Metaphor与Analogy的对比学习解读
GRE作文中最常用的11种修辞手法
GRE作文中最常用的11种修辞手法GRE作文中最常用的11种修辞手法引导语:下面针对GRE的写作,店铺给大家分享常见的11种修辞手法,希望大家能够参考学习。
一、Analogy: (类比)It is also a form of comparison,but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance,analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.类比的学习最好的老师就是Argument,阿狗里面的false analogy类比很多都是我们钻牛角尖的找出来的,但是,实际上我们很多的情况下再无话可说的时候都可以运用类比,比如说,我们在讨论政府职能的时候,假如我们不了解政府职能,我们可以从我们了解的组织谈起,比如我们可以讨论班级,学校,公司,或者一些大型小型组织,从一个具体的问题到另一个问题而避免谈一些不熟悉的问题。
具体的陈述可以如下开展类似:When comes to the issue of empowerment1. This point can be better illustrated by comparing a class(你熟悉的) with a business(你不熟悉的)。
然后business bla bla…2.Teachers who possess power and exert it to conduct class play a similar role as business managers do. 然后,只讨论课堂不讨论商业了例如~Student who is granted/ given/ empowered/ endowed……… are more motivated… power are not right ly supervised and restricted and the class get out of control will lead to/ result in/ turn into/ prove to be flop/ fiasco/ blunder/failure/ catastrophe…。
高级英语学习中易混淆的修辞对比分析
62021年27期总第571期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS高级英语学习中易混淆的修辞对比分析文/曲臻禛【摘要】从高级英语教学目标和要求来看,修辞是教与学过程中的一个重难点。
为帮助学生更好地理解分辨常用修辞,进而提高阅读理解能力、鉴赏能力及写作水平,文章结合《现代大学英语精读5》实例,对学生易混淆的几组修辞进行了对比分析。
除此之外,文章还探索了修辞难以掌握的原因,探讨了英语修辞的教学策略,希望可以为修辞教学提供一些新思路。
【关键词】高级英语;修辞;对比分析【作者简介】曲臻禛,河南农业大学外国语学院。
【基金项目】本文系2019年度河南农业大学教学改革研究与实践项目“新文科视域下高等农业院校语言服务人才培养模式研究与实践”系列研究成果之一。
高级英语是本科英语专业高年级学生的一门专业必修课程,通过阅读和分析题材丰富的文章,培养学生对名篇的鉴赏以及独立思考能力,提高学生语言技能。
然而欣赏作品的途径之一便是理解文中所用修辞,这恰巧是学生学习过程中的一个难点。
本文选用梅仁毅主编的《现代大学英语精读5》第二版教材中的常见修辞,结合学生反馈,对其容易混淆的修辞进行了对比分析,以期加深学生对修辞的理解,提高修辞辨别能力及赏析能力。
一、 修辞难以掌握的原因在教学实践中,学生往往不能快速掌握修辞概念及其应用。
原因是多方面的,除自身语言基础薄弱,阅读理解能力有限之外,一方面由于英汉语言及文化差异造成表达习惯不同,学生可能不了解相关背景知识,因此很难辨别或灵活运用某些修辞手法,例如“典故”,教学过程中发现学生虽了解该修辞的基本含义,但由于相关背景知识缺失,故不能做出准确判断。
另一方面,学生对修辞概念了解不到位,对修辞的使用不够敏感,不能将修辞与实例快速联系在一起。
有时虽然掌握了修辞手法的特点及表达定式,但忽略了具体语境与意义,造成误判。
例如,在文章中看到“as/like”这样的字眼,便会下意识觉得使用了“明喻”,但“as”也有“作为……”的含义,因此学生可能忽略了这些词在句中的具体含义,做出错误判断。
《道连·格雷的画像》三个中译本修辞格翻译对比分析
《道连·格雷的画像》三个中译本修辞格翻译对比分析作者:古珊珊来源:《文教资料》2020年第36期摘要:《道連·格雷的画像》是奥斯卡·王尔德唯美主义的代表作。
王尔德的语言精镂细刻、辞采斐然,妙语丽句俯拾皆是。
本文从李家真译本(外语教学与研究出版社,2016)、黄源深译本(上海外语教育出版社,2010)和郑晓园、魏文峰译本(花城出版社,2014)着手,选取原著中十三种修辞格例句,对比分析书中不同的修辞格翻译,归纳和丰富修辞格的翻译方法,分析王尔德高超的语言技巧及唯美主义思想在语言上的体现,为中文文学作品中的修辞格外译提供参考。
关键词:《道连·格雷的画像》修辞格对比分析1.引言《道连·格雷的画像》(The Picture of Dorian Gray)是英国戏剧家、小说家、唯美主义代表人物、十九世纪英国(准确来讲是爱尔兰,但当时由英国统治)最伟大的作家与艺术家之一奥斯卡·王尔德(Oscar Wilde)创作的长篇小说,也是他唯一一部长篇小说作品。
该作品最早于1890年7月在美国《利平考特》杂志上连载,次年出版单行本。
《道连·格雷的画像》被公认为十九世纪唯美主义的代表作,是“Art for art’s sake”思潮在小说方面的完美体现。
唯美主义理论的大胆实践,寓意深刻的奇特构思,隐性的超时代同性恋题材,机俏、睿智、雄辩、富有哲理的对话及似是而非的悖论,构成了这部小说异于其他作品的灿然色彩。
在赏析王尔德小说时,分析语言艺术美是体会王尔德审美风格的关键,令人眼花缭乱的各类修辞手法正是语言美感的重要表现之一。
“修辞是有策略地运用语言的一种技巧,是语言艺术化的表现形式,是赋予语言生命力和表现力的重要手段”。
(楠莹莹,2012)本文运用语言学修辞理论的研究成果,对比《道连·格雷的画像》三个译本中的修辞格使用情况,探索如何最大限度地在译入语中再现王尔德的语言艺术美。
常用英语修辞手法汇总
