美国野牛镍币资料
野牛镍币
美国硬币小知识
ⅱ 50 cents (五角) 这个不太通行，赌场可见。 25
cents (二角半) quarter 10 cents (一角) dime 5 cents (五仙) 1 cents (一仙) quarter -> 2角5分(25分) dime -> 1角(10分) nickel -> 5分 penny -> 1 分 还有1美元的硬币... 老的1美元很大...新的1美元小很多...没有上面4种 那么常见...5角就更罕见了... 5分钱硬币的直径比1 角硬币大...1角和1分差不多大...就颜色不同...
美国西部开发与野牛镍币
美国的西部大开发也叫西进运动。 早在北美殖民地时期，向西移民的活 动就开始了。南部的奴隶主、北部的土地投机商和贫苦的老百姓，都希望 在西部获得土地。英国政府为了把殖民地人民限制在能够控制的地方，于 1763年颁布了禁止移民越过阿巴拉契亚山脉以西的公告令。独立革命粉 碎了这一规定。1783年英美议定了和平解决方案，英国把阿巴拉契亚山 以西至密西西比河这一大片印第安人所有的土地，开放给了美国。1830 年5月，A．杰克逊总统通过了《印第安人迁移法》，把印第安人迁到密西 西比河以西。这之后，派军队把印第安人押送出密西西比河以东地区，殖 民事业在这一地区迅速发展。“旧西南部”(包括今肯塔基、田纳西、亚 拉巴马、密苏里、密西西比、阿肯色、路易斯安那诸州)的土地，主要被 种植园奴隶主占有，成为棉花的主要产地。“旧西北部”(包括今俄亥俄、 印第安纳、伊利诺伊、密歇根、威斯康星诸州)的殖民开发，是由于1785 年通过的土地条例(按低价出售公有土地)和1787年《西北准州地区条例》 而迅速开展的。独立革命开始时这里只不过有几千名法国人，1810年移 民已有27万多，1860年增加到693万人，仅芝加哥城人口就有100万。这 里是盛产谷物和养育业发达的地区。
野牛镍币
The Buffalo Nickel:
1911, by the famous American artist Jamesstarted designing ,1913-1938 years into the production of a coin. Heritage coin depicts mainly the U.S. government's elite, most of which is the famous past presidents. Buffalo nickel, without conforming to convention, but the extension will be living in the United States carried out westward movement of the damaged image of the two kinds of near-extinction of bison, as well as indigenous Indians ---- United States and India to commemorate.
Right picture side of the coin, the other side may have 3 Indian head.
Fraser in the process of creating a portrait of bison, because of the prairie, no longer appear scattered four walk buffalo, had to go to New York's Central Park Zoo to sketch an old buffalo, two years later, only buffalo in order to Only 100 U.S. dollars for sale, and then get slaughtered meat, leather, horn has also been made into a wall ornament. Buffalo nickel is currently a lot of coin enthusiasts, one of the most want to collect coins.
野牛镍币英文作文
野牛镍币英文作文英文回答：The buffalo nickel, officially known as the Indian Head nickel, was a five-cent piece struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938. It was designed by James Earle Fraser, and its obverse (heads) featured the profile of a Native American chief wearing a headdress. The reverse (tails) depicted a bison (commonly known as a buffalo) standing on a mound of earth.The buffalo nickel was one of the most popular coins in American history. It was the first coin to feature an American Indian on its obverse, and its design was considered to be both beautiful and symbolic. The coin was also very durable, and many examples can still be found in circulation today.In 1938, the buffalo nickel was replaced by the Jefferson nickel. The Jefferson nickel is still incirculation today, and it is one of the most common coinsin the United States.The buffalo nickel is a reminder of a time when the American West was still wild and untamed. It is a beautiful and historic coin that is still cherished by collectors today.中文回答：野牛镍币，官方称为印第安人头像镍币，是一种由美国铸币局从1913年到1938年铸造的五美分硬币。
美国野牛镍币课件
2. [C] a serious play that has a sad ending 悲剧 作品 In most classical tragedies, the solution was death.在大部分古典悲剧中，死即矛盾之解决。
3
settlement n.1. [U] the movement of a new population into a
place to live there 移民；拓居 the settlement of 1 the American West美国西部的移民
frontier
2. [C, U] an agreement that ends an argument 决 定；协议 Following the settlement of the strike, the train service is now back to normal. 在罢工问题解决之后，铁路交通现在已恢复正常。 n.1. (the ~) an area where people have never 2 lived before, esp. in the western US before the 20th century （尤指20世纪前美国西部的）边远地 区 Heavy fighting took place last night at the frontier.昨晚在边境上发生了激战。
Translation:
1
今天，美国的硬币都用来纪念美国政府 的杰出人物，其中大部分是著名的前总 2 统。但1913至1938年间发行的野牛镍币， 却是为了纪念由美国拓居引起的两起相 互关联的悲剧──野牛群的灭绝和美洲印 第安人的毁灭。
3
Para 13
1
The Buffalo Nickle
• It is in tear that the same tragedy occurred.
