概念考察与认知工具
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Oxford UP, p. 93)
2016/3/13
Du
14
1.0 什么是概念？
学者的观点： George Lakoff and Mark Johnson：Conceptual system “Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.” (Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live by. The
Smith, 1998, Concepts and Induction. In Foundations of Cognitive Sciences, ed. By M. Posner, pp501-526)
2016/3/13
Du
17
1.0 什么是概念？
学者的观点：
Jerry A. Fodor: What Concepts Have to Be?
2016/3/13
Du
15
1.0 什么是概念？
“The prime candidates for concepts that are understood directly are the simple spatial concepts, such as UP,…UP-DOWN, FRONT-BACK, IN-OUT, NEAR-FAR. ” (Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980: p56) “Therefore, whenever in this book we speak of metaphors, such as ARGUMENT IS WAR, it should be understood that metaphor means metaphorical concept.” (Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980: p6) 这里看出：概念既表现为词，又表现为语句。
Du 6
2016/3/13
要准确理解，就要有 系统的方法和正确的工具！ 方法概括：明类、知故、晓理！ 如题入题
2016/3/13
Du
7
1. 语言概念的界定
1.0
什么是概念？ 1.1 概念的常见表现形式有哪些？ 1.2 为什么要进行概念考察？ 1.3 什么是“认知”呢？
2016/3/13
Du
2
本讲座希望达到的目标
1.听完讲座后，对“概念”有点专门的概念。
2.听完讲座后，对常见的“认知工具”有点认
识。
3.听完讲座后，对日常语言中的一些现象多一 点认识。
2016/3/13
Du
3
提要
0.
1. 2. 3.
语言现象的困惑
语言概念的界定 概念考察的工具 认知工具的运用
康德（Kant）认为： 我们的reason必须具备什么样的structure、 capacities和concepts，我们才能进行认知活动，如 进行数学运算、判断等。（Melchert 1999:436） ‘Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of knowledge’. （Kant, CPR,92）
2016/3/13
Du
16
1.0 什么是概念？
学者的观点： Edward E. Smith, 1998
In cognitive psychology and philosophy of mind, concepts are assumed to be the basic constituents of thought and belief. In linguistics the study of word meanings or lexical representations often involves the study of those concepts that are coded by single words. And in artificial intelligence, more often than not, proposals about knowledge representations are proposals about concepts. Moreover in each of these disciplines concepts are intimately linked to the process of drawing inductive inferences. (Edward E.
概念考察与认知工具
西南大学 杜世洪
2016/3/13
Du
1
声明：
1.本讲座属于方法论的讲座，目的并不局限在 语言实例本身的描写与解释上，更重要的是要 注意做实例分析时所沿用的方法。 2.不要局限在本讲座提及的方法上，更重要的 是要从这些方法中得到某些启示。 3. I may be wrong, you may be right, and by an effort, we may get nearer to the truth.—Karl Popper.
(Fodor, J. A. 1998. Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong. Oxford UP, p23)
2016/3/13
Du
18
1.0 什么是概念？
Jerry A. Fodor: What Concepts Have to Be? Concepts are mental particulars; specifically, they satisfy
2016/3/13
Du
8
1.0 什么是概念？
本体论问题依靠认识论的方法来回
答。 概念是cognitive science, cognitive linguistics, sociology, computer science, logic and philosophy of language等领域的核心内容.
such. Compositionality: concepts are the constituents of thoughts and, in indefinitely many cases, of one another. Mental representations inherit their contents from the contents of their constituents. Quite a lot of concepts must turn out to be learned.
University of Chicago Press, p. 3)
How is our conceptual system grounded? “We claim that most of our normal conceptual system is metaphorically structured; that is most concepts are partially understood in terms of other concepts. ” (Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980: p56)
Two of its main theses are: —that if you are going to run a representational /computational theory of mind (that is, any version of RTM; see Chapter 1) you will need a theory of concepts. And: —that none of the theories of concepts that are currently taken at all seriously either in cognitive science or in philosophy can conceivably fill the bill.
2016/3/13
Du
13
1.0 什么是概念？
专家的观点：
Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner ：
wenku.baidu.com
Conceptual blending Conceptual blending is a fundamental
instrument of the every day mind, used in our basic construal of all our realities, from the social to the scientific. (Turner, M. 1997. The Literary Mind.
