抗血小板治疗
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If the baseline CT demonstrates changes which are suggestive of major infarction, then thrombolytic therapy should be avoided. 4. Thrombolytic therapy cannot be recommended for patients excluded from the NINDS study. 5. Thrombolytic therapy should not be given unless emergent ancillary care and facilities to handle bleeding complications are readily available. 6. Caution is advised before giving t-PA to patients with severe stroke, NIHSS score > 22. 7. Whenever possible, the risks of potential effects of t-PA should be discussed with the patient and his or her family before treatment is initiated.
Compared with before therapy, *P<0.05**P<0.01; compared with controls, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01
Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 4 (9.1%) of high dose group, in 3 (11.1%) of low dose group including one death, and one patient (4.6%) of the control group.
阿司匹林的剂量应是多少?小剂量阿司 匹林(60~100mg/日)就能最大限度地抑 制血小板血栓烷A2的生成。临床上用大剂 量(1500mg/日)对减少冠心病人的心肌 梗塞发生率与死亡率有效,但大剂量易引 起出血与胃肠道不适等各种不良反应。小 剂量同样的的疗效,而不良反应少。因此每 日采用100mg的小剂量疗法符合”疗效最 大,毒性最小”的原则。
血小板与抗血小板治疗
动脉血栓形成机制
(动脉 - 高流速、静脉 - 低流速下)
动
血流
TM 血小板
脉
PGI2
静
血小板
脉
血流
凝固系
血栓栓塞性疾病无论在我国还是在西 方国家都己成为人口死亡与致残的第一 位原因,每年大约有1300万人死于动脉 硬化的各种并发症。我国现有脑血管疾 病病人500多万,每年新发病数约150万。 冠心病人数也有一百多万。
36.4% 50% 55.6% 70.5%
7.4% 11.1% 14.8% 29.6%
0% 0% 0% 8%
Alteration of European Stroke Scale score after UK infusion
High dose group (n=44) before therapy after therapy 2 hours 1 day 3 days 7 days 30 days 51.8±10.6 67.8±18.5**# 74.3±20.2**## 77.6±21**## 82.8±20**## 90.9±15.2**## low dose group (n=29) 53.8±10.1 58.7±13.3 57.7±14.7 58.7±15 63.6±18.4* 77.7±21.4** control group (n=25) 52.8±9.5 52.7±9.5 54.6±9.9 57.3±10.2 61.4±13.3 * 72.8±11.6 **
The recovery rates of stroke patients treated with urokinase
High dose group (n=44)
d1 34.1%
low dose group (n=29)
3.7%
control group (n=25)
0%
d3 d7 d14 d30
国外冠心病每年死亡率的主要统计资料 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 国别 冠心病死亡率(1/10万) 占总死亡数的% ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 芬兰 996.9 41.5 北爱尔兰 925 42.1 苏格兰 899.8 39.7 澳大利亚 730.9 40.3 美国 715.1 37.9 德国 462.5 25.6 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
抗GPⅡb-Ⅲa复合物包括抗GPⅡbⅢ a 复 合 物 单 克 隆 抗 体 ( 如 abciximab)、合成多肽(如 eptifibatide )和一些与 RGD结构类似 的小分子非肽物质(如tirofiban)。
美国脑卒中委员会对脑卒中溶栓治疗的指导意见 1. Intravenous t-PA at 0.9 mg/kg with a maximum of 90 mg with 10% of the dose given as a bolus followed by an infusion lasting 60 min is recommended treatment within 3 h of symptom onset for ischemic stroke. This therapy cannot be recommended for use beyond 3 h after symptom onset. 2. Intravenous administration of SK outside of clinical investigation cannot be recommended as treatment for ischemic stroke. 3. Thrombolytic therapy cannot be recommended unless the diagnosis is made by a physician with appropriate expertise in the clinical diagnosis of stroke and interpretation of CT of the brain.