英语修辞手法1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容The kettle boils. 水开了.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品a complete Shakespeare莎士比亚全集IV.以具体事物代替抽象概念I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移,“以感觉写感觉”.6.Personification 拟人拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.7.Hyperbole 夸张夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.8.Parallelism 排比, 平行这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.10.Allegory 讽喻,比方(原意“寓言”)建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上,传达暗示,影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义.Make the hay while the sun shines.表层含义:趁着出太阳的时候晒草真正意味:趁热打铁11.Irony 反语反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.12.Pun 双关双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.13.Parody 仿拟这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞. Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.14.Rhetorical question 修辞疑问(反问)它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.15.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.Give me liberty, or give me death.16.Paradox 隽语这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法.More haste, less speed.欲速则不达.17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.No light, but rather darkness visible.没有光亮,黑暗却清晰可见.18.Climax 渐进法,层进法这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.19.Anticlimax 渐降法与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.20.Alliteration头韵法在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。
(完整word)20种英语修辞手法整理
Figure of Speech【整理自PPT】1。
Simile 明喻❖是比喻的一种,是对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现,且常带有比喻词,如:❖ Like/ seem / be something of / as /resemble/ comparable to /similar to / akin to/ be analogous to❖My love is like a red, red rose。
(Robert Burns)2。
Metaphor 暗喻❖对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比;所不同的是在形式上,暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系.省掉比喻词.❖明喻:Life is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises .❖暗喻: Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty, and dangerous surprises。
3. Personification 拟人❖本质上是一种暗喻,其特点是赋予非人类范畴的东西一些人的特征.❖The forest held its breath, and the trees seemed to listern intently.❖The sun kissed the green fields。
The thirsty desert drank up the water。
4。
Metonymy 借代/换喻❖是通过借用与某种事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物。
例如用单词word 来表示话语或者消息news,用硬币penny来表示钱 money。
❖Word comes that the Chinese government will send a pair of giant pandas to the United States。
八年级英语议论文论证方法单选题40题
八年级英语议论文论证方法单选题40题1. In the essay, the author mentions a story about a famous scientist to support his idea. This is an example of _____.A.analogyB.exampleparisonD.metaphor答案:B。
本题主要考查论证方法的辨析。
选项A“analogy”是类比;选项B“example”是举例;选项C“comparison”是比较;选项D“metaphor”是隐喻。
文中提到一个关于著名科学家的故事来支持观点,这是举例论证。
2. The writer uses the experience of his own life to prove his point. This kind of method is called _____.A.personal storyB.example givingC.case studyD.reference答案:B。
选项A“personal story”个人故事范围较窄;选项B“example giving”举例;选项C“case study”案例分析;选项D“reference”参考。
作者用自己的生活经历来证明观点,这是举例论证。
3. The author cites several historical events to strengthen his argument. What is this method?A.citing factsB.giving examplesC.making comparisonsing analogies答案:B。
选项A“citing facts”引用事实,历史事件可以作为例子,所以是举例论证;选项B“giving examples”举例;选项C“making comparisons”比较;选项D“using analogies”使用类比。
Unit 4 重要词汇详细讲解 2020-2021学年牛津高中英语选择性必修第一册