正是在那个我们去年参观的城市又发生了同样的惨剧。
s e ttle m e n t [英][ˈ setlmənt] [美][ˈ sɛtlmənt]
• Love not worth mentioning, the destruction of all time.爱情不值一提，时间摧毁一切。
d e c o ra tio n [英][ˈ reɪʃən] dekəˈ
[美][ˈ dɛkəˈ reʃən]
• 【C】sth. that is used to decorate sth. else 装饰品 • 【U】the act or art of decorating 装饰；装 饰艺术
MENU
野牛镍币 （Buffalo Nickel）
• 1911年，由美国著名艴术家詹姆斯厄尔弗雷泽(James Earl Fraser)开 始设计，1913-1938年间成产的一种硬币。 • 早先美国的硬币都是由白人组成的，有了水牛镍币之后，美国的硬币 头像也开始出现三个印第安人，可以说，在一定程度上说明美国的包 容性向前跨进了一大步，正如第一位黑人总统奥巴马一样。 • 野牛镍币，没有循觃蹈矩，而是将在美国为拓居而进行的西进运动中 遭破坏几近灭绝的两种形象----美国野牛以及土著印第安人印为纨念。 • 野牛镍币是当今很多钱币爱好者最想要收集的硬币之一。
野牛镍币
水牛城首次铸造镍经常使用的硬币在美国于1913年，并成为深受广大市民。
硬币的设计是由詹姆斯厄尔雷弗雷泽，著名艺术家，以极大的兴趣本土文化。
他最初的“ F ”下方的日期硬币。
设计一个现实的画像描绘了美洲印第安人的正面的硬币连同字“自由”沿岸。
相反硬币功能的壮丽水牛和5美分的话就提出丘上的水牛立场。
硬币是独一无二的，因为没有其他问题，美国经常硬币都精选动物（除老鹰），作为其主要的设计。
水牛城镍是75 ％和25 ％的铜镍和硬币是约21毫米的直径。
第一布法罗尼克尔斯铸造于1913年最初的设计击中了水牛站在投手。
这些被称为1型硬币。
由于一些生产问题，这使得设计，设计变更和未来所有硬币精选水牛站在平坦平原。
硬币后者设计被称为2型硬币。
布法罗尼克尔斯继续铸造，直到1913年后每年1938 -唯一的例外是1922年，1932年和1933年。
超过1亿美元的这些硬币铸造，在此期间，在各种薄荷设施，包括费城，丹佛，旧金山和薄荷糖。
该mintmark上可以找到扭转下的硬币的话5美分。
最稀有的布法罗镍是1918/7-D overdate 。
还稀少1937D是著名的“三腿”的品种。
该品种被同一个错误，解除了死亡的水牛的前站。
很难找到其他日期包括2型1913D和2型1913S 。
非常常见的日期（除少数品种）是布法罗尼克尔斯铸造32年至38年。
其原因尚不完全清楚，布法罗尼克尔斯之前至1930年是非常稀少的流通条件。
The Buffalo Nickel was first minted for regular use in U.S. coinage in 1913 and became very popular with the general public. The coin was designed by James Earle Fraser, a noted artist with a keen interest innative culture. His initial "F" appears below the date on the coin.The design depicts a realistic portrait of an American Indian on the obverse of the coin along with the word "Liberty" along the rim. The reverse of the coin features a magnificent buffalo and the words FIVE CENTS on a raised mound on which the buffalo stands. The coin is unique inasmuch as no other regular issue U.S. coin has ever featured an animal (other than the eagle) as a part of its main design.The Buffalo Nickel is made of 75% copper and 25% nickel and the coin is about 21 mm in diameter. The first Buffalo Nickels minted in 1913 were originally struck with a design that had the buffalo standing on a mound. These are referred to as Type 1 coins. Due to some production problems with this raised design, the design was changed and all future coins featured the buffalo standing on a flat plain. Coins with this latter design are referred to as Type 2 coins.Buffalo Nickels continued to be minted annually after 1913 until 1938 - with the exception of the years 1922, 1932 and 1933. Over 1 billion of these coins were minted during this time at various mint facilities including the Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints. The mintmark can be found on the reverse of the coin under the words FIVE CENTS. The rarest Buffalo Nickel is the 1918/7-D overdate. Also scarce is the famous 1937D "three legged" variety. This variety was struck with a faulty die that removed the buffalo's front leg. Other hard to find dates include the Type 2 1913D and the Type 2 1913S. Very commondates (except for a few varieties) are the Buffalo Nickels minted from 1932 to 1938. For reasons that are not entirely clear, Buffalo Nickels made prior to 1930 are quite scarce in uncirculated condition.