5翻译的语言对比规律(语义.词法.句法.思维)
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所谓“意合”主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。 汉语句子的特征是“以意统形”，强调逻辑关系 与意义
measure words:
Unit words of nouns （个，只，份，把，块，张）
Unit words of verbs （趟，遭，次，遍，场，回）
翻译时要作适当增补：
一张纸，一块肥皂，一条巧克力（表状态特征）
一个忠告，一条消息，一段时间（表抽象名词）
Particle
汉语有几类时态助词：
所谓“形合”就是主要靠语言本身语法手段。 英语句子的特点是强调形式和功能，因而英语句法 特征是形合.句子成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明：
英语名词的性、数、格; 谓语动词的时态、语态; 主句与从句之间的关系代词、关系副词和连词等形态和形式词;
都行使其语法功能,起着纽带作用，将句子各成分衔 接在一起。英语语法外显性的表现。
3)word order
iron and steel ourselves and the enemy fire and water old and new right and left sooner or later back and forth twos and threes tables and graphics
1. Different language families:
English belongs to Indo-European language family or Indo-Germanic system (including Europe, Western Asia and India). Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family (including Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese). English is an alphabetic character (拼音文字), Chinese is an ideographic character (表意文字).
linguistically is the contrast between
hypotaxis and parataxis.
Hypotaxis： Hypotaxis refers to a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction.
--He killed the man/the dog.
--They killed the proposal. --Please kill the engine. --He is dressed to kill. --You are killing me. --She kills her child with kindness.
①Mr. Smith used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. 史密斯先生过去是一个军官，而现在在监狱里。
2) Preference of use parts of speech
E: nouns, adjectives, prepositions C: verbs
2. Syntax
1) Similar sentence elements
subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial,
complement
2) Similar basic sentence pattern
SV/SVO/SVOC
II. Differences between English and Chinese
４) Word collocation
cut ： cut wheat 割麦子 cut cake 切蛋糕 cut finger-nails 剪指甲 wear ：He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。
5. Syntactic differences
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
hypotaxis vs parataxis
Complex vs Simplex
End-weight vs Top-heavy Subject-prominent vs Topic- prominent Static vs Dynamic Sentence order
3. Semantic differences
1) Full correspondence
Only found in generally adopted technical terms or coincidence among common words Radar=雷达 New York =纽约 Tianjin University=天津大学 The U.S. State Department =美国国务院 The Pacific Ocean =太平洋 helicopter =直升飞机
3) Non-correspondence or almost noncorrespondence
Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 Clock－watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 Dink = double income no kids 丁克家族
糖葫芦 文房四宝
Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper) 文明礼貌月 Socialist Ethics and Coursty Month 乌纱帽 an official post 五岳 the Five Sacred Mountains 五经 The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annuals)
他吃零食充饥。 他每天上公园消磨时间。 他否决了委员会提出的动议 他抹杀了团体精神。
这消息使他们的希望Hale Waihona Puke Baidu灭了。 这些花很容易枯死。 他一周内喝了三瓶威士忌。
4. Differences in lexicology
1) Part of speech (词性)
中文中没有的: articles: a, an ,the relative words (pronouns: who, whom, whose that,which, as ; adverbs: when, where, why; ) 英文中没有的: measure words modal particles
（１） Preposed adverbs 前置的时态副词 （过去，曾经，已经，现在， 正在，将要．．．）
（２） tense auxiliary words 附着的时态副词
（过， 着，了，起来．．．） （３） postposed auxiliary words 后置的时态语气词 （了，来着．．．）
翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义.
2) Partial correspondence or mostly correspondence
A character or phrase in Chinese may semantically correspond to several words in English or vice versa. cousin 堂兄（弟姐妹），表兄（弟姐妹），姨兄 （弟姐妹） wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆； president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长；
1) hypotaxis in English; parataxis in Chinese
As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference
他们断然拒绝了这个建议。 请把发动机熄灭。 他穿得很时髦，十分吸引人 你说的话笑死我了。/你的动 作笑死我了。 她宠坏了小孩。
--He took a snack to kill his hunger. --He killed time every day at the park. --He killed the motion when it came from the committee. --He killed the spirit of the group. --The news killed their hope. --These flowers kill easily. --He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.
1. Vocabulary
1) Similar categorization/division of parts of speech： Noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, adverb and numeral exist in both languages.
2) Same or similar reference of the concept expressed by a word (equivalence in meaning) proper names: PRC, The Atlantic common words: helicopter, dog, sky, breakfast
Parataxis： Parataxis refers to a construction in which the members within a sentence, or else a sequence of sentences, are put one after the other without any expression of their connection or relations.
Chapter 5
Rules of Language Comparisons
第五章
翻译的语言对比规律
I. Similarities between English and Chinese
The similarities between the two languages provide a possibility and basis for the translation between them.