2020新版牛津英语选择性必修第四单元重要词汇详细讲解1.barren 贫瘠的不毛的不结果的fertile 肥沃的富饶的能生育的2.freeze—froze—frozen a 结冰的冰冻的冻僵的3.imply vt 暗含暗示暗指 +n/句子4.dimension 方面侧面 a new dimension规模程度 education’s ···维度尺寸 three dimensions5.grasp vt 抓住抓紧 grasp ···理解掌握明白 +句子n 紧抓控制别让局面失去控制理解力领悟6.detect vt 发现查明侦查出—detective—detection7.rhyme vt 使押韵 thyme A with Bvi 和···押韵 A rhyme with Bn 押韵押韵词rhythm n 节奏韵律律动规律plex complicated confused9.contradictory a 相互矛盾的对立的contradict A contradict B A与B相矛盾10.dig up 挖出 dig sth up发现搜集查明 =find out11.thrill vt 使···兴奋激动—thrilled—thrillingn 兴奋激动 the thrill to do sththe thrill of doing sth12.interpret vt 解释阐释 =explain把···理解掌握领会=understand/grasp演绎 interpret the rolevi 口译 + for···13.s et···aside 把···放到一边留出 set aside one hour14.remote 遥远的偏远的 remote control15.reward vt 奖励奖赏 reward sb with···n 奖励回报悬赏金额 a reward of16.constant 持续不断的重复的···interruptions不变的固定的恒定的 a ···speed17.logical 符合逻辑的必然的合乎情理的logic 逻辑思维逻辑逻辑学18.inner 内部的里面的内心的—outer19.perceive 注意到意识到觉察到=notice将···理解为···将···视为She didn’t perceive him as disabled. 20.reality 现实实际事实realistic 实际的现实的逼真的栩栩如生的21.mist n 薄雾水汽–misty a 多雾的模糊的22.rigid a 僵硬的死板的(规则方法等)固执的一成不变的(人)坚硬的不弯曲的(物质物体)23.undergo—underwent—undergone 经历遭受=go through24.industrialization n 工业化25.advocate vt 支持拥护提倡 + n/doingn 支持者拥护者26.diverge vi 分叉岔开 diverge from···偏离分歧 diverge from···27.bend vt 使拐弯使弯曲 He bent his head and kissed her. vi 倾斜偏向 He bent and kissed her.n 拐弯弯道28.claim vt 宣称 +n/句子/ to be···要求索要 + n夺走夺去 claim one’s lifen 宣称断言所有权索取索赔29.thread n 线线索思路思绪脉络v 穿针引线穿过30.sigh vi sigh (with)n give out a deep sigh31.hence adv 因此比较正式Hence(,)+句子32.dare 敢情态(否疑条) + doIf you dare say that to···She daren’t express herself.实意(肯否疑) + to do(否定句可以省略 to) She doesn’t dare (to)express herself.激某人做某事:dare sb to do sthSomeone dared him to do it.33.striking adj 引人注目的印象深刻的显著的34.characterize vt 以···为特征以···为典型Obesity is characterized by···使···具有特点The city is characterized by···描述刻画35.encounter vt 偶遇偶然碰到= come acrossn 偶遇相遇冲突36.nourish vt 培养助长滋养抚养Children are nourished well in good physical condition.37.glorious 光荣的荣耀的壮丽的辉煌的glory n 光荣荣耀赞颂38.boom vi 繁荣昌盛迅速发展 Business is booming.n 繁荣激增 a boom in ···39.stability n 稳定性稳固性stable a 稳定的稳固的牢固的沉稳的稳重的40.tolerant a 容忍的宽容的能忍耐的tolerate vt 容忍忍受···tolerance n 忍耐性41.liberty n 自由liberate v 释放 liberate···from···42.unconstrained a 自由的不受约束的constrain v 强迫强制 constrain sb to do限制限定 be constrained from doing 43.vitality 生命力活力热情vital 极重要的必不可少的必须的44.distinguish v distinguish A from B 把两者分开distinguish (between) A and Bdistinguished adj 杰出的卓越的著名的高贵的45.exaggeration n 夸大夸张exaggerate v 夸大夸张言过其实+ difficulty 46.metaphor n 暗语隐喻analogy n 比喻类比47.representative a 典型的有代表性的n 代表代理人代表性人物represent v 代表作为···的代言人维护···的利益相当于48.frost n 霜霜冻寒冷天气vi 结霜 frost (sth)over/up.49.cast vt 向···投以(视线笑容等)投射影子cast a smile cast its shadow over the river 仍投掷 cast sth分配角色选派角色 cast sb as the lead role.n 全体演员投抛50.owe vt 欠··· owe sb sth = owe sth to sb把···归功于归因于···owe sb sth = owe sth to sb51.fascinate vi 深深吸引使着迷 A fascinate B52.entitle vt 给···命名 a book entitled “S pring”使享有权利 be entitled to (do)sth53.blame v责备blame sb for sth 因为···责备某人blame sth on sb 责备···关于某事n 责备 sb be to blame 某人应该受到责备54.allowance n 津贴补助限额定量living/travel allowance 住房交通补贴make allowance for sth 考虑到···=allow for55.triumph v 战胜打败成功 triumph over ···n 巨大的成功重大成就伟大胜利56.impostor n 冒名顶替者 =imposter57.unforgiving 棘手的不宽容的不饶人的forgive 原谅宽恕。
埃及语的学习的方法
FigurehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhssgrewgsdgsddsrhsshbeFigures of speech (修辞)are wssssssssssays of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnderghewrhrterh forcsdbfdsabe tsageqrgerrrrrrrrrrrrrrrro an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Nosgdeqrgsgrerqqw we are going to talk abssssssssssout some common forms of figures of speech.ssssssssssssssssssssssFigures of Resemblance and RelationshipSimile(明喻)Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻)Metonymy(转rrr.《国家“十二五”时期文化改革发展规划纲要》提出要加大政府对文化事业建设的投入力度。
下列属于政府投入保障政策的是hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh()A.支持文化企业在海外投资、投标、营销、参展和宣传等活动B.继续完善文化市场的准入政策,吸引社会资本投资文化产业C.文化内容创意生产、非sdgvsdagr物质文化遗产项目经营享受税收优惠D.通过政府购买服务的方式,鼓励社会力量提供公共文化产品2.关于中国共建设问题B.遵义会议:纠正“左倾”的军事路线C.洛川会议:决定北上抗日的总方针D.瓦窑堡会议:确定建立抗日民族统一战线的方针政策3.中不少脍炙人口的歌曲。
明喻与暗喻类比拟人
Simile 明喻Simile:(明喻)用like, as, as…as, as if, as though, resemble, have a resemblance to, suggest, seem to等明显性词连接两类不同的事物。
(1)(本体、喻体、喻词)缺一不可。
(2)喻词必须是like, as, as…as, as if, as though等明显性喻词。
(3) 两物在性质上十分不同,但在某一方面相似。
明喻与暗喻的区别:明喻把喻体和本体说成相似;暗喻干脆把本体和喻体说成是一致的。
喻词。
1. 本体+动词+as/like+喻体e.g.: The elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.He declared that whites and negroes could live together only as master and man.2. As/Just as+喻体,so+本体+喻体(就像B……一样, A也……)e.g.: As cold water to thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our mind.3. 本体+动词+as though/as if+喻体+动词(A…….好像B……)e.g.: She looked both young and aging, as if she had just emerged from an illness or some crisis.He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez.4. What + 喻体,that+本体(A对于……就象/好比B对于……一样)e.g.: What salt is to food, that wit and humor are to conversation.What food is to man, that manure is to crops.5. 本体+to be+名词(本体)+what /as +喻体+to be+名词(喻体)(A对……好比B对……一样)e.g.: Reading is to be the mind what/as exercise is to the body.Air is to us what/as water is to fish.6. 主语+动词+no more/less+本体+than+喻体或主语+not +本体+any more +than+喻体(正如…一样)e.g.: Our village is no less beautiful than this picture.A student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get harvest withoutplowing.Nations are not to be judged by their size any more than individuals.7. 本体+be+as…+喻体(A象B一样…….)e.g.: Her face blushed, becoming as red as an apple.Death may be as heavy as Mount Tai or as light as a feather.The full green hills are (as) round and soft as breasts.8. 主谓+not as/so+本体+as+喻体(不是A,而是B)e.g.: He thought not so much of possible death as of the urgent need to win, to defeat the enemies.e.g.: Right now, it is not their accountants who are holding the companies back so much as their legaladvisers.9. 主语+may/might +as well+动词+喻体+as+动词+本体(……不如…; …最好…; …还是…好)e.g.: You may as well advise me to give up my fortune as my argument.你劝我停止辩论还不如劝我抛弃我的财产。
北京外国语大学英语语言学与应用语言学考研备考资料 常见的英语修辞手法
北京外国语大学英语语言学与应用语言学考研备考资料常见的英语修辞手法(1)Simile:(明喻)明喻(simile)是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like,as,as if,as though等For example,As cold waters to a thirsty soul,so is good news from a far country.(2)Metaphor:(暗喻)暗喻(metaphor)这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
For example,the world is a stage.(3)Analogy:(类比)(4)Personification:(拟人)拟人(personification)这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。
For example,the wind whistled through the trees. (5)Hyperbole:(夸张)夸张(hyperbole)这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。
