句子的翻译

Translation of sentences 汉译英的句子处理

By 陈烽

基本步骤

▪确定句子的主干•主语的确定•谓语的选择

▪调整句子的语序▪选择适当的词汇

主语的确定

▪无主句必须添加必要的主语▪必须是句中应该突出的信息▪必须符合英美人的思维视角▪必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯▪必须符合行文连贯的需要

▪下雪了。

▪It is snowing.

▪古今中外，这种情况概莫能外。

▪There is no exception to this in modern or ancient time, in China or elsewhere .

▪门前有棵树。

▪There is a tree in front of the gate.

▪南京发生过许多重大的历史事件。

▪Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.

▪想到要放假回家，他就激动不已。

▪The idea that he would go back for a holiday made him greatly excited.

谓语的选择

▪人称和数与主语保持一致

▪明示时态、情态、语态

▪逻辑上与主语搭配得当

▪逻辑上与宾语搭配得当

▪选择一个主要动词作谓语，其它动词用其他形式

▪这小伙子很帅。

▪The young man looks so handsome.

▪他们终于收到信了。

▪They got the letter they had been expecting.

▪我一直盼望着有机会看这部电影。

▪I’ve been hoping I’d have a chance to see the film.

▪全球核冲突的危险已经大大减少了。

▪The risk of the global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced.▪大火使这个著名的旅馆几乎毁掉了。

▪The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.

▪你的作文取得了很大的进步。

▪You have made great progress in writing.

▪明天总统准备乘坐专机前往上海参观访问.

▪The president prepares to go to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit tomorrow.

▪老拴正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。（鲁迅《药》）

▪Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead of him.

调整句子的语序

▪定语和状语的位置：

•汉语：位置相对稳定

•英语：位置多种多样，有时在被修

饰词之前，有时在被修饰词之后

▪定语的调整

▪状语的调整

▪多个状语的词序调整

▪逻辑关系的调整

定语的调整

▪汉语：

•定语一般在所修饰词之前

•越能说明事物本质的定语越要放在最前面，英语中相反

▪英语：

•词组或从句作定语时一般在所修饰词之后

•单词作定语时一般在所修饰词之前

▪a research-orientated university ▪something important ▪the ancient Chinese mythology ▪a remodeling project of a linguistic lab ▪a match with little chance to win

▪一所以科研为重点的高校

▪重要的事情

▪中国古代神话

▪语音室的装修计

划

▪一场难打的比赛

状语的调整

有时需要将前置状语调整为后置

•汉语：状语往往前置

•英语：状语位置非常灵活

▪现代科学技术正在飞速发展。

▪Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.

▪他当年并不是个出色的学生，但他很活跃。

▪He did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active.

▪我才不会像气球似的一碰就破呢。

▪I will not break,like a balloon,at a touch.

多个状语的词序调整

▪汉语的排列次序

•时间状语，地点状语，方式状语▪英语的排列次序

•方式状语，地点状语，时间状语

▪一九七五年10月19号上午十点我出生在东北的黑龙江省佳木斯市。

▪I was born in Jiamusi, Heilongjiang province in northeast China at 10 A.M. on the 19th of October, 1975.

逻辑关系的调整

▪汉语：表示判断或结论性的部分往往放在句尾

▪英语：表示判断或结论性的部分往往放在句首

▪汉语：先罗列，再概括

▪英语：先概括，再分别罗列