2. Different nature of language
English is a synthetic Language So-called synthetic Language refers to that the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case, number, tense and so on. Chinese is an analytic language So-called analytic language means that the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-----but by empty word, particle and word order and so on.
measure words:
Unit words of nouns （个，只，份，把，块，张）
Unit words of verbs （趟，遭，次，遍，场，回）
翻译时要作适当增补：
一张纸，一块肥皂，一条巧克力（表状态特征）
一个忠告，一条消息，一段时间（表抽象名词）
Particle
汉语有几类时态助词：
所谓“形合”就是主要靠语言本身语法手段。 英语句子的特点是强调形式和功能，因而英语句法 特征是形合.句子成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明：
英语名词的性、数、格; 谓语动词的时态、语态; 主句与从句之间的关系代词、关系副词和连词等形态和形式词;
都行使其语法功能,起着纽带作用，将句子各成分衔 接在一起。英语语法外显性的表现。
3)word order
iron and steel ourselves and the enemy fire and water old and new right and left sooner or later back and forth twos and threes tables and graphics
1. Different language families:
English belongs to Indo-European language family or Indo-Germanic system (including Europe, Western Asia and India). Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family (including Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese). English is an alphabetic character (拼音文字), Chinese is an ideographic character (表意文字).
linguistically is the contrast between
hypotaxis and parataxis.
Hypotaxis： Hypotaxis refers to a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction.
--He killed the man/the dog.
--They killed the proposal. --Please kill the engine. --He is dressed to kill. --You are killing me. --She kills her child with kindness.
①Mr. Smith used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. 史密斯先生过去是一个军官，而现在在监狱里。
2) Preference of use parts of speech
E: nouns, adjectives, prepositions C: verbs
2. Syntax
1) Similar sentence elements
subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial,
complement
2) Similar basic sentence pattern
SV/SVO/SVOC
II. Differences between English and Chinese
４) Word collocation
cut ： cut wheat 割麦子 cut cake 切蛋糕 cut finger-nails 剪指甲 wear ：He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。
5. Syntactic differences
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
hypotaxis vs parataxis
Complex vs Simplex
End-weight vs Top-heavy Subject-prominent vs Topic- prominent Static vs Dynamic Sentence order
3. Semantic differences
1) Full correspondence
Only found in generally adopted technical terms or coincidence among common words Radar=雷达 New York =纽约 Tianjin University=天津大学 The U.S. State Department =美国国务院 The Pacific Ocean =太平洋 helicopter =直升飞机
3) Non-correspondence or almost noncorrespondence
Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 Clock－watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 Dink = double income no kids 丁克家族
糖葫芦 文房四宝
Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper) 文明礼貌月 Socialist Ethics and Coursty Month 乌纱帽 an official post 五岳 the Five Sacred Mountains 五经 The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annuals)
他吃零食充饥。 他每天上公园消磨时间。 他否决了委员会提出的动议 他抹杀了团体精神。
这消息使他们的希望Hale Waihona Puke Baidu灭了。 这些花很容易枯死。 他一周内喝了三瓶威士忌。
4. Differences in lexicology
1) Part of speech (词性)
中文中没有的: articles: a, an ,the relative words (pronouns: who, whom, whose that,which, as ; adverbs: when, where, why; ) 英文中没有的: measure words modal particles
（１） Preposed adverbs 前置的时态副词 （过去，曾经，已经，现在， 正在，将要．．．）
（２） tense auxiliary words 附着的时态副词
（过， 着，了，起来．．．） （３） postposed auxiliary words 后置的时态语气词 （了，来着．．．）
翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义.
2) Partial correspondence or mostly correspondence
A character or phrase in Chinese may semantically correspond to several words in English or vice versa. cousin 堂兄（弟姐妹），表兄（弟姐妹），姨兄 （弟姐妹） wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆； president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长；
1) hypotaxis in English; parataxis in Chinese
As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference
他们断然拒绝了这个建议。 请把发动机熄灭。 他穿得很时髦，十分吸引人 你说的话笑死我了。/你的动 作笑死我了。 她宠坏了小孩。
--He took a snack to kill his hunger. --He killed time every day at the park. --He killed the motion when it came from the committee. --He killed the spirit of the group. --The news killed their hope. --These flowers kill easily. --He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.
1. Vocabulary
1) Similar categorization/division of parts of speech： Noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, adverb and numeral exist in both languages.
2) Same or similar reference of the concept expressed by a word (equivalence in meaning) proper names: PRC, The Atlantic common words: helicopter, dog, sky, breakfast
Parataxis： Parataxis refers to a construction in which the members within a sentence, or else a sequence of sentences, are put one after the other without any expression of their connection or relations.
Chapter 5
Rules of Language Comparisons
第五章
翻译的语言对比规律
I. Similarities between English and Chinese
The similarities between the two languages provide a possibility and basis for the translation between them.
2. Different nature of language
English is a synthetic Language So-called synthetic Language refers to that the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case, number, tense and so on. Chinese is an analytic language So-called analytic language means that the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-----but by empty word, particle and word order and so on.