For instance,he almost died laughing.(6)Understatement:(含蓄陈述)For instance,It is no laughing matter.(7)Euphemism:(委婉)For instance,we refer to"die"as”pass away".(8)Metonymy(转喻)转喻(metonymy)是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
For example,All spoke with his eyes,“yes”.(9)Synecdoche(提喻)提喻(synecdoche)又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。
英文修辞手法与例句
英语修辞手法12级商务英语1班高腾学号2012224102011)Simile:(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.To make the comparison,words like as,as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.For example,As cold waters to a thirsty soul,so is good news from a far country.明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用like,as,seem,as if,as though,similar to,such as等.1.In his dream he saw the tiny figure fall as a fly在他的梦中他看见那小小的人影像苍蝇一般地落了下来。
————《英语文摘》2015-2比喻形象生动,把人影比作苍蝇突出其渺小。
2.The old man’s hair is as white as snow.老人的头发雪白。
2)Metaphor:(暗喻)It is like a simile,also makes a comparison between two unlike elements,but unlike a simile,this comparison is implied rather than stated.For example,the world is a stage.隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.1.Life is an isthmus between two eternities.生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道——《21century》2014-32.I had the muscle,and they made money out of it.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.————《英语文摘》2015-2这里用肌肉代指力气,肌肉的功能也就是出力气,直接用肌肉来代表则用了暗喻手法,加强表达效果。
隐喻(metaphor)与转喻(metonymy)界面研究
研修计划题目:隐喻(metaphor)与转喻(metonymy)界面研究概要:转喻和隐喻实际上代表了基于相同认知机制所从体现的不同认知形式。
因此,如何从一个合理的思维角度处理两者的接口问题,对于认知语言学的诸多问题的解决是一个颇为重要的论题。
本文拟立足于转喻和隐喻之关系的起因、传统划界,从认知科学角度对两者接口做系统分析,从认知科学的角度将隐喻和转喻的界面研究扩展到整个人类的认知交流过程中。
本研究对隐喻和转喻的划界的研究有助于澄清语言哲学中的许多相关论题,丰富语言研究的认知科学转向,对于揭示语言活动的认知实质具有重要的科学价值和方法论意义。
文献综述:虽然隐喻和转喻的互动关系已经得到论证,但是我们依然能够很容易地区分两个不同认知过程的影响,而且它们之间的类属性互不包容。
但尽管如此,在隐喻和转喻之间还是存在一种真实的不确定性.转喻是一个认知域向另一个认知域的概念映射,两个认知域都包含在同一个理想认知模型内,源域提供通往目标域的心理通道。
Radden同时提出了以转喻为基础的隐喻这一中间概念,并认为传统定义下的转喻和隐喻可以视为位于转喻—隐喻连续体轴上两端的原型范畴,以转喻为基础的隐喻占据连续体轴上的中间模糊地带,它们体现了转喻和隐喻之间的互动关系,可以随不同的观察视角更靠近某一端。
而且,转喻和隐喻之间的区别不是离散的,而是标量的。
Radden认为, 转喻—隐喻连续体的建立机制可以从经验基础、语用含义、范畴结构和文化模式四个方面加以分析。
以转喻为基础的隐喻包括四种情况,即两个概念域具有共同的经验基础,概念域由语用含义联系,概念域涉及范畴结构,概念域由文化模式互相联系,这四种隐喻可能同时发生在某个特定情形中。
转喻和隐喻共有的经验基础首先为连续体的建立提供来源,例如,Lakoff概念隐喻MORE IS UP中垂直高度与数量之间的关系就是基于经验基础的转喻关系。
范畴结构也为隐喻的转喻基础提供了来源,范畴结构的范畴(整体)与范畴成员(部分)之间的相互指代关系本身就是转喻关系,因此,基本上所有的范畴都具有转喻系,转喻和隐喻是范畴语义拓展的两个基本途径,转喻甚至比隐喻更基本。
Metaphor与Analogy的对比学习解读
Metaphor
Varieties of Metaphor--Sustained metaphor 博喻
A comparison between two unlike things that continues through a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.
4.[Preposition phrase ] types A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and
flagged me to stop. (一位警察招手, 要我从长蛇阵般的车流中出来, 并招
呼我停下.)
The stone shaped as a kitten with crystal eyes. (石头形如小猫,眼似水晶. )
……第五次闪电又发作了, 这闪电象蛇一样蜿蜒游动, 爆发出 魔鬼的嘶喊。电光象翠玉一祥碧绿, 回响震耳欲聋。
Metaphor
Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good, A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly; A flower that dies when first it begins to bud; A brittle glass that’s baphor
5.[Sentence] types He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a horse. (他一贫如洗,赤贫的他又特别能吃.)
