---“the Home Rule Bill” --- Irish political control of Irish affairs. ●Ordinary life continues, and troubles are an addition. ●Crime is very low. ●Problems are mainly concentrated in particular areas.
A third of the population were Catholic Irish, who found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programs such as public housing.
• The armed conflict “troubles” developed.
● Bloody Sunday (血腥星期日，1972/1/30)
In 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland, of whom 13 were Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. It is an important symbol of British oppression.
英语国家社会与文化 第二章 Northern Ireland
• NOTE 15
Assignment
• Bloody Sunday • Power-Sharing Mechanism • the Anglo-Irish Agreement • the Good Friday Agreement
Northern Ireland Today
• P27 last paragraph • P29 3rd paragraph (old ed.)
had been systematically taken away from the indigenous, Roman Catholic population.
• Since 1801, the whole island of ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain.
different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces. 1916年复活节起义 3. In 1919，IRA (Irish Republican Army) expanded the fighting against Britain. 爱尔兰共和军 4.Sinn Fein party: suppporters of the Irish terrorists/freedomfighters 新芬党
英语国家社会文化入门Unit2(人工翻译)
Unit2:一份对于英国的简介（2）北爱尔兰爱尔兰的北部（在一个古老的爱尔兰王国作为其一部分之后，也通常被叫做北爱尔兰）是四个区域中，无论是人口还是国土面积都是最小的。
只有1759000人（2008年12月），这比中国的许多城市都要少。
贝尔法斯特是北爱尔兰的首都，相对于其它首都而言，这只是一个仅仅只有48300人的小镇，但是这的确是北爱尔兰最大的都市。
尽管北爱尔兰很小，但是由于它自身的政治问题而变的意义非凡。
地理位置上，北爱尔兰更多的像是乡村一样，分布着低地，美丽的湖泊在它的西南部，并且还有着一条坐落极为有名的“巨人之堤”的坚固海岸线，这是一个由千年以来火山岩冷却而形成的黑色六角型圆柱所组成的岩石海角。
在神话传说中，芬恩·马库尔建造了“巨人之堤”，借此横跨海洋抵达苏格兰。
这条海岸线到迄今为止，仍是联系北爱尔兰与大不列颠历史的重要因素。
这个单元将会主要关注于北爱尔兰的政治问题，因为尽管这些问题非常复杂，但不幸的是这些却是北爱尔兰最为出名的地方。
然而，你应该记住北爱尔兰仍然过着原来的生活，那些所说的问题并不是日常生活中主要的事情。
除去这些问题，（北爱尔兰的）犯罪率也非常的低，甚至包括政治暴力和谋杀率都比许多的美国城市要低得多。
而且这些问题只是在几个主要的地方（那些问题是无法被长时间忽视，并且每个人都是受害者的地方），但是除去那些地方，人们可能会一直忘记（他们国家存在的问题）至少直到晚间报纸发放，或是装甲车（从他们身边）路过才能感受得到。
北爱尔兰在许多剧院，餐厅，酒吧和博物馆都有着一种丰富多彩的文化生活：其中最为有名的诗人，夏默·亨尼，在1995年获得了“诺贝尔文学奖”。
尼尔·乔丹凭借他自己的《哭泣游戏》获得了“奥斯卡最佳原创剧本奖”，范·莫里森是一位国际有名的流行音乐家。
布赖恩·弗里尔作为剧作家，他的舞台表演不仅仅在伦敦和都柏林得到众人的喝彩，在其它地方也是如此。
英语国家社会与文化课件英国课件
英语国家社会与文化课件英国课件对于英国社会和文化的介绍，我们可以从以下几个方面进行展开：1. 地理位置英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，海岸线长约12,429公里，主要由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国拥有丰富的自然资源和文化遗产，如大本钟、伦敦塔桥、巨石阵等。
2. 政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，女王是国家元首，但实权属于议会。
议会分为上议院和下议院，其中上议院由贵族组成，下议院由选举产生。
英国政治体制稳定，政府机构完备。
3. 民族文化英国是多元文化的国家，有英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个主要民族。
不同的民族有着不同的语言、文化和传统习俗，如苏格兰人的高地舞、爱尔兰的圣帕特里克节等。
同时，英国也是著名的文化名国，有世界著名的莎士比亚、狄更斯等文学大师，以及古堡、博物馆和美术馆等丰富的文化资源。
4. 社会制度英国社会制度较为稳定，有完备的社会保障制度和医疗保健体系。
英国的教育制度也很完善，有优秀的大学和高等教育机构，如牛津大学、剑桥大学等。
5. 风俗习惯英国人对礼仪和规矩比较重视，在社交之中要注意面对对方微笑，并且敬酒等表达敬意的形式也十分重要。
在用餐时不吹食物、不说话，也要注意使用适当的餐具和方式。
英国的饮食文化也十分丰富，如英式早餐、茶文化等。
6. 体育文化英国人热爱体育，切尔西和曼联是足球俱乐部中较为著名的两支。
此外，英国还有板球、橄榄球、拳击等传统运动项目，在奥运会中也有不俗表现。
7. 经济发展英国是世界上最发达的经济体之一，金融、服务业和制造业是其主要产业。
伦敦是欧洲最重要的金融中心之一，也是世界上最多公司总部的城市之一。
总之，英国是一个历史悠久、文化繁荣、发达稳定的国家，其奇特的文化和历史令人向往。
British_History
British History
The Origins of the British Nation
