奈达理论

Principles Governing Translations Oriented Toward Dynamic Equivalence
1.Fuctional Equivalence. 2.The closest natural equivalent to the sourcelanguage message. 3.Far more than mere correct communication of information (Bible ---story---conversion). 4.A translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience.
Dynamic Equivalence & Formal Equivalence
In his theories, Nina gives priority to “dynamic equivalence” over “formal correspondence” in translation. Nada’s theory of dynamic equivalence is his major contribution to translation studies.
Dynamic Equivalence and Formal Equivalence
Brief introduction
Eugene Nida Linguist, translator, translation theorist Regarded as “the patriarch of translation study and a founder of the discipline”
Life
Born on November 11, 1914. Graduated from the University of California in 1936. . Received his PhD in linguistics in 1943. Employed by the American Bible Society Appointed as Associate Secretary for Versions and Executive Secretary for Translation. Appointed Translations Research Coordinator in the United Bible Society
The particular purposes of the translator
1. The primary purpose of the translator may be information as to both content and form. 2. A translator’s purpose may involve much more than information. 3. A still greater adaptation is likely to occur in a translation which has an imperative purpose.
Principles Governing a Translation Oriented Towards Formal Equivalence
A formal-equivalence translation is basically source-oriented ; that is, it is designed to reveal as much as possible of the form and content of the original message. In doing so, an F-E translation attempts to reproduce several elements, including: (1).Grammatical units. The reproduction of it may consist in: (a). translating nouns by nouns, verbs by verbs, etc. (b) keeping all phrases and sentences intact (i.e. not splitting up and readjusting the units ) (c) preserving all formal indicators
Nida’s theoretical contributions
1. first put forward the “closest natural equivalent”, namely Dynamic Equivalence 2. contrast the response of reader towards the translated text with the response of writer towards the original text 3. Formal Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E) 4. literal translation & free translation are different models in the equivalent conception
Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. It is concerned that the message in the receptor language(译语)should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language（原语）. A translation of dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture.
Dynamic Equivalence in Nida’s Theory
1. Nida defines a D-E translation as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message.” 2.Three essential terms:(1)equivalent; (2)natural; (3)closest; 3.A natural rendering must fit: (1)the receptor language and culture as a whole; (2)the test of the particular message; (3)the receptor-language audience
Three basic factors in translating
1. The nature of the message 2. The purposes of the author and of the translator 3. The type of audience
Content & Form
The content of a message can never be completely abstracted from the form, and form is nothing apart from content; but in some messages the content is of primary consideration, and in others the form must be given a higher priority.
Major Works
MoБайду номын сангаасe than 40 published works More than 250 published treatises 13 reference books on Bible translation His works on translation set off the study of modern translation as an academic field 《Toward a science of translating》（1964） 《The theory and practice of translation》（1969） 《From one language to another》（1986）
(2)Consistency in word usage In attempting to reproduce consistency in word usage, an E-F translation usually aims at so-called concordance of terminology; that is, it always renders a particular term in the source-language by the corresponding term in the receptor document. (3) Meanings in terms of the source context. In order to reproduce meanings in terms of the source context ,an F-E translation normally attempts not to make adjustments in idioms, but rather to reproduce such expressions more or less literally, so that the reader may be able to perceive something of the way in which the original document employed local cultural elements to convey meanings.
Two Basic Orientations in Translating
Formal Equivalence(形式对等)
Dynamic Equivalence(动态对等)
Formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence are two approaches to translation. Formal equivalence attempts to render the text word-for-word (if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the target language). While dynamic equivalence (also known as functional equivalence) attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text (if necessary, at the expense of literalness, original word order, the source text's grammatical voice, etc.).