衔接与连贯

Exophora外指
• It indicates situational references. Anaphora signals that reference must be made to the context of situation. It is outside the text so it is called anaphoric reference. • E.g. • For he’s a jolly good fellow and so say all of us.
• eg. Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of these differences.
Conjunction
• Conjunction involves the use of formal markers to combine clauses, sentences and paragraphs such as the use of “and”, “however”, “but”, etc.
(3)
A:Claire and Kent climbed Mt. McKinley last summer. B: She photographed the peak, and he surveyed it.
Cohesion
• Cohesion is defined as “the use of explicit linguistic devices to signal relations between sentences and parts of texts”. • Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc.
Three types of reference
•Biblioteka Baidu
•
Personal Reference 人称指示
人称指称关系的指称词一般为第三人称代词，如，him、his、everybody等；
•
•
Demonstrative Reference 指示指称
指示指称词包括this、that、these、those之类的指示代词以及定冠词the 和such a一类的词， 也包括here、there、now、then等地点指示词和时间指示词；
Text texture and cohesion coherence
Contents
• Cohesion • Cohesive Devices
• Cohesion • Coherent Devices • Comparison between the Two
Examples
(1) A: How old is your son? B: He is seven. (2) A: How old is your son? B: She is playing in the garden.
•
•
Comparative Reference比较指称
比较指称关系中的比较通常可以通过一些具有比较意义的词语如same、as、 equal、such、similar、different、other、else等来实现。
Substitution
• In substitution, an item is replaced by another item. • nominal substitution: (one/ones/the same) • verbal substitution: (do/does/did) • clausal substitution: (so/not)
Cohesion and Coherence
Cohesion and coherence are terms used in discourse analysis （话语分析）and text linguistics（篇章语言学） to describe the properties of written texts.
Substitution
• 1) A: Have you any knives? I need a sharp one. • B: I can get you several very sharp ones, but this is the best (one) I have.
• 2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). • 3) A: ‘Bruce is a good actor.’ B: ‘I don’t think so.’
e.g. Ms. Smith has resigned. She announced here decision this morning. Child: Why does that one come out? Parent: That what？ Child: That one. Parent: That one what? Child: That lever there that you push to let the water out.
• Cohesion is a part of text forming component in the linguistics system. It links together the elements that are structurally unrelated through the dependence of one on the other for its interpretation. Without cohesion the semantic system cannot be effectively activated at all.
Endophora内指
•
• •
•
• • • • •
It is a general name for reference within the text. This reference can be of two types. Anaphora前指: Reference back Cataphora后指: Reference forward
Cohesive Devices
• • • • • 1. Reference 照应、指称 2. Substitution 替代 3. Ellipsis省略 4. Conjunction关联 5. Lexical cohesion 词汇衔接
Reference
• A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows. • Exophora外指 / Endophora 内指 • Anaphora 前指/Cataphora 后指 • Personal reference人称指称 • Demonstrative reference指示指称 • Comparative reference比较指称
• Additive: and, in addition, moreover, besides, further, etc. • Transition：however, nevertheless, even though, still, yet, but, etc. • Cause and effect：consequently, so, accordingly, as a result, for this reason, etc. • Condition ：otherwise, if so, if not, etc. • Introducers： that, whether , who, etc.
Ellipsis
• e.g. He had to admit that Sarah’s drawings were as good as his own. • Nigel finished the exam at the same time as George.
• The men got back at midnight. Both were tired out. • Take these pills three times a day. And you’d better have some more of those too.
(4) My father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He did it by saving every penny he could. That car would be worth a fortune nowadays. However, he sold it to help pay for my college education. Sometimes I think I'd rather have the convertible .
(4) My father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He did it by saving every penny he could. That car would be worth a fortune nowadays. However, he sold it to help pay for my college education. Sometimes I think I'd rather have the convertible .
Ellipsis
• • • • • • • • Are you married?’ ‘Not yet.’ ‘Are you in love?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘With the English girl?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘Poor baby. Is she good to you?’ ‘Of course.’ E. Hemingway, A Farewell To Arms
Ellipsis
• Ellipsis involves the omission of an item. It is the “substitution by zero”. In other words, in ellipsis, an item is replaced by nothing.
• Nominal ellipsis • Verbal ellipsis • Clausal ellipsi