布法罗镍第一铸造经常使用在美国硬币1913并成为很受欢迎的公共。
The Buffalo Nickel 背景介绍
The Buffalo Nickel
The Buffalo Nickel was emitted and used during 1913 and 1938.It was designed by James Earle Fraser to commemorate the Buffalo and the Indians--the victims of the Westwood Movement.The Buffalo and the Indians on the nickel were all from the archetype.
The Buffalo Nickel 野牛镍币
背景介绍
在十九世纪时，先驱者和移民穿过大平原，为 了运动而宰杀野牛，同时为了战略目的，消灭 了印第安国家。在二十世纪初，野牛的数量降 低到仅仅几百头，使得美国政府和一些非盈利 性组织开始干预。今天野牛的数量上升到大约 450，000头
The Buffalo Nickel
(美国造币厂目前已经发行了新的2007年美洲野牛金 币。面额是Buffalo Nickel is made of 75% copper and 25% nickel and the coin is about 21 mm in diameter. 铜：75% 镍：25% 直径：21mm
The U.S. mint currently has issued a new 2007 American bison gold COINS .And it denomination is $50.
野牛镍币中英介绍
Time:1913 to 1938Designer:Famed artist James Earle FraserModel:One side: three actual American Indians,the other side:Buffalo---no longer wandered about the great grasslandHistoty:Honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontier—the destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians.The buffola no longer wandered about the great grasslands.originThe Buffalo Nickle was firstly designed in 1911. At that time the United States pioneered the development of serious damage to the ecological environment of the buffalo and the the number of it was serious decline. 野牛镍币开始设计与1911年。
由于当时美国的开荒者为了开发严重破坏了水牛的生态环境，水牛的数量严重下降。
To remind American citizens to protect the environment, the government issued this buffalo nickel. 为了提醒美国公民保护环境，政府就发行了这种野牛镍币。
It was reported that the buffalo is found in the New York Central Park Zoo and the buffalo was quiet old when found. 据说当时这头水牛还是在纽约Central Park Zoo找到的，找到的时候这头水牛年龄已经相当大.Two years after 1915, it was sold to 100 dollars, and to kill for food, and leather ! Really a bit ironic. 在两年后也就是1915，它以100美元被卖了，并杀来用作食物，与皮衣！确实有点讽刺意味。
野牛镍币
两大悲剧：
1.野牛的灭绝 2.印第安人的毁灭
The extinction of buffalo make great plains indians lost the material basis for the survival, so that they finally have to accept the United States government forced assimilation policy. Narrowing of the U.S. government to Indian reservation policy and military war "against" the root cause of the policy is not to make them to. White was finally defeat the indians, because professional hunter bloodbath of the great plains bison bison results of extinction. Buffalo is a plains Indian food and clothing and various supplies.
