阅读理解解题技巧主旨大意1(公开课)

做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全 文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉， 进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题， 标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外， 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此， 许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出 现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住 了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
得阅读者得英语！
2008-2013年高考英语（广东卷）阅读理解考点分布
年份 2013年 2012年 2011年 2010年 2009年 2008年 事实 细节 9 13 11 8 10 6 词义 判断 2 1 1 1 1 1 推理 判断 6 4 6 3 2 4 主旨 概括 3 2 1 3 1 2 观点 态度 0 0 1 0 1 2 篇章 结构 0 0 0 0 0 0
III.语篇能力－－How to grasp the main idea of a passage
1．主旨大意题型特点与命题方式
• 题型特点 • 主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或 一段文字的深层理解程度以及在百度文库读中准确把 握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或 某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考 查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落 大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较 好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维 方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层 次题。
1.了解教学背景：高考阅读题分析； 2.主旨题型分类：1）文章主旨；2）文章标题； 3）段落主旨； 3.通过做练习，了解各种解题技巧； 4. 在做阅读练习题中能灵活运用各技巧。
这几年高考中所有的试题都是在语篇 中考查，听力，阅读，写作，完型填 空，语法填空，无一例外全都突出语 篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度 重视语篇能力．
（1）主题句在段首
一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证 性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格 式。
Sample 2
Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.
(体现针对性, 避免张冠李戴)
• 2．分类解读 • 下面结合试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的 解题技巧。 • (1)标题类 • 标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。 • 文章标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。 • 它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强， 一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不 能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语 言表意的程度及色彩。
【解析】B由第一段中的But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people可知正确答案为B
归纳总结： 文章标题的选择或拟定： 第一，要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句 话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系； 第二，再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何； 第三，要注意题目是过大还是过小； 第四，要避免下列三种错误：一是概括不够 (多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)； 二是过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；三是 以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。
2. 文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式
• • • • •
(体现全面性, 避免以偏概全)
(1) What is the passage mainly about? (2) The passage talks about ... (3) The passage tells us that ... (4) This passage mainly deals with ... (5) What’s the main idea / topic of the passage?
阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类
标题类
主旨题
文章主旨 段落主旨
1. 标题类试题常见的题干形式
(体现概括性, 避免远离主题)
• (1) The best title for this passage is . • (2) The suitable headline for this passage may be • (3) The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is . • (4) Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?
3. 段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式
• (1) The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that . • (2) What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? • (3) Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one? • (4) What’s the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?
（3）在短文中间
当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在 文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.
练习2Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.
Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?
• 练习1 In the animal kingdom，weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me，pour cream into my coffee，or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy. • From my wheelchair experience，I see the best in people，but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily... • Last month，when I was driving home on a busy highway，I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual. People behind me began to get impatient I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed. • No more angry shouts and no more horns! • When I put on my flashlights，...But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak. • Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we don't feel that way. But those are few and far between. More often，it would be better if we don't pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.(2011广东卷)
说明文 在开头
√(较常见) √(较少见)
议论文
√ √ √
记叙文
√ √ √ √(较常见)
在结尾
在中间 中心贯穿全文
如何寻找主题句
Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.
（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,
层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本 段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。
Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.
• 30．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? • A．A Wheelchair Experience • B．Weakness and Kindness • C．Weakness and Strength • D．A Driving Experience
2)主旨大意类
技巧一：寻找主题句，确 定文章主题
解题 技巧
技巧二: 抓住文章段落大 意，概括中心思想
技巧三: 找高频词
技巧一：寻找主题句，确定文章主题
识别文体
新闻报道 议论文
导语提携全文
总--分--总
（论点－论据－结论）
说明文 记叙文
主题句
（首－－中－－尾）
记叙文六要素
• 通常情况下主题句在文中的位置：