2016/3/13 Du 9
1.0 什么是概念？
民间的观点： Concept ——概念、观念、思想；总的印象、 思维的产物，发明，创造等 用法上：New concept; basic concept; design concept; marketing concept; concept map; concept foods… 重庆人的话：那是啥子慨念啰？…… 循环？清楚吗？ 专家的看法呢？
whatever ontological conditions have to be met by things that function as mental causes and effects.
Concepts are categories and are routinely employed as
Concepts are public; they're the sorts of things that lots of
people can, and do, share.
2016/3/13
Du
4
0. 语言现象的困惑
看看下列句子，回答几个问题：
你读得懂它们吗？
你很确定它们的意义吗？
你有什么困惑没有？
2016/3/13
Du
5
0. 语言现象的困惑
1）王冕死了父亲 vs王冕读了研究生。 2）芙蓉姐姐想当电影明星。 3）我们要推选一名副校长vs我要买辆宝马X6。 4）这个老师像个人。 5）阿Q没结婚，光棍儿一个。 6）你我有相同的轿车vs你我有相同的未婚妻。 7）你是我唯一信赖过的人。 8）我就是我，是颜色不一样的烟火。 9）“我吃过晚饭了”翻译成“I had my supper” 对吗？
）
柏拉图 、弗雷格 、黑格尔 亚里士多德 霍布斯 、维特根斯坦 开放 性实体 福多、乔姆斯基
1
entities 心灵的实体
天生内在的 封闭 性实体 开放 性实体 多为 获得的 封闭 性实体 洛克、康德、布鲁纳 笛卡尔、莱布尼兹、乔姆斯基 罗施、明斯基
2016/3/13
Du
11
1.0 什么是概念？
Du 10
2016/3/13
表 1：哲学 和心理学关于概念性质的不同认识（此表
定义 分类 非实体 nonentities 概念 性质 虚构的非实体 浮现状态的非实体 非自然实体 抽象的实体 概念是 实体 语言性质的实体
改编自 萨迦德的分类表，参见
代表人物 斯金纳 鲁姆哈特
Thagard 1992:18
“Thoughts without content are empty, and intuition without concepts are blind.” （Kant, CPR, 93）
2016/3/13
Du
12
康德（Kant）认为：
康德对concept的界定是：A concept, Kant tells us, is a kind of rule for operating on intuitions. （Melchert 1999:441） 在康德看来，To have a concept is to have an ability.
2016/3/13
Du
14
1.0 什么是概念？
学者的观点： George Lakoff and Mark Johnson：Conceptual system “Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.” (Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live by. The
Smith, 1998, Concepts and Induction. In Foundations of Cognitive Sciences, ed. By M. Posner, pp501-526)
2016/3/13
Du
17
1.0 什么是概念？
学者的观点：
Jerry A. Fodor: What Concepts Have to Be?
2016/3/13
Du
15
1.0 什么是概念？
“The prime candidates for concepts that are understood directly are the simple spatial concepts, such as UP,…UP-DOWN, FRONT-BACK, IN-OUT, NEAR-FAR. ” (Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980: p56) “Therefore, whenever in this book we speak of metaphors, such as ARGUMENT IS WAR, it should be understood that metaphor means metaphorical concept.” (Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980: p6) 这里看出：概念既表现为词，又表现为语句。
Du 6
2016/3/13
要准确理解，就要有 系统的方法和正确的工具！ 方法概括：明类、知故、晓理！ 如题入题
2016/3/13
Du
7
1. 语言概念的界定
1.0
什么是概念？ 1.1 概念的常见表现形式有哪些？ 1.2 为什么要进行概念考察？ 1.3 什么是“认知”呢？
2016/3/13
Du
2
本讲座希望达到的目标
1.听完讲座后，对“概念”有点专门的概念。
2.听完讲座后，对常见的“认知工具”有点认
识。
3.听完讲座后，对日常语言中的一些现象多一 点认识。
2016/3/13
Du
3
提要
0.
1. 2. 3.
语言现象的困惑
语言概念的界定 概念考察的工具 认知工具的运用
康德（Kant）认为： 我们的reason必须具备什么样的structure、 capacities和concepts，我们才能进行认知活动，如 进行数学运算、判断等。（Melchert 1999:436） ‘Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of knowledge’. （Kant, CPR,92）
2016/3/13
Du
16
1.0 什么是概念？
学者的观点： Edward E. Smith, 1998
In cognitive psychology and philosophy of mind, concepts are assumed to be the basic constituents of thought and belief. In linguistics the study of word meanings or lexical representations often involves the study of those concepts that are coded by single words. And in artificial intelligence, more often than not, proposals about knowledge representations are proposals about concepts. Moreover in each of these disciplines concepts are intimately linked to the process of drawing inductive inferences. (Edward E.
