西方文化导论——文艺复兴

• The most famous artist of the proto-renaissance period is Giotto whose work revealed a new pictorial style demonstrated by a kind of clear, simple structure with great psychological penetration, rather than the flat, linear decorativeness and hierarchical按等级划分的 compositions of his predecessors and lesser 次要的contemporaries. • Giotto discarded the two-dimensionality advocated by the Byzantine painters and instead pioneered the representation of emotions such as grief and astonishment on the faces of his subjects. • The latter two both studied anatomy and based their art on the solid foundation of science. • Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) solved the problem of the pillarless dome.
The Mourn ing of Christ 《哀悼 基督》
Madonna Enthroned 登基
Ghiberti Gates of Paradise （吉伯 特天堂的大门 ）
Filippo Brunelleschi 布鲁内列斯基）
View of the Duomo's dome, Florence
Chapter6 Culture During the Renaissance
• Cultural achievement of the Renaissance
Renaissance Art
• In every age, artistic achievement represents a combination of individual talent and predominant social ideals. Renaissance artists were attempting to solve problems about perspective and threedimensionality that had defeated their predecessors. The urban character of Italian government led to the need for civic architecture, public buildings in a grand scale. The celebration of individual achievement led to the explosive growth of portraiture.
The virgin of the rocks （岩
间圣母 ）
Mona Lisa
The last supper
• Michelangelo (米开朗琪罗，1475--1564) His paintings, showing the humanist spirit of the civilian class, were represented by the large groups of frescoes of the Sistine Chapel, such as Genesis and Final Judgment and the sculpture David. His earlier work reveals a breathtaking technical ability in concert with 和……相呼应a disposition气质 to bend rules of anatomy and proportion in the service of greater expressive power. • Raphael (拉斐尔，1483--1520) established his reputation with his famous fresco The School of Athens which included over fifty figures altogether. In his The Virgin Mary he successfully united in one image the dual nature of the good mother and wife admired by his home city of Urbino’s citizens.
• 1. Art in the Early Period • Realist tendency was obvious in the art of the early period of the Renaissance, and visible mostly in the use of religious subject matter drawn from Biblical and mythological legends and figures. Works such as those of Giotto di Bondone (1266-1337) in painting, Donatello and Ghiberti 吉贝尔蒂in sculpture are perfect examples.
Masaccio
The Tribute Money贡金
High Renaissance art
• High Renaissance art emerged in the later period of the Renaissance. It flourished for about 35 years, from the early 1490s to 1527, when Rome was sacked by imperial troops, and revolved around three towering figures: • Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇，1452--1519) As a prolific artist and scientist, he demonstrated his talents in many areas, such as mathematics, anatomy解剖, biology, optics, dynamics and geology. The virgin of the Rocks, Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are considered the most representative works of Da Vinci’s.
Pieta 《圣母 怜子相》 Michelangelo
Statue of David 《大卫》
Sistine C源自文库apel
西斯廷教堂
• Raphael’s（拉斐尔） greatest work, The School of Athens 雅典学院, was painted in the Vatican. In this large fresco, Raphael depicted many well-known representatives of the Aristotelian and Platonic schools of thought. Instead of the densely packed, turbulent骚动的 surface of Michelangelo’s masterpiece, Raphael placed his groups of calmly conversing philosophers and artists in a vast court with vaults拱顶 receding into the distance. • Titian（体香.韦切利奥） (1477--1576) His subject matter was of wide varieties, ranging from civilian life to religious tales and Greco-Roman myths. He was famous for his portraits in which he used highly effective proportions of colour and light, thus adding brighter and more vivid images to his work, like in The Assumption of the Virgin圣 母升天.
Giotto(乔托)
• Giotto di Bondone • (c. 1266-1337)
• Italian painter Giotto is held in high regard as the artist who moved away from the traditional medieval technique of portraying the human figure as a stiff, flat, twodimensional character. An artist far ahead of his time, Giotto began to protray humans as rounded, proportioned, and naturalistic. His work influenced the development of Renaissance art more than a century after his death in Florence in 1337.
2. Art in the Later Periods • The founder of Renaissance painting in Italy was considered to be Masaccio (马萨乔，1401-1428). The intellectuality（智力 ）of his conceptions9(构思), the monumentality（庞大） of his compositions, and the high degree of naturalism in his works mark Masaccio as a pivotal figure（关键人物） in Renaissance painting. • In painting, artists of the later period of the Renaissance mastered the technique of portraying nature on the basis of an insightful assimilation of classical heritage. Applying Plato’s ideas about love, they claimed that love of physical beauty was the first of a series of steps leading to love of God’s spiritual beauty. Consequently, by studying anatomical principles and developing theories of proportion, they sought to make drawn figures more beautiful and thus more Godlike.