美国西部开发与野牛镍币
19世纪初期，数以千记的人，越过阿帕拉契山，向西移动。 有些开拓者，移居到美国的边界，甚至深入属于墨西哥的领 地、以及介于阿拉斯加与加利福尼亚的俄勒冈。开拓者勇敢、 勤奋地向西追求更好的生活。然而在这个过程中就出现数以 万记血腥的屠杀，包括对印第安人的种族灭绝和对美国野牛 的疯狂杀缪。 In the early 19th century, thousands of people, across the Appalachian mountain, move to the west. Some pioneers, the boundary of the emigrated to the United States, even deep belongs to the territory of Mexico and Oregon between Alaska and California. Portland brave, diligently pursue a better life in the west. However appear in the process of tens of thousands of bloody massacre, including the genocide of native americans and the American buffalo crazy kill Samuel.
关于美国野牛镍币的了解
The End of the Trail
All of us maybe are interested in other coins of America ,so I collect some coins of different times ,including Liberty Head nickel and so on.
The different years of coins.
1934
1935
1937
Can you find some differences.
James Earle Fraser spent his youth on the frontier, an experience that created a lifelong interest in western life and provided powerful subjects for his art. The emotional force of his work captured the public’s imagination. When he died in 1953, The End of the Trail was perhaps the best known sculpture in America.
While you would be hard pressed to find a Buffalo nickel in your pocket change nowadays, there is a history to this nickel. The Buffalo nickel took the United States from pre-World War I, through the Great Depression and to the beginning of World War II. Any coins found from circulation are rare, and because of design flaws, most are hard to date without out destroying the integrity of the coin.
The_Buffalo_Nickel_
21mm
------A ------A mental element which is used to make coins for it can prevent the coin from being rusted.
用铜镍混合金来制造硬币因为它可以防止硬币生锈。
为了提醒美国公民保护环 境，政府就发行了这种野 境，政府就发行了这种野 牛镍币。
It was reported that the buffalo is found in the New York Central Park Zoo and the buffalo was quiet old when found.
但是在两年后也就是1915， 但是在两年后也就是1915， 它以100美元被卖了，ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ杀 它以100美元被卖了，并杀 来用作食物，与皮衣！确实 有点讽刺意味。
The Buffalo Nickel (or Indian Head Nickel) was the design of the US 5 cent coin from1913 to 1938. Although this coin was only minted for 25 years it is still possible to find them in circulation (although its quite rare). 野牛镍币（或印第安人头像 牛镍币（或印第安人头 镍币）是美国的5美分硬币。 ）是美国的 美分硬币。 从1913设计使用到1938年。 1913设计使用到1938年。 虽然这硬币只铸造了25年， 虽然这硬币只铸造了25年， 但仍然有可能找到他们的流 通（尽管其相当罕见）。
The Buffalo Nickel
The design of the coin was created by sculptor James Earle Fraser, under the direction of President Theodore Roosevelt.
The Buffalo Nickel is made of 75% copper and 25% nickel and the coin is about 21 mm in diameter.
今天，美国的硬币都用来纪念美国政府的 杰出人物，其中大部分是著名的前任总统。
But the Buffalo nickel, produced from 1913 to 1938 , honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontier—the destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians.
The Buffalo Nickel
One of the 5 symbols of the US.
美 国 普 通 的 镍 币
Today, American coins honor prominent figures of the US government –mostly famous former presidents.
为了提醒美国公民保护环 境，政府就发行了这种野 牛镍币。
It was reported that the buffalo is found in the New York Central Park Zoo and the buffalo was quiet old when found.
野牛镍币
之前的镍币
The buffalo Nickel
Today,American coins honor prominent（杰出的） figures （图 形，图像）of the US government—mostly famous former presidents.But the Buffalo nickel,produce from 1913 to 1938 , honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontier—the destruction of the buffalo herds(牧群) and the American Indians.
