中医英语翻译理论

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3 中医翻译实践
� 3.3 意译
� 「天行赤眼」 � acute contagious conjunctivitis vs. � heaven-current red eye � 「缠腰火丹」 � herpes zoster around the waist vs. � girdling fire cinnabar � 「子盗母气」 � child-organ disorder involving its mother organ vs. � child steals the mother ’s qi
2 中医翻译的困难
� 2.1 词汇缺口 (lexical gap)
� 翻译人员各有不同考虑、偏好 � 五行
� five elements, five phases, wuxing � 命门 � gate of life, vital gate, vitaport, mingmen � 三焦 � three warmers, triple burners, three heaters, triple energizers, sanjiao � 五脏 � five solid organs, five bowels, five zang-organs, five zang-visceras, wuzang
1 中医翻译概论
� 1.2 定义化
� 中医术语高度凝炼，难以用同样长短的英语表达清楚 � 翻译往往以解释、定义方式進行 � 辨证论治
� diagnosis and treatment based on the overall analysis of symptoms and signs
� 虚胀 � Flatulence due to yang-deficiency of the spleen and kidney
1 中医翻译概论
� 1.3 词义分化
� 必須考虑语境 � c) 脉理精微，其体难辨。
� 「精 」指「精深」 � The theory of pulse is very profound and the conditions of pulse are difficult to differentiate.
2 中医翻译的困难
� 重要经典译名举例
神农本草经
Shen Nong’s Herbal, The Herbal The Canon on Medicinal Herbs Divine Husbandman’s Herbal Foundation Canon Compendium of Materia Medica Comprehensive Herbal Foundation Essentials of M来自百度文库teria Medica Essential Herbal Foundation The Pulse Studies of Bin-hu Bin-hu Sphygmology
本草纲目 本草备要 濒湖脉学
2 中医翻译的困难
� 重要经典译名举例
太平惠民和 剂局方 Formularies of the Bureau of People’s Welfare Pharmacies Standard Formularies of the Pharmacy for People’s Welfare in Taiping Reign-Period Formulas of the Tai Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Recipes in Rhymes
2 中医翻译的困难
� 2.2 理解偏差
� 历史、文化因素，使得术语理解困难 � 失笑散
� Powder for Lost Smiles* � Sudden Smile Powder
� 黄帝內经
� � � � � Yellow Emperor’s Internal Medicine * (Huangdi’s) Canon of Medicine Huangdi ’s Classics on Medicine Huangdi ’s Internal Classic Huangdi Neijing
1 中医翻译概论
� 1.4 拼音化 � 当英语无法表达中医特有概念時，用拼音翻译
� 气 � Vital energy * � Qi
� which term(s) should be phonetically transcribed?
� 四气五味 � four properties and five tastes � four natures and five flavors � 滋阴降火 � nourishing yin to reduce fire � enriching yin and downbearing fire
3 中医翻译实践
� 3.2 直译
� � � � � � � � 阳化气 阴中之阴 木生火 抑木扶土 补母泻子 * 心开窍於舌 脾主运化 * 肺主气司呼吸 � � � � � yang transforming into qi yin within yin wood generates/generating fire inhibiting wood to strengthen earth supplementing mother-organ and draining child organ � heart opens into the tongue � the spleen governs transportation / movement and transformation � the lung governs qi and manages respiration
Detailed Analysis of Epidemic Febrile Diseases An Analysis on Warm Diseases Systematized Identification of Warms Diseases
汤头歌诀 温病条辨
3 中医翻译实践
� 3.1 借用西医术语
� � � � � � 心悸 便秘 便溏 遗尿 黄疸 纳呆 � � � � � � palpitation constipation loose / sloppy stool enuresis / incontinence* jaundice anorexia*, poor appetite / torpid intake
3 中医翻译实践
� 3.2 直译 � � � � � 阴阳失调 脾失健运 肝不藏血 胃失和降 肾阳不足
� yin-yang disharmony / imbalance between yin and yang spleen failing to move and transform / dysfunction of spleen; failure of spleen in transportation liver failing to store blood / inability of the liver to store blood impaired harmonious downbearing of the stomach / failure of gastric qi to descend insufficiency of kidney yang / insufficiency of renal yang
1 中医翻译概论
� 1.3 词义分化
� 脾虚 � asthenia of the spleen
� spleen vacuity � spleen deficiency (WHO draft)* � 脾虚水泛 � hypofunction of the spleen � 体虚 � weakness / debility
3 中医翻译实践
� 3.4 音意結合 � 元气 � primordial qi, original qi, congenital qi � 正气 � healthy qi, right qi, genuine qi, vital qi � 宗气 � pectoral qi, thoracic qi, ancestral qi � 中气 � gastrosplenic qi*, middle qi, center qi � 营气 � nutrient qi, construction qi � 肾气 � kidney-qi, renal qi*
1 中医翻译概论
� 1.3 词义分化
� 同一中医术语在不同语境下，可以有不同涵义 (一词多 义 polysemy) � 同一概念也可用不同术语表达 (同义词 synonymy) � 虚 � asthenia, deficiency, insufficiency, weakness, debility, hypofunction……
1 中医翻译概论
� 1.1 仿造
� 句子层次的翻译也能运用仿造法 � 从阴阳则生，逆之则死。
� Following (the law of) yin and yang ensures life, while violating it leads to death.
� 阴虚则热，阳虚则寒。 � Deficiency of yin generates heat and deficiency of yang produces cold.
1 中医翻译概论
� 1.2 定义化 � 缺点 � 简洁变冗长，违反科技术语翻译、使用的原翻则 � 和语境难以配合 � 有碍中医术语英译迈向规范 � 简化处理 � 辨证论治 � treatment based on syndrome differentiation � identifying patterns and determining treatment � 虚胀 � deficiency-flatulence � vacuity distension
2 中医翻译的困难
� 重要经典译名举例
素问 灵枢 类经 难经 伤寒杂病论 金匮要略
Plain Questions, Elementary Questions Miraculous Pivot, Pivotal Axis, Magic Pivot Systematic Compilation of the Internal Classic, Classified Canon Difficult Classic*, Classic on Medical Problems* Classic of Difficult Issues Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases On Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases Synopsis of Golden Chamber Important Strategies from the Golden Chest Essential Prescription of the Golden Coffer
Theory of TCM Translation
中医英语翻译理论
1 中医翻译概论
� 1.1 仿造 � 指的是在翻译原语的无等值词汇时用译语中的 直接对应词代换无等值词汇的组成部分，即词 素或词。
� 肝血 � 血虚 � 活血化瘀 liver blood blood deficiency activating blood to resolve stagnation
1 中医翻译概论
� 1.3 词义分化
� 必須考虑语境 � a) 肾藏精，精舍志。
� 「精」指精气 � The kidney stores essence and the essence maintains activities. � b) 精1伤则骨痠痿厥，精2 時自下。 � 「精1 」指「肾精」； 「精2 」指「精液」 � The damage of the kidney essence causes aching and flaccidity of the bones as well as cold sensation in the limbs, which will further leads to frequent seminal emission.