King Arthur‟s Legacy
After the roman soldiers left in ad410, Britain no longer had a strong army to defend it. There were battles between anglo-saxons and Britons. In ad491, for instance, a fight for the roman fort at Pevensey in Sussex was won by the Anglo-Saxons, who killed all the Britons in the fort. Later people told stories of British leaders who fought the invaders. One was ambrosius aurelianus (a roman name). Another was king Arthur. We do not know if there was a real Arthur. Most of the stories about him and his knights of the round table come much later in history. Legend says Arthur won a great battle around ad500, but he could not stop more Anglo-Saxons coming.
Roman Remains
Roman Contribution
英语国家社会与文化unit 1-2
4.The introduction of Christianity
A. Time: late 6th century
B. Event: English was united under one wellorganized church with bishop & cathedral.
1. The Norman Dukes Normandy was the most highly organized
state, and the Norman ruling class were Vikings. The most important class was the knights.
2. Fuse:
B. Baron system: To restrain the growth of the power of the barons, all landowners took the oath that they would be faithful to the king against all other men.
A. Land policy: He owned all the land personally. He gave the landlords lands in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce.
Guthrum
4. Significance:
The social system advanced towards feudalism. Class polarization became marked with the peasants becoming more servile.
英国社会与文化
In British national Character, there are two distinctive aspects: nobility and pragmatism. British's nobility and pragmatism is not acquitting themselves well in all aspect of social life，but also show themselves in the British food culture。
Britain has a long food and drink culture。
In the long development, British food and drink forms its own system and become an important part in the world. The character of nobility and pragmatism show themselves in many British foods and drink. The afternoon tea is the representative of showing nobility. Pragmatism mainly embodies in the pursuing of nutrient in food material，the simple cooking method and the idea of eating of British。
British’s nobility and pragmatism which reveal in British food and drink is significant. They give other countries' people who have not been to Britain a good impression. Foreigners realize British’s nobility and pragmatism through Britain’s food and drink and get a good impression about Britain. That good impression contributes to improvement of Britain's national status.In British food culture they consider the cuisine is a sense。
英国国家社会与文化入门
Brian O’ Driscoll is one of Ireland’s best Rugby players
*House Question*
• What is the China's national ball ?
Hurling
Hurling is a game played by
two teams of 15 players each.
Football
Football is very popular in Ireland. Because football is much bigger in England, most of Ireland’s best players play for English clubs such as Manchester United or Liverpool.
sport to watch.
Thanks !
