锁骨下动脉狭窄和闭塞病变的腔内治疗
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锁骨下动脉狭窄和闭塞病变的腔内治疗
摘要目的探討锁骨下动脉狭窄和闭塞病变腔内治疗的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析20例锁骨下动脉狭窄和闭塞病变腔内治疗患者的资料,患者术前行颈部血管超声、头颈部CT血管造影术(CTA)及经颅多普勒(TCD)等检查,行数字减影血管造影(DSA)下造影并行腔内治疗,术后随访1~26个月,观察临床疗效。结果19例患者手术获得成功,行锁骨下动脉支架成形术,其中股动脉入路18例,股动脉联合肱动脉入路1例,术后锁骨下狭窄或闭塞病变解除,血流通畅,椎动脉恢复为正向血流,技术成功率95%(19/20),患者临床症状明显改善,术后双上肢收缩压压力差为6~12 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),平均为(7.9±1.6)mm Hg,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=17.68,P<0.01)。围手术期未出现异位栓塞及穿刺处血肿等其他并发症。随访期间1例患者出现再狭窄及临床症状予再次腔内治疗后好转。结论腔内治疗是解决锁骨下动脉狭窄和闭塞病变的一种安全有效的方法,具有创伤小、恢复快,成功率高、并发症少、远期通畅率高等优点,可作为该疾病的首选治疗方式,但需严格把握适应证。
关键词锁骨下动脉;腔内治疗;疗效
Intracavitary therapy for subclavian artery stenosis and occlusion lesions DONG Xin-chang,DI Chang-an,HE Liang. Department of General Surgery,Beijing Pinggu District Hospital,Beijing 101200,China
【Abstract】Objective To investigate feasibility and safety of intracavitary therapy for subclavian artery stenosis and occlusion lesions. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on data of intracavitary therapy for 20 patients with subclavian artery stenosis and occlusion lesions. Patients received preoperative examination by carotid artery ultrasound,head and neck CT angiography (CTA)and transcranial color Doppler (TCD),followed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA)and intracavitary therapy. Postoperative follow-up lasted for 1~26 months to observe clinical effects. Results There were 19 cases with successful operation of subclavian artery stent-assisted angioplasty,including 18 cases by femoral artery approach and 1 case by femoral artery combined with brachial artery approach. They had eliminated subclavian artery stenosis and occlusion lesions,unobstructed blood flow and forward vertebral artery blood flow,along with technical success rate as 95% (19/20). The patients had obviously improved clinical symptoms,and their postoperative upper limbs systolic blood pressure difference was 6~12 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),with mean pressure as (7.9±1.6)mm Hg. Their difference with that before treatment had statistical significance (t=17.68,P<0.01). There was no complication of abnormal embolization or hematoma at puncture area in perioperative period. Follow-up showed 1 case with recurrent stenosis and clinical symptoms,who was improved by second intracavitary therapy. Conclusion As a safe and effective method in treating subclavian artery stenosis and occlusion lesions,
intracavitary therapy contains advantages of small incision,quick recovery,high success rate,few complications and high long-term patency rate. This method can be taken as the preferred treatment measure,while indications require strict management.【Key words】Subclavian artery; Intracavitary therapy; Curative effect
锁骨下动脉狭窄和闭塞病变是常见的颅外脑血管阻塞性疾病。常见的病因为动脉硬化,其他原因还包括大动脉炎、肌纤维发育不良、放疗后血管炎、主动脉夹层、创伤、吸烟、内科系统疾病等。不仅可以引起上肢缺血症状,若闭塞发生在锁骨下动脉近端,可致同侧椎动脉血流逆流至锁骨下动脉远端供应患侧上肢,引起椎基底动脉供血不足的症状,即锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(subclavian steal syndrome SSS)。其治疗既往主要采用传统的血管转流方法(如腋-腋搭桥、颈-锁骨下动脉搭桥等),近年来随着腔内治疗的逐渐开展,技术日益成熟,腔内治疗已成为该疾病治疗的一种安全、有效的方法[1,2]。本文总结本院2014年2月~2015年5月收治的20例锁骨下动脉狭窄和闭塞病变腔内治疗患者的资料,总结如下。
1 资料与方法
1. 1 一般资料收集本院普外科2014年2月~2015年5月收治的锁骨下动脉狭窄和闭塞患者20例,男11例,女9例,年龄46~76岁,平均年龄(6
2.5±8.1)岁,其中完全闭塞2例,严重狭窄18例;左侧病变11例,右侧病变9例。全部患者术前均行颈部血管超声、TCD及CTA检查,临床表现:椎-基底动脉严重供血不足13例,上肢乏力、活动后酸沉、麻木感2例,同时合并上述症状者5例,双上肢收缩压压力差为30~60 mm Hg,平均为(39.4±7.6)mm Hg。12例患者合并高血压,5例患者合并糖尿病,1例患者合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病。适应证:患者有>70%的锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞,TCD、颈部血管超声或脑血管造影提示椎动脉血流反向,且有明显的锁骨下动脉盗血综合征或患肢缺血表现,近期内无脑梗死事件,无手术禁忌证。
1. 2 方法
1. 2. 1 术前准备术前3 d开始口服阿司匹林100 mg,1次/d,氯吡格雷75 mg,1次/d,积极控制血压、血脂、血糖,术前检查及全身情况评估。手术过程:局部麻醉下采用改良Seldinger穿刺技术穿刺股总动脉并置5F导管鞘,选用猪尾管行主动脉弓造影,明确锁骨下动脉狭窄、闭塞情况及主动脉分支走形及变异,造影延续至静脉后期,观察椎动脉盗血情况及锁骨下动脉远端情况,测量血管狭窄长度,所有患者经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)及支架植入前均全身肝素化,大多数狭窄病变予0.035泥鳅导丝配合椎管或多功能導管首先通过锁骨下动脉狭窄处,通过狭窄病变后造影证实(少数狭窄近闭塞病变将长鞘或Guiding置于主动脉弓部后选择0.014导丝配合椎管或多功能导管通过狭窄近闭塞段,造影证实,予以4 mm球囊扩张狭窄近闭塞段。闭塞病变经股动脉入路不成功,予同侧肱动脉入路穿刺双向定位汇合开通,通过导丝后予以4 mm球囊予扩张)更换为超滑加硬导丝远端到达上肢血管内,更换长鞘,行路图造影定位,沿导丝植入球扩支架逐渐加压释放,释放后造影明确支架位置情况,展