CL4.1 意象图式

an essential role in structuring our mental world.
These schematic conceptions emerge in physical
experience (experience with objects moving from
source to goal along spatial paths, with actual containers and what they hold, etc.) and provide the basis for projecting it metaphorically to other conceptual realms.
the whole category is structured.
2. Turner (1996:16): Image schemas are skeletal patterns that recur in our sensory and motor experience. He also said that motion along a path, bounded interior, balance, and symmetry
out in detail the IMAGE SCHEMA OF FORCE DYNAMICS, and still later a lot of CL have
made further researches upon it.
§2. Further Explanation on IS
• Rosch & Mervis • Turner • Johnson & Lakoff • Ungerer & Schmidt • Gardenfors
forward the idea that schema comes from action.
CL has also accepted this idea.
•
Johnson (1987) & Lakoff (1987) first used the
term IMAGE SCHEMA , and Talmy (1988) spelt
互动体验
如：弹子球意象图式是对若干日常事件进行概念化的
基础上形成的，是对现实生活中若干事件的概括而形
成的，不是仅指用弹子去撞击另一个弹子，它仅是一
个代表性的说法，生活中的事件可能会是：用脚踢球， 球就滚动了；用拳头打人，人就倒下了；用石子打窗 户，玻璃就破了；用弹弓打鸟，鸟飞走了、甚至还可 能是：用手挥舞一下，就能引起人们的注意；用言语 叫喊，妈妈就来了，等等。人们在对若干能产生一定 效果的动作事件进行抽象和概括，形成了一个意象图 式，Langacker将其称为“弹子球模型”。
4. Ungerer & Schmidt (1996:160): simple and basic cognitive structures which are derived from our
everyday interaction with the world. The idea is that
have
been
the
various
sources of image schemas, which
can be used to express new and abstract ideas.
• Simple image schemas , such as container, path, link, force, movement, balance,

李福印，2006: 238 始源－路径－终点 容器意象图式 Johnson，2987: 126 27个意象图式 意象图式可用简图表示 240 意象图式的转变
意象图式与ICM
ECM也是一种意象图式
• The bodily experience and space
relations

5. Gardenfors (1999:23) : Cognitive models are
primarily image-schematic (not propositional). Imageschemas are transformed by metaphoric and
metonymic operations. The most important semantic structure in cognitive semantics is that of an image schema. Image schemas have an inherent spatial structure. Most image schemas are closely
• Langacker
• We
1. Rosch & Mervis: began their research upon conception from 1980s, and they found that in a
category there is a basic “abstract level” , around
by experiencing many instances of things-overthings we have acquired some sort of cognitive
pattern or schema of the relationship which we can
apply to other instances.
7. We ： In order to recognize objects,
understand the world, get meanings, and structure our knowledge, we have to use a
certain image schema repeatedly to compare
schema as a link between perception and
conception. Later the Gestalt psychologists and
Piaget accepted this term, with emphasis on the
interaction between object and subject. Piaget put
understanding
development of our cognition, we will enlarge and correct the established schema, or
reconstruct a new schema, for the future use.

Our basic experience is our understanding of
认
感觉 知觉 表象
知
命题/判断/ 推理
现实 — 互动体验 — 意象图式 — 范畴 — 概念 — 语言
＋隐、换喻
CM/ICM
体验经心智加工形成意象图式，构成 CM, 若干 CM 构成 ICM，是形成原型、进行范畴化和概念 化的基础
范畴、概念、意义（三位一体）
概念对应于范畴，进而获得意义 从概念 概念结构
connected to kinesthetic experiences.

6. Langacker (2000:3) Image schemas are highly
abstract conceptions, primarily configurational, which are grounded in everyday bodily experience and play
the formation of semantic structure. So image
schema is a very important concept to Cognitive
Model Theory.
• 意象图式这一概念对于认知语言学研究太重
要了，意义的体验观在很大程度上依赖于对
该概念做出恰当和可接受的理解。
which most information can be organized. And on this level, the category members may have the similar perceptual form and interaction, thus an image schema is formed. Then on the basis of it,
are typical image schemas.
3. Johnson (1987) and Lakoff (1987) also think
that image schemas are based on our perception
and embodiment, prior to language.
语言：用语言形式将意义固定下来
可用 “意象图式+隐喻” 或 “ICM” 来解释语义、句型
Schema was first discussed by ancient Greek
philosophers and then Kant in 18th Century also
expounded its philosophical significance. He took
DOWN, OVER etc. They will be the basis for
the various kinds of usage of prepositions in a
language.
心智空间 + 认知模型 = 认知模型理论
建构
解释语义
句法构造