Each player has a wooden
stick. Players hit a small hard leather ball and try to score in the opponents goal.
It is the fastest field sport in
the world and a very exciting
Sport in Ireland.
Ireland has a rich sporting culture. Ireland has two national sports native to Ireland. Hurling. Gaelic football. Croke Park in Dublin is where all major sporting events are currently played. It is the 4th largest stadium in Europe.
英国社会与文化第二章阅读提纲
3) The third “ Home Rule Bill” was passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
Unit 2 Northern Ireland
5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries
Slide 1 of 18
I. Physical Features of Northern Ireland
5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries
5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries
Slide 13 of 18
3. Attempts to dissolve conflicts 1) The Power-sharing mechanism in 1973 (权力分享机制）
4. Results:
Northern Ireland then became the only country in the world which is recognized as an independent entity but which is governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland, that of great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers.
英国社会与文化
Name: 黄婷亭（0801011009）Class: 102. Since 1960s, British economy has been declining. What are the factors behind this decline? How can Britain recover its economic competitiveness in the world?The Decline of British EconomyIf we want to know the reason for the decline of British economy and the way out, we need to look at its flourishing at first. There are three factors contributing to the success of British economy. The most significant one is the Industrial Revolution. During that period, the emergence of numerous new technology and machines especially the steam engine brought prosperity to Britain. Another is its overseas colonies. They both provided raw material and served as markets, which helped to elevate the British economy to a great deal. The last reason is the strong military strength. Since Britain defeated Spanish fleets, it gained the control over the sea. The powerful military forces guaranteed the stable environment for its development. All these factors lead to a economically powerful nation, however, they are also related to the declining of Britain.After the WWⅡ, the whole situation changed and finally resulted in the declining of British economy. Firstly, the war weakened Britain. Although Britain belonged to the winning side, it lost quite much. The war did huge harm to its economy. Secondly, a lot of colonial countries gained independence. Due to thevictory of the WWⅡ, many colonial nations began to fight for independence and succeeded, which affected Britain greatly. What’s more, it had took large amount of money to administrate colonies. It was not a small deal to a country. Thirdly, the unwillingness to change is an important factor. As is known to all, Britain is the first country going through the Industrial Revolution. So it owned the most advanced technology at that time. However, British people were not fond of changes. They did not have much enthusiasm in exploring new technology, but stuck to the old ones. After the WWⅡ, America and Germany saw that the su ccess of a nation’s economy lay in the innovation in science and technology, especially industry. They grasped the chance to develop their economy and gradually Britain was left behind. In addition, the management model in British companies is not as advanced as that of other developed countries. It weakens the international competitiveness of British industry and quickens the outflow of capital. Fourthly, the heavy dependence on finance is not good for UK. London depends heavily on the success of financial and business services, and the UK depends heavily on London. Once the health of this industry is affected, London will be effected and even the UK. The financial crisis in 2008 is a good example. Fifthly, the social welfare system is a great burden for Britain. The comprehensive system of social insurance “from cradle to grave” and National Health Service (NHS) are quite costly for a government to shoulder. They slow the growth of economy to some extent.All in all, many reasons account for the decline of British economy since 1960s. To recover its competitiveness, here are some suggestions. First of all, keep updatewith new technology. The UK should be glad to embrace changes, encourage innovation as well as invest more in scientific research. Next, diversify its industry. Obviously, too much dependence on its finance is not reasonable. Thus, it had better make its economy diversified and explore new fields. A balanced economic pattern is much safer and more beneficial. Thirdly, reduce the expense on social welfare. This system is undoubtedly a heavy burden. Therefore, the government should take measures to cut the expense and invest the money in other aspects.In conclusion, there exist problems for British economy, however, there should always be solutions. I believe the government will find the way out and bring new prosperity to this country.。
英国社会与文化unit2text1
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谢谢观赏
• Para.1 functions
attend ceremonies ，make decisions， approve the appointment of Ministers and the forma tion of a cabinet ， summarize the government‘s program， concludes treaties and declares war， appointments to all offices of State and Church…
Unit 2
The Constitutional Monarchy
Like all the best families ,we have our share of eccentricities ,of impetuous and wayward youngsters and of family
disagreements.