概念考察与认知工具
西南大学 杜世洪
2016/3/13
Du
1
声明：
1.本讲座属于方法论的讲座，目的并不局限在 语言实例本身的描写与解释上，更重要的是要 注意做实例分析时所沿用的方法。 2.不要局限在本讲座提及的方法上，更重要的 是要从这些方法中得到某些启示。 3. I may be wrong, you may be right, and by an effort, we may get nearer to the truth.—Karl Popper.
(Fodor, J. A. 1998. Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong. Oxford UP, p23)
2016/3/13
Du
18
1.0 什么是概念？
Jerry A. Fodor: What Concepts Have to Be? Concepts are mental particulars; specifically, they satisfy
2016/3/13
Du
8
1.0 什么是概念？
本体论问题依靠认识论的方法来回
答。 概念是cognitive science, cognitive linguistics, sociology, computer science, logic and philosophy of language等领域的核心内容.
such. Compositionality: concepts are the constituents of thoughts and, in indefinitely many cases, of one another. Mental representations inherit their contents from the contents of their constituents. Quite a lot of concepts must turn out to be learned.
University of Chicago Press, p. 3)
How is our conceptual system grounded? “We claim that most of our normal conceptual system is metaphorically structured; that is most concepts are partially understood in terms of other concepts. ” (Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980: p56)
Two of its main theses are: —that if you are going to run a representational /computational theory of mind (that is, any version of RTM; see Chapter 1) you will need a theory of concepts. And: —that none of the theories of concepts that are currently taken at all seriously either in cognitive science or in philosophy can conceivably fill the bill.
2016/3/13
Du
13
1.0 什么是概念？
专家的观点：
Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner ：
wenku.baidu.com
Conceptual blending Conceptual blending is a fundamental
instrument of the every day mind, used in our basic construal of all our realities, from the social to the scientific. (Turner, M. 1997. The Literary Mind.
2016/3/13 Du 9
1.0 什么是概念？
民间的观点： Concept ——概念、观念、思想；总的印象、 思维的产物，发明，创造等 用法上：New concept; basic concept; design concept; marketing concept; concept map; concept foods… 重庆人的话：那是啥子慨念啰？…… 循环？清楚吗？ 专家的看法呢？
whatever ontological conditions have to be met by things that function as mental causes and effects.
Concepts are categories and are routinely employed as
Concepts are public; they're the sorts of things that lots of
people can, and do, share.
2016/3/13
Du
4
0. 语言现象的困惑
看看下列句子，回答几个问题：
你读得懂它们吗？
你很确定它们的意义吗？
你有什么困惑没有？
2016/3/13
Du
5
0. 语言现象的困惑
1）王冕死了父亲 vs王冕读了研究生。 2）芙蓉姐姐想当电影明星。 3）我们要推选一名副校长vs我要买辆宝马X6。 4）这个老师像个人。 5）阿Q没结婚，光棍儿一个。 6）你我有相同的轿车vs你我有相同的未婚妻。 7）你是我唯一信赖过的人。 8）我就是我，是颜色不一样的烟火。 9）“我吃过晚饭了”翻译成“I had my supper” 对吗？
）
柏拉图 、弗雷格 、黑格尔 亚里士多德 霍布斯 、维特根斯坦 开放 性实体 福多、乔姆斯基
1
entities 心灵的实体
天生内在的 封闭 性实体 开放 性实体 多为 获得的 封闭 性实体 洛克、康德、布鲁纳 笛卡尔、莱布尼兹、乔姆斯基 罗施、明斯基
2016/3/13
Du
11
1.0 什么是概念？
Du 10
2016/3/13
表 1：哲学 和心理学关于概念性质的不同认识（此表
定义 分类 非实体 nonentities 概念 性质 虚构的非实体 浮现状态的非实体 非自然实体 抽象的实体 概念是 实体 语言性质的实体
改编自 萨迦德的分类表，参见
代表人物 斯金纳 鲁姆哈特
Thagard 1992:18
“Thoughts without content are empty, and intuition without concepts are blind.” （Kant, CPR, 93）
2016/3/13
Du
12
康德（Kant）认为：
康德对concept的界定是：A concept, Kant tells us, is a kind of rule for operating on intuitions. （Melchert 1999:441） 在康德看来，To have a concept is to have an ability.