印第安人（Indians）
亦作Amerindian或Amerind。 又称美洲原住民，是除爱斯基摩人外的所有美洲土著居民的总 称。印第安人即美洲土著居民。此人种分布于南北美洲各国，属蒙 古人种美洲支系。使用印第安语。 考古学和人类学认为印第安人的祖先和中国人有着一样的体质。 美洲土著居民中的绝大多数为印第安人，分布于南北美洲各国，传 统将其划归东亚蒙古人种美洲支系。考古学和人类学专家认为认为， 印第安人的祖先来自中国北方，大约是在4万年前从亚洲渡过白令海 峡到达美洲的，或者是通过冰封的海峡陆桥过去的。他们与亚洲同 时代的人有某些相同的文化特色，例如用火、驯犬及某些特殊仪式 与医疗方法。 印第安人是拉丁美洲的最早的居民。他们之所以被成为“印第安 人”，主要是因为当年哥伦布等探险者，以为他们到达的“新陆地”是 印度，称当地居民为“印第安”人（“印度”一词的英文发音。）由于英 国殖民者、美国人、欧洲殖民者（西班牙人)迫害、杀戮印第安人40 00万以上，毁灭印第安文化，致使现在残存的古代印第安文明已经 不多，在美国建国后和西进运动中，美国人将原来住在今天美国东 部的迫害、杀戮印第安人2000万以上，并驱逐到西部荒凉地，在美 国已经很难看到印第安人了。
野牛镍币(Buffalo Nickel)
相关阅读
• 1913年的自由女神像镍币何以会有如此昂贵的身价呢？主要是它产生 的神秘性；它存世只见5枚，其中两枚被私人收藏，两枚被博物馆保 存，另外一枚下落不明而产生了谜团，从而引发了众多美国钱币爱好 者的猎奇心态和狂热兴趣。 自由女神头像镍币出现在1883年到1912 年间，1913年起，它们被印第安硬币或是野牛硬币所取代。按理来说， 1913年应该不会再有自由女神像5分镍币的出现，但事实上，一名硬 币铸造官员在1913年私自铸造了5枚这样的镍币。由于这些硬币没有 发行，因而从未进入市场流通，很多年以来，拥有这些硬币一直被视 为非法。 美国的钱币学家和收藏家是在6年后才知道有1913年自由女 神像5分镍币的存在。那年，著名收藏家布朗在美国钱币学会出版的 《钱币学家》杂志上登了一则广告，征求收购这种“不应存在”的镍 币。但直到1924年，人们才见到5枚真品陆续出现。 在此后的数十年 中，这5枚镍币多次转手，并同时成为埃及法鲁克国王的收藏品，法 鲁克王朝被推翻后，其全部收藏品由苏富比公司拍卖，这5枚镍币经 拍卖后又一一分散到几位大收藏家手中，而其中一枚却于1962年失踪。
野牛镍币（Buffalo Nickel) 野牛镍币（
野牛镍币（Buffalo Nickel）与自由女 神像、美国哥特式、芭比娃娃和山姆大 叔称为美国文化的五大象征。
简介
• 1911 · · (James Earl James Fraser) 1913-1938 1938 纪 念 。 著 印 坏 ---第 安 国 人 灭 野 印 牛 为 的 运 国 循 数 的 刻 绝 进 美 有 。 多 府 上 西 在 没 统 大 政 币 几 近 的 将 美 行 是 ， 总 中 土 象 破 进 而 币 届 其 国 及 形 以 种 中 遭 而 ， 镍 历 ， 美 硬 居 两 动 拓 矩 牛 的 为 蹈 野 名 物 是 统 规 著 人 要 传 。 是 出 主 国 币 杰 的 美 硬 画 种 一 雷 泽 艺 术 家 詹 姆 斯 厄 尔 弗
野牛镍币及介绍
野牛镍币及介绍
野牛镍币简介：
野牛镍币于1911年由美国著名艺术家詹姆斯·厄尔·弗雷泽开始设计在1913至1938年间被制成一种硬币。
美国传统硬币上往往刻画的是国家伟大领袖和杰出人物而野牛镍币是为了纪念西进运动过程中几乎灭绝的野牛和印第安人而制造其与美国哥特式、自由女神像、芭比娃娃和山姆大叔合称为美国文化的五大象征。
如今野牛镍币也受到很多钱币爱好者的关注和收藏。
野牛镍币的和：
野牛镍币的：300
野牛镍币的行情投资分析：
野牛镍币是美国为了纪念在西部开发中牺牲的野牛和印第安人而制造。
美国野牛是美国独特的风景野牛对于印第安人来说是很重要的他们的衣食住行都离不开野牛同时野牛还被用来祭祀可见其重要性。
但是随着美国的发展对于西部的开发使得这种动物和印第安人几乎灭绝野牛镍币具有很高的纪念意义其影响也会逐渐受到大家的思考它的行情还是比较乐观的。
野牛镍币的收藏价值：
野牛具有五千年的历史它是一个古老的物种与美国北部的草原和牧场一起进化。
印第安人是拉丁美洲最早的原著民他们与亚洲同时代的人类具有相似的文化特色。
但是在十九世纪先驱者和移民为了改革和政治目的杀害野牛和印第安人消灭了印第安国一个民族就这样消失了。
野牛镍币的出现向人们诉说了美国的历史给人们起到警示的作用所以应受到广大钱币爱好者和收藏者的关注。
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美国文化小析-野牛硬币镍币-The Buffalo Nickel
Author Introduction
Fraser was born in Minnesota in 1876,who
studied art in Chicago and Paris .He was only 17 when he completed the first modeling of “The End of the Trail”. The statue portrays a weary native American riding an equally forlorn horse. Despite the pressure of other projects, Fraser worked on “The End of the Trail” off and on throughout his career. Today a large version of the statue is in the Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western History Center in Oklahoma City, which also has Fraser's sketches for the “tail's” side of the Buffalo nickel. When the Buffalo nickel finally made its first show in 1913, a coin collector's magazine yelled it as a true work of art, powerfully modeled . Many critics agreed, and in 1951 the American Academy of Arts and Letters presented Fraser with a gold medal honoring a lifetime of distinguished achievement.