Friends(老友记)第一季第1集学习笔记(精心排版,注释丰富,强大推荐,免费下载)
老友记第一季第一集The One Where Monica Gets a New Roommate (The Pilot)the pilot:美国电视剧新剧开播都会有一个试播来测试观众对新剧的接受程度,以此来决定是否再继续播下去,也可以说是一个开端,第一集试播Written by: Marta Kauffman and David CraneTranscribed by: guineapigAdditional transcribing by: Eric Aasen (Note: The previously unseen parts of this episode are shown in blue text.)101 试播瑞秋在教堂抛弃未婚夫巴利、逃婚到莫妮卡处。
莫妮卡和调酒师保罗约会,此君伪装成离婚后一蹶不振的苦命人,靠博取同情来骗女人上床。
罗斯婚姻失败,情绪低落。
乔伊安慰他说,女性的种类与冰激凌的品种一样多,离婚未尝不是好事。
大家一同看西班牙肥皂剧并信口瞎猜剧情。
罗斯自高中起即爱慕瑞秋,此刻死灰复燃,提议和她约会,瑞秋答应了1.01 PilotRachel leaves Barry at the alter and moves in with Monica.Monica goes on a date with Paul the wine guy, who turns out to be less than sincere.Ross is depressed about his failed marriage.Joey compares women to ice cream.Everyone watches Spanish soaps.Ross reveals his high school crush on Rachel.[Scene: Central Perk, Chandler, Joey, Phoebe, and Monica are there.]Monica: There's nothing to tell! He's just some guy I work with!Joey: C'mon, you're going out with the guy! There's gotta be something wrong with him!go out with <俚>约会Chandler: So does he have a hump? A hump and a hairpiece?hump n.驼背/hairpiece:false hair;wig n.假发/这是Chandler挖苦Paul的话,意思是:他有驼背么?有假发的秃子?Phoebe: Wait, does he eat chalk?(They all stare, bemused.)bemused: puzzled adj.困惑的发呆的Phoebe: Just 'cause I don't want her to go through what I went through with Carl- oh!Monica: Okay, everybody relax. This is not even a date. It's just two people going out to dinner and- not having sex.Chandler: Sounds like a date to me.[Time Lapse]lapse v.(时间)流逝Chandler: Alright, so I'm back in high school, I'm standing in the middle of the cafeteria, and I realize I am totally…naked.naked adj.赤裸的All: Oh, yeah. Had that dream.Chandler: Then I look down, and I realize there's a phone... there.Joey: Instead of...?Chandler: That's right.Joey: Never had that dream.Phoebe: No.Chandler: All of a sudden, the phone starts to ring,and it turns out it's my mother, which is very-very weird, because- she never calls me!all of a sudden adv.突然/weird adj.离奇的,古怪的/I figured I’d better answer it, and it turns out it’s my mother, which is very very weird: I suppose these three bold(adj.粗体的) denoted(adj.表示的) words are most frequently used in each episode.[Time Lapse, Ross has entered.]Ross: (mortified) Hi.mortified adj.受羞辱的窘迫的/mortify v.使感屈辱使失面子使羞愧[eg:The teacher was mortified by his own inability to answer such a simple question]Joey: This guy says hello, I wanna kill myself.Monica: Are you okay, sweetie?Ross: I just feel like someone reached down my throat, grabbed my small intestine, pulled it out of my mouth and tied it around my neck...intestine n.肠Chandler: Cookie?Monica: (explaining to the others) Carol moved her stuff out today.Joey: Ohh.Monica: (to Ross) Let me get you some coffee.Ross: Thanks.Phoebe: Ooh! Oh! (She starts to pluck at the air just in front of Ross.)pluck v.拔去(鸡鸭等)毛扯拉[eg:He plucked the letter from her hands]/pluck at:To remove abruptly(adv.唐突地) or forcibly(adv.强制地)Ross: No, no don't! Stop cleansing my aura! No, just leave my aura alone, okay? I'll be fine, alright? Really, everyone. I hope she'll be very happy.aura:a distinctive atmosphere surrounding a given source n.气氛灵气光环[eg: the place had an aura of mystery]/当时的场景是Ross进来跟大家诉说他的不幸婚姻,倒了霉运的他周身象是鬼神附身一般。