我国心脑血管疾病发病的特点
①脑卒中的发病率在世界上是较高的; ②在西方国家冠心病比脑血管疾病多见, 在我国则是脑血管疾病比冠心病多见; ③在西方脑溢血多于脑血栓,而在我国脑 血栓明显多于脑溢血; ④各地区脑血栓的发病率相差甚远,总的 趋势是北方高于南方; ⑤城市比农村发病率高。
抗血小板药的类型
• 口服抗血小板药 – 阿斯匹林 – 抵克力得 – 波立维 – 西洛他唑 – 安步乐克 • 贝前列腺素(德纳) – 静脉抗血小板药 – 阿昔单抗 – 欣维宁等
The high dose of UK significantly improves the rate of neurological recovery and the CT-quality. However, thrombolytic therapy could increase the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. This therapy should be performed according to the approved guidelines. And here we propose an additional criterion: patients with age older than 65 years should avoid thrombolytic therapy .
氯吡格雷的抗血栓效果已被大量的临床资料 证实。①脑血管病变:可减少发生脑卒中、 心肌梗塞或血管性死亡危险性30.2%,发生 致命性与非致命性脑卒中的危险性比阿司匹 林低47%。②心血管疾病:可减少心绞痛患 者发生心肌梗塞及死亡危险性53.2%。 但氯吡格雷易引起皮疹与胃肠反应,个别病 人可能发生骨髓抑制与血栓性血小板减少性 紫癜,应引起警惕。
• 急性脑卒中的发病率在该调查中我国男性发病率为 170/10万,女性为130/10万,不同地区脑卒中的发病 率(按世界人口标化)相差甚大。男性发病率(每年 1/10万)最高的四个地区为大庆(596)、湛江 (351)、沈阳(266)与郑州(265)。最低的四个 地区为绵阳(139)、江西(112)、海门(99)与滁 州(54)。最高值与最低值之间相差11倍。女性发病 率最高的四个地区为大庆(482)、新疆(342)、郑 州(175)与北京(173)。最低的四个地区为福卅 (69)、黑龙江(68)、海门(58)与滁州(30)。 最高值与最低值之间相差了16倍。
动脉粥样硬化所致颅内外脑动脉狭窄是引起缺 血性卒中的重要原因之一。近年来由于安全有 效的支架输送、投放工具和支架种类等技术的 发展,介入治疗在脑动脉硬化性狭窄性疾病中 的应用逐渐增多,在出现TIA后0~2周内手术, 可以降低同侧缺血性卒中或死亡的危险32.7% , 术后4年再狭窄率为5.6%,5年再狭窄率为7.4%, 血管闭塞率为2.8%,取得了良好的远期效果。
Stroke represents the first cause of death in China
Disease Frequency of death (per 100 000 population) 130.48 128.58 92.54 90.10 40.57 19.49 13.79 13.73 7.16 5.06
欧洲卒中组织(E S 0 ) 2 0 0 8 年《缺血性卒 中和短暂性脑缺血发作治疗指南》
• 对于既往有卒中、外周动脉疾病、有症状冠心 病或糖尿病等高危患者, 氯吡格雷75 mg 比阿 司匹林更有效地预防血管性事件的发生。新版 指南推荐缺血性脑卒中二级预防氯吡格雷75 mg 是首选之一, 并且对氯吡格雷75 mg 的用 药推荐上升为最高级别( 1A) , 是应该使用 (should be) , 而阿司匹林则变为可以使用 (may be) 。
1 cerebral vascular diseases 2 malignant tumors 3 diseases of the respiratory system 4 heart disease 5 damage and toxicity 6 diseases of the digestive system 7 endocrine, metabolic and immune diseases 8 diseases of urogenital system 9 psychiatric disorgers 10Leabharlann Baidudiseases of nervous system
Patients with advanced age were likely to develop bleeding complications. Their rates of intracranial hemorrhage were as high as 33.3% and 22.2% in high and low dose group, respectively. In addition, all hemorrhagic events occurred in the patients who received thrombolytic therapy beyond 4 h after symptom onset. The alterations of laboratory hemostatic examinations were not directly associated with hemorrhagic risk.