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herd
[C] a large group of animals of the same type which live and feed together 牧群 The herd are scattered over the hills. 牧群散布在群山上。 The lions killed the entire herd of goats. 狮子把那群山羊全都咬死了。
Destruction
[U] the act of destroying or state of being destroyed 破坏；毁坏 the destruction of the forest by fire 火灾对森林的破坏 The enemy bombs caused widespread destruction. 敌人的炸弹造成广泛的破坏。
• The Buffalo Nickel
-------Five famous symblols of American culture
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The Buffalo Nickel
The buffalo nickel,produced from 1913 t o 1938 honored a pair of connected trag edies from the settement of the America n fronntier-the destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians.
野牛镍币 （Buffalo Nickel）
美 国 普 通 的 镍 币
While white people had previously been used as models for most American coins,famed artst James Earle Fraser went against tradition by using three actual American Tndians as models for his creation.
1911年，由美国著名艺术家詹姆斯 厄尔 弗雷泽(James Earl Fraser)开始设计，1913-1938年间成产的一种硬币.美 国传统硬币上刻画的主要是美国政府的杰出人物，其中大 多数是著名的历届总统。野牛镍币，没有循规蹈矩，而是 将在美国为拓而进行的西进运动中遭破坏几近灭绝的两种 形象----美国野牛以及土著印第安人印为纪念。硬币的一面， 另一面可有三个印第安人头像。 弗雷泽在创作野牛画 像的过程中，由于当时大草原上已不再有四出现散漫步的 野牛，只好到纽约中央公园的动物园里素描一只年迈的野 牛，两年后，这只野牛以仅100美元出售，然后被宰杀取肉 制皮，牛角也被制成了装饰品。野牛镍币是当今很多钱币 爱好者最想要收集的硬币之一。
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frontier ['frʌntjə] 名词 n. [C] 1.国境,边境;边疆[(+between/with)] Everything is quiet on the frontier. 边境上一切安静。 2.【美】(靠近未开发地带的)边远地区[the S] 3.(探索活动的)新领域;未完全开拓的领域[P1][(+ of)] Professor Field is devoted to the exploration of the frontiers of medicine. 菲尔德教授致力于探索医学研究的新领域。
decoration
1. [C] sth. that is used to decorate sth. else 装饰品
The only decoration in the room was a picture above the fireplace. 房间里唯一的装饰品是挂在壁炉上方的那幅画。 All that glitters may not be gold, but these decorations would add elegance and sparkle to any Christmas tree. 发光的不都是金子，但是这些装饰品可给圣诞树增添雅致和光亮。 2. [U] the act or art of decorating 装饰；装饰艺术 He is an expert on Islamic decoration. 他是位伊斯兰装饰艺术的专家。 These plants are grown mainly for decoration. |种这些树主要是 用于装饰。
