第十七讲被动语态

过去 范畴
现在完成时 一般过去时 过去进行时
has / have been made was / were made was / were being made
过去完成时
had been made
将来 范畴
一般将来时 将来完成时
shall / will be made shall / will have been made
The tea is brewing.茶在煮。
The money is still owing.那笔钱仍欠着。
The dictionary is binding.词典在装订。
4.不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动语态
1）及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的，故可以用于被动语态（注意不要省略或漏掉介词或
The old man was looked after carefully by them. ⑵ 动词 ＋ 副词
④ They put off the sports meeting.
⑤ The sports meeting was put off.
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⑥ We must think over what he said. ⑦ What he said must be thought over. ⑶ 其他动词短语 ⑧ We must do away with privileges. ⑨ Privileges must be done away with. ⑩ His classmates often make fun of him for this.
Her mother is resembled by Jane. （误）
Jane resembles her mother.（正） Note: 当 have 作“吃，接收，经历，度过”解时，虽用作行为动词，但一般不用于被动语态。 例如： The children had a most enjoyable holiday. （正）
Things are being looked up.（误）
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2）不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态
She was much looked up to for her kindness. 她因多星善事而受人尊敬。
The ticket has been spoken for. 那张票有人订了。
主语 被动语态： 动作的接受者
谓语
宾语
+ 被动语态动词（ be+动词过去分词） + （by+ 百度文库作的发出者）
主语
谓语
19.1.1 被动语态各种时态形式表
下面以 make 为例，说明各时态动词的被动语态形式：
宾语
现在 范畴
一般现在时 现在进行时
am / is / are made am / is / are being made
① Hid mother made him do his homework again.
→ He was made to do his homework again by his mother. ② She saw a man go into the room.
→ A man was seen to go into the room. 4）动词短语的被动语态 相当于及物动词的动词短语也有被动语态形式。 ⑴ 词 ＋ 介词
1. His teacher gave him a book.
→ A book was given to him by his teacher. 或：
He was given a book by his teacher.
2. She showed me her new skirt.
→ I was shown her new skirt by her. 或：
→ An old man was found lying at the door by him .
注意 ： make， hear， see， watch， feel， let， have 等动词在主动语态的句子中，其后作宾补的不
定式一般不带 to，但当用在被动句时，后面作宾补的不定式必须带
to。例如：
用主动态。
19.1 被动语态的构成形式 动词的被动语态是由助动词
与被动语态的句子结构如下所示：
be 加动词的过去分词构成的，
时态由 be 体现。主动语态的句子结构
They will widen the road. （主动）
The road will be widened. （被动） 主动语态： 动作的发出者 + 主动语态动词 + 动作的接受者
尽。）
6.
The goods were just being unloaded when we arrived at the airport. （我们到机场时正在卸
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货。）
19.1.2 一些特殊形式的被动语态 1）含有情态动词的被动语态 一般式：情态动词（ can， could ， may， might ， must， should， need 等） + be+ 过去分词 完成式：情态动词（ can， could ， may， might ， must， should， need 等） + have + 过去分词 例如：
已经由讲座委员会宣布了。 ）
2.
My pictures won’t be developed until next week. （我的照片要到下星期才能冲洗出来。 ）
3.
They were disguised so that we wouldn ’t recognize them. （为了不让我们认出来，所以他们
过去将来时
should / would be made
过去将来完成时
should / would have been made
注：完成进行时态一般不用被动语态。 例句：
1.
The subject of these lectures has been announcedby the lecture committee. （这些讲座的课题
This can be done by hand.这可以手工做。 This mustn ’t be neglected.这一点不可以忽视。 The book needn ’t be returned now.书不必现在还。 The environment should be improved. 环境应当改善。 The project might have been completed earlier. 这项工程本可以早些完工的。 They shouldn ’t have been told about the plan. 这个计划是不应当告诉他们的。 2）带有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子变为被动语态时，只把一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语保留 在动词之后，这种句子可以有两个被动句。如：
副词），如 win over，give up， ask for 等。但是，不及物动词构成的短语可以是及物性的，也可以是
不及物性的；不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态，如
look up/down ， speak for 等。例如：
The fact speaks foritself. 这一事实不言自明。 （正） Itself is spoken forby the fact.（误） Things are looking up.情况看来有好转。 （正）
He is often made fun of for this by his classmates.
5） get ＋ 过去分词构成的被动语态 get＋过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如：
① The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 ② Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。 ③ How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？
Her skirt was shown to me by her.
3）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句时，将宾语变成主语，宾语仍保留在动词之后，成为主语 补语。 例如：
1. He painted the table green.
→ The table was painted green. 2. He found an old man lying at the door.
19.2 被动语态使用要点
1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态 appear， rise， die， happen， occur，lie ， depart 等都属此类动词。例如： Great changes have been taken place in my hometown. （误）
Great changes have taken place in my hometown. （正）
A most enjoyable holiday was had by the children. （误） 但当 have 作“得到，获得，欺骗”解，或同某些介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时，可用 于被动语态。例如：
She has been had in the dealing (over the bargain). 她在那项交易（买卖）中受骗了。 The ticket can be had for the asking. 票索要即得。 3.某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义， 常见的这类动词有： bake，owe，brew，cook ，print ，bind ， do 等。例如：
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第十七讲：被动语态
被动语态（ Voice）是个语法范畴，是表示主语和动词之间语法意义和语义关系的动词形式。英
语动词有主动和被动两种语态，当主语是动词的发出者时，动词用主动语态（
Active V oice）；当主语
是动作的承受者时，动词要用被动语态（ Passive Voice）。 只有及物动词才有被动语态。 如：
Scientists have been puzzled for decades by how turtles manage to navigate across the Atlantic; but
now they know . 几十年来，科学家一直对海龟如何能穿越大西洋迷惑不解；但现在他们知道了。 这句话中， scientists 是 puzzle 的承受者， 故 puzzle 用被动语态。 They 是 know 的发出者， 故 know
伪装了起来。 ）
4.
All the apparatus had been prepared before the experiment began（. 所有的器械在实验开始前
就准备好了。 ）
5.
The world ’s supplies of copper are being gradually exhausted.（世界的铜资源正在逐渐被耗
① They have talker about this matter recently.
This matter has been talked about recently. ② We have never heard of such a thing before.
Such a thing has never been heard of before. ③ They looked after the old man carefully.
2.表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态
英语中有些动词（短语动词）不是表示动作，而是表示某种状态或情况，有“拥有、容纳、适
合、缺少、明白”等意，这类动词不能用于被动语态，常见的有：
lack， fit ，mean， hold ， resemble，
have， cost，contain ，fail ， consist of ， look like 等。例如： The book costs10 yuan.
Note: pay attention to, take care of 等短语动词可以有两种被动语态形式。例如： The situation has been paid attention to.