第一章 翻译的基本概念与知识

第一章翻译的基本概念与知识

Part l．翻译溯源

1．1唐时期的佛经翻译

早在西汉哀帝时期，有个叫伊存的人到中国来口传一些简短的佛教经句但不是真正意义的佛经翻译。西汉武帝时期张骞出使西域，接触了佛经，从此，拉开了佛经翻译的序幕。

佛经的翻译正式始于东汉桓帝建和二年。波斯人安世高翻译了《安般守意经》等三十多部经书；竺法护翻译了175部经书，对佛教的流传作出了巨大的贡献。此外，安清、支亮、支谦等在当时也很有必要名气。

东晋到隋时期的翻译事业有了进一步的发展。道安主持译场，严格主张直译，还请来印度人鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva。鸠摩罗什一改古直风格，主张意译，译著有《金刚经》、《法华经》等三百余卷，为我国的翻译文学奠定了基础。南北朝时期的印度学者真谛Paramartha翻译了《摄大乘论》等49部经论，对中国的佛教思想有较大的影响。

唐朝，是我国佛经翻译的鼎盛时期，翻译大家玄奘在唐太宗贞观二年去印度取经，历时间17年，带回佛经657部，《西游记》A Pilgrimage to the West便是以他的取经经历为蓝本的。在19年里，共翻译山75部佛经，多达1335卷，1300多万字。他不仅把佛经翻译成汉语，而且是将老子著作翻译成梵文，他是将汉语著作介绍给外国人的中国第一人。

1．2明清时期翻译

明未有许多有志之士认识到西方科学的先进，立志引进西学，其中，徐光启贡献最大。他与意大利传教士利马竇，M. Ricci合译了欧几里得《几何学》。

清朝在各地专设翻译出版机构，西方流行的政治学说与文化艺术大规模地传进中国。贡献较人的有晚清的严复，他在13年期间翻译了一些西方政治经济学说，如赫胥黎(T.H．Huxley)著的《天演论》Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays、亚当·斯密(A. Smith)著的《原富》An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations、约翰·穆勒(J．s．Mill)著的《群己权界论》On Liberty 及甄克思E. Jenks著的A History of Politics《社会通诠》等。

与严复同时代的林纾与人才合作以文言文的形式翻译了1200万字的各国小说。其中，最具有代表性的有《茶花女》或《巴黎茶花女遗事》Camille (or La Dame aux Camelias)、《黑奴吁天录》Uncle Tom's Cabin、《块肉余生记》David Copperfield、《王子复仇记》Hamlet 1．3五四运动后的现代阶段。

一大批新文化运、新文学运动的倡导者郭沫若、鲁讯、瞿秋白、陈独秀等将国外的现实主义及其它流派的作品译介进中国，开创了中国现代翻译的先河。中国的文化瑰宝《红楼梦》被国人翻译，走向世界，梁实秋所译的《莎士比亚全集》也在台湾问世。

Part II 翻译的定义

Part III 翻译的分类

Part IV 翻译的标准和原则

1.Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.

2.I’m up to my neck in your bullshit.

3.Don’t turn your back on friends who are down and out.

4.You just keep your hair on and listen to me.

5.Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.

6.Many people believe that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The

first of these is the application of the machines, products and system of applied knowledge that scientists and technologist develop.

Part V 译者必须具备的条件

1.Just imagine it.

2.You’re telling me.

let made a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flattered her.

4.This large body of men had meet on the previous night, despite the elements which were

opposed to them, a heavy rain falling the whole of the night and drenching them to the skin.

5.However, such measures touch only the tip, but not address the basis of the problem.

6.你要有所弋获，则必须在学习中不断深入。

7.陈先生乃中国学界泰斗。

8.那地方是块肥肉，谁都想吃。

9.John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game.

10.The Security Council has been seized of the question since then.

11.The European empires in African have disappeared.

12.They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mountains with their

broad swords by their side.

13.He was weak and old.

14.Like Hemingway’s Grave, the memorial is a simple affair: a pile of flat stones with a

column rising from its middle.

15.black-eye

16.biological parents

17.The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.

18.The peasants and workers were hand in glove with one another in the struggle against the

landlords and capitalists who worked hand in glove with each other.