She was once the longest reigning monarch in British history . (64 years)
Princess Diana 1961-1997
‘s ex-wife
Mother of
and
TEXT A The Constitutional Monarchy
• Para.2 however 没什么卵用~~~
Constitution gives much limit In any case she has no means of enforcing her will no real powerBiblioteka • Para 3＆4 why
tradition！！！ symbol！！！
英国社会文化的一些显著特征英语作文
英国社会文化的一些显著特征英语作文Prominent Features of British Social and Cultural CharacteristicsThe British society and culture possess several distinctive features that have shaped the nation's identity over the centuries. Here are some of the most prominent characteristics:1. Tradition and Monarchy: The United Kingdom is known for its deep-rooted traditions and the enduring presence of the British monarchy. The royal family holds a significant role in the country's social and cultural fabric, with the monarch serving as the head of state and a symbol of national unity.2. Class System and Social Hierarchy: The Britishsociety has long been influenced by a class system that has created distinct social strata. This hierarchical structure has had a profound impact on various aspects of British life, including education, employment, and social interactions.3. Politeness and Etiquette: Britons are renowned for their adherence to social etiquette and polite behavior. The concept of "queuing" or waiting in line patiently is deeply ingrained in the British culture, and the use of polite phrases, such as "please" and "thank you," is considered essential in daily interactions.4. Multiculturalism and Diversity: Despite itshistorical reputation for being a relatively homogeneous society, the UK has become increasingly diverse in recent decades. The influx of immigrants from various parts of the world has contributed to the country's cultural richness, with vibrant communities representing diverse ethnicities, religions, and customs.5. Pub Culture and Drinking Traditions: The British pub culture is a significant aspect of social life, with pubs serving as hubs for community gatherings, casual socializing, and the consumption of alcoholic beverages, particularly beer and ale.6. Eccentricity and Quirky Traditions: The British are often perceived as embracing a certain level ofeccentricity and quirkiness in their cultural practices.From the annual cheese-rolling competition in Gloucestershire to the unique traditions surrounding royal weddings and funerals, the UK is known for its unique and sometimes whimsical cultural expressions.7. Respect for Privacy and Personal Space: Britons generally value their personal space and privacy, and this is reflected in their social interactions and public behavior. The concept of the "stiff upper lip" and the tendency to avoid overt displays of emotion are often associated with the British character.8. Appreciation for the Arts and Literature: The UK hasa rich cultural heritage in the arts, including literature, theater, music, and visual arts. The country has produced renowned authors, playwrights, composers, and artists who have left an indelible mark on the global cultural landscape.9. Reverence for Institutions and Tradition: The British have a deep respect for their institutions, such as the monarchy, the Parliament, the legal system, and the BBC. These institutions are seen as integral to the country's identity and are often fiercely defended by the public.10. Emphasis on Formality and Professionalism: In the professional and business spheres, the British culture places a strong emphasis on formality, hierarchy, and adherence to established protocols. This is reflected in the dress codes, communication styles, and the overall approach to work and business interactions.这些特征反映了英国社会和文化的多样性和复杂性。
[教育]英国社会与文化lectu
![[教育]英国社会与文化lectu](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b610f3dba98271fe910ef9cb.png)
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Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)
Contribution to the middle English (1) Wide range of linguistic sources (2) Helped to form a London-based
standard language
The School for Scandal (1777)
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The Rise of the Novel
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719) Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones:
A Foundling (1749) Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
[教育]英国社会与文化 lectu
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Literature: 4 major periods
Old English Literature –before the Norman Conquest (1066)
Medieval Literature (before the English Renaissance beginning from the 15th century)
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Characteristics of Romanticism in Britain
A rejection of the rules of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality.
A deepened high appreciation of the beauties of nature. Belief in the emotion and imagination rather than reason