浅析隐喻(Metaphor)和换喻(Metonymy)的区别与联系
浅析隐喻(Metaphor)和换喻(Metonymy)的区别与联系作者:郑雅楠来源:《人间》2016年第32期(哈尔滨师范大学,黑龙江哈尔滨 150025)摘要:传统的修辞理论把隐喻和换喻作为两个并列的修辞格。
许多隐喻理论常常把换喻作为隐喻的一个种类。
本文从概念、结构、功能和运作机制等角度对隐喻和换喻进行分析两者之间的区别与联系。
关键词:隐喻;换喻;认知功能;运作机制;区别中图分类号:H05 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1671-864X(2016)11-0257-01一、隐喻与换喻的概念(一)隐喻的概念。
隐喻通常是指两个不同领域事物之间的联系,一般用于通过A事物理解或解释B事物,涉及到两个概念的映射。
(二)换喻的概念。
换喻着重的是事物本身的特点或它与其他事物之间的特殊关系,基本上是利用A事物的某一显著特征来指认该事物,基本不涉及事物特征的转移。
二、隐喻与换喻的结构(一)隐喻的结构。
从结构上来看,隐喻由“本体”,“喻体”和“喻底”三部分组成。
如:她纯洁得永远像春天像蝴蝶。
其中,“她”是本体,“春天’夕、“蝴蝶”是喻体,而“纯洁”是喻底。
需要注意的是只有符合“通过一事物来理解另一事物”才能被称为隐喻。
因此,就隐喻的本质来说,隐喻是通过某一事物来理解另外一事物。
喻体与本体之问的关系是差异中的相似。
所谓差异,指的是本体和喻体两者属于小同的领域,这是构成隐喻的基础,例如:百科全书是一座金矿。
“百科全书”与“金矿”为小同的事物,分属小同的领域。
但在这两者之问却存在着某方面的相似。
例如在上例中,说“百科全书”是“一座金矿”因为两者都“值得挖掘”,因此这就构成了一个隐喻。
(二)换喻的结构。
换喻也可以看作由三个部分组成:本体、喻体和喻底。
但与隐喻小同的是,在换喻中,本体从不出现,喻体就是喻底。
本体和喻体是以隐含的方式在起作用的。
本体和喻体之问是一种替代的关系。
而这两个事物之问并小存在一种相似的关系,喻体之所以可以替代本体,因为它代表了本体的某一特征。
科技英语文体中的类比与隐喻
科技英语文体中的类比与隐喻左传果;王向阳【摘要】Analogy and metaphor are two common mechanisms in cognitive linguistics that help to reduce cognitive load and are often employed in the English register of science and technology. They are often confused due to the fact that both involve mapping be-tween the source domain and the target domain. Based on structural and conceptual mapping theories, it can be proved that analogy puts more stress on structural, relational mapping and metaphor more on attribute projection, which even exists in their explicitly or im-plicitly common structure “A is B”. On the other hand, they complement each other in some context.%类比和隐喻是认知语言学中常见的两种语义建构机制,其最终目的是降低认知难度,因此经常被运用在以阐释为目的的科技英语文体中。
两者常因映射机制的相似性而被混淆。
然而,从结构映射及概念隐喻理论可以看出,类比侧重系统结构的映射对接,而隐喻侧重概念特征单向投射。
即使显性或隐性地共同呈现出“A is B”的语言结构,在具体语境中也有类比或隐喻的侧重性,而非完全雷同,但在某些语境下又可能存在相互补充的糅合关系。
高效的销售培训5个关键点
高效的销售培训5个关键点销售培训是提高销售人员业务水平和销售业绩的重要手段。
在培训中,我们应该注意哪些关键点,才能让销售培训更加高效呢?以下是五个关键点:1. 建立正确的销售观念销售观念是指销售人员对销售工作所持有的认知和看法。
正确的销售观念可以帮助销售人员树立正确的职业态度和工作动力,提高自信心和信心。
因此,在销售培训中,要引导销售人员建立积极向上的销售态度和公正诚信的商业道德,加强百折不挠的毅力和顽强的拼搏精神,让销售人员在激烈的市场竞争中始终保持抱有希望、充满活力的状态。
2. 加强销售技能培训销售技能是指销售人员在销售过程中需要掌握的技巧和方法,例如开局说法、谈判技巧、客户管理、沟通能力等。
只有拥有一套完整的销售技能才能顺利地达到销售目标。
因此,在销售培训中,要加强销售技能的培养和训练,帮助销售人员掌握科学、有效的销售技能。
比如:在销售技能培训中,可以通过销售案例分析、互动分享、实操演练等方式帮助销售人员进行实用技能的训练。
3. 制定个性化的销售计划针对不同的销售人员,其销售能力和表现是不同的,需要制定个性化的销售计划。
个性化的计划对于实现销售目标、推进销售活动十分重要。
在制定计划时,要考虑销售人员的实际工作经验和经营能力,充分发掘每一个销售人员的优势和潜力,制定出适合他们的个性化的销售计划。
而在销售培训过程中,可以通过针对销售计划的普及和追踪,进一步引导销售人员树立“能力胜过计划,计划胜过执行”的理念,在更高效的销售计划推进过程中提高个人能力表现。
4. 加强顾客管理培训成功的销售不仅仅是业务目标的实现,还包括服务好顾客,不断满足顾客需求、提高顾客忠诚度。
因此,销售人员要加强顾客管理能力的提升,关注顾客的需求,提供更好的服务体验。
在培训过程中,可以阐述:“客户第一”的理念和应对客户问题的方法,加强销售人员对顾客管理和服务的意识和工作技巧的掌握,增加销售成功的几率。
5. 加强销售团队协作个人的销售能力是重要的,但团队的协作也是推动销售工作的关键因素。
Analogy,simile,metapor的对比
(by A. Charles Swinburne)
4. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns: 5) Other patterns The surface of the earth is like the skin of an orange, which cannot be spread out flat unless it is torn into strips. That’s why flat maps of the whole earth always distort its appearance.
4. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns:
② If love were what the rose is, And I were like the leaf, Our lives would grow together In sad or singing weather, Blown fields or flowerful closes, … If love were what the rose is, And I were like the leaf.
英语修辞总结
英语修辞总结Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。
标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as 等.例如:He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.I wandered lonely as a cloud.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻在两类不同的事物间含蓄地比较,以表明相同关系的比喻。
例如:He has the microwave smile that warms another person without heat.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称去代替,突现描述对象的特征,引发读者联想,使其获得鲜明深刻的印象。
I.以容器代替内容,例如:The kettle boils. 水开了.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料、工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱。
Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般。
例如:There are about 100 hands working in his factory. (部分代整体)他的厂里约有100名工人。
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Metaphor & Analogy
(1) Reading is the food of the mind.
(2) Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.
( 1 ) metaphor ( 2 ) analogy
written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose. (结婚,是一本第一章以诗写成,其余各章以散文 写就的书.)
Metaphor
3.[Adjective] types: She has a photographic memory for detail. (她对细节有照相机般的记忆力.)
…again out leapt the fifth flash, with the spring of a serpent and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverberation was stunning.
4.[Preposition phrase ] types A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and
flagged me to stop. (一位警察招手, 要我从长蛇阵般的车流中出来, 并招
呼我停下.)
The stone shaped as a kitten with crystal eyes. (石头形如小猫,眼似水晶. )
1.[Verb] types:
Her eyes, pools of love, were rippling in tenderness. (她的双眼似爱的池塘,正泛着柔情蜜意的涟漪.)
2.[Noun] types
Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is
……第五次闪电又发作了, 这闪电象蛇一样蜿蜒游动, 爆发出 魔鬼的嘶喊。电光象翠玉一祥碧绿, 回响震耳欲聋。
Metaphor
Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good, A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly; A flower that dies when first it begins to bud; A brittle glass that’s broken presently;
game are what we call the laws of nature. (棋盘如世界,游戏规则如同自然法则.)
(作出初次比较再扩展,以延伸作者的意图)
Metaphor
Laws…like cobwebs, where the small flies are
caught and thБайду номын сангаас great break through. 法律……犹如蛛网,小的蚊蝇给网捕住,大的则 一冲而过。
Metaphor
Varieties of Metaphor--Extended metaphor 延喻--Types of extended metaphor
Contents
• Metaphor • Analogy • Metaphor & Analogy
Metaphor
• Metaphor
a way of describing something by
referring to it as something different
and suggesting that it has similar
美不过是作不得准的浮影; 像耀眼的光彩, 很快就会销毁; 像一朵花刚开放随即凋零; 像晶莹的玻璃转眼就已破碎;
Varieties of Metaphor--Extended metaphor 延喻
Metaphor
According to the Longman Modern English Dictionary, the author use extended metaphor make an initial comparison and then develop it, expanding the idea.
Metaphor
5.[Sentence] types He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a horse. (他一贫如洗,赤贫的他又特别能吃.)
The chess-board is the world, where the rules of the
Metaphor
• The properties of an effective metaphor: 1) freshness and originality (立意新颖) 2) aptness (恰当贴切) 3) consistency(协调一致)
• Varieties of Metaphor (变体)
Metaphor sustained metaphor 博喻 extended metaphor 延喻
Metaphor
Varieties of Metaphor--Sustained metaphor 博喻
A comparison between two unlike things that continues through a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.
qualities of that thing
Another definition: like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.