野牛是美国独特风景的一部分。野牛是一个有5000年历 史的物种，它们和美国北部的草原和牧场一起进化。印 第安部落利用野牛身体的各个部分来做他们的食物、衣 服、盾、武器，甚至是胶水。野牛是土著人赖以吃穿的 主要的动物；同时，野牛也被用来祭祀。 在十九世纪时，先驱者和移民穿过大平原，为了运动而 宰杀野牛，同时为了战略目的，消灭了印第安国家。在 二十世纪初，野牛的数量降低到仅仅几百头，使得美国 政府和一些非盈利性组织开始干预。今天野牛的数量上 升到大约450，000头，而且一些种牛被放养在美国西部。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
tragedy 1. [C, U] a terrible event that causes great sadness 悲剧；不幸 The pilot stopped a tragedy when he succeeded in preventing the plane from crashing. 驾驶员成功地避免了飞机的坠毁，从而避免了一场悲剧。 His life was touched by hardship and personal tragedy. 艰难和 个人不幸使他的生活蒙上了阴影。 2. [C] a serious play that has a sad ending 悲剧作品 In most classical tragedies, the solution was death. 在大部分古典悲剧中，死即矛盾之解决。 Shakespeare wrote histories and tragedies. 莎士比亚写过历史剧和悲剧。
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Tragedy ['træ dʒidi] 名词 n. 1.悲剧体裁[U] Tragedy is a type of literature that involves death, sufferin g or disaster. 悲剧作品是文学的一种,内容常涉及死亡,不幸和灾难。 2.(一出)悲剧[C] Shakespeare's Hamlet is one of the best known tragedies . 莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》是最有名的悲剧之一。 3.悲剧性事件;惨案;灾难[C][U] The traffic accident is really a tragedy. 这次车祸真是个悲剧。
Since then the country has never had peace within her frontiers. 自那时起，这个国家就从未太平过。 2. (~s) the limit of what is known about sth. 前沿；尖端
Many scientists enjoy the excitement of working at the frontiers of knowledge. 许多科学家喜欢在知识领域的前沿探索时的那种兴奋感。 As for the second one your use of rhyme pushes back the frontiers of English literature. |就第二首诗，你对韵的使用开拓了英国文学的新领域。
1.What
is the Buffalo Nickel ? 2.Why the Buffalo Nickel is one of famous symblos of American cuiture ? 3.The story of the BuffaloNickel. 4.What does the Buffalo Nickel symbolize ?
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settlement ['setlmənt] 名词 n. 1.解决[U][C] the settlement of differences 分歧的解决 2.清算,结帐[U][C] the settlement of an account 结帐 3.殖民;定居[U] 4.殖民地;新拓居地;租界[C] The British Empire had many settlements. 大英帝国有许多殖民地
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Today, American coins honor prominent f igures of the US government—mostly f amous former presidents. But the Buffalo n ickel, produced from 1913 to 1938, honored a pair of connected tragedies from the se ttlement of the American frontier—the de struction of the buffalo herds and the Am erican Indians.
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destruction [di'strʌkʃən] 名词 n. 1.破坏;毁灭;消灭[U] The flood caused serious destruction to the r ailway. 洪水严重毁坏了铁路。 2.毁灭的原因
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herd [hə:d] 名词 n. 1.畜群;牧群[C][G] We saw a herd of elephants yesterday. 昨天我们见到了一群大象。 2.(常用以构成合成词)放牧人[C] 3.【贬】民众, 4.拓展：a flock of ：一群（鸟、羊） a herd of ：（牛、猪、象） a pack of ：一群（犬、狼） a swarm of ：一群（蜂、蚊、飞虫） a school of ：一群（鱼、鲸）