Chapter9语言学-Languageandliterature
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英语语言学自编教材第九章
Chapter 9 Language and Culture 1．General Introduction1.1 The Relationship between Language and Culture●Relevant Language Use Observations and Questions to Ponder over1) In the following two conversations, the second speaker respondeddifferently towards the same question. And what do you think aChinese speaker will answer the same question?Conversation 1: between English speakersA: I like your sweater!B: Thank you!Conversation 2: between an English speaker and a Frenchspeaker.A: I like your sweater!B: Ah bon? Mais c’est très vieux ! (Oh, really? It’s very old!)2) Look at the following English words. Is there some connection between these words?bash, mash, smash, crash, dash, lash, clash, trash, splash, flash☺ /ʃ/: this sound suggests a sudden, violent movement/action foran English speaker3) The following lines are taken from a Singapore film I Not Stupid. Can you draw a conclusion from what you have read about Singlish?☺ Singlish/Singaporean: an English variety popular in SingaporeMom: Selina, where is all the ang pow that you got for yourbirthday?Selina（Daughter）: That’s my money. Why I must give it to youevery time?Terry（Son）: Yeah, lah. 为什么都要给你？Mom: 我知道这是你们的钱，but I will help you save, invest, hah. Don’t worry. I will give it back to you when you are old enough.Selina: When can you give it back to us?Terry: I know. 55岁。
简明英语语言学chapter9languageandculture
Chapter 9 Language and Culture,
9.1. what is culture
1.1 What is culture?
• Broadly speaking(广义） • It means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. • In a narrow sense（狭义） • It refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
4. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating of a culture, espically in print form, written form or in digital form.
• 5. Culture aslo affets a discourse community’s imagination, or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in behavior and life.
• Two types of culture:
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Material and spiritual
9.3. The relationship between language and culture
• • • •
dog ,dragon, bat, owl, horse Number (7, 13) 1. Language expresses cultural reality. 2. Language symbolize cultural reality.
9.1. what is culture
1.1 What is culture?
• Broadly speaking(广义） • It means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. • In a narrow sense（狭义） • It refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
4. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating of a culture, espically in print form, written form or in digital form.
• 5. Culture aslo affets a discourse community’s imagination, or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in behavior and life.
• Two types of culture:
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Material and spiritual
9.3. The relationship between language and culture
• • • •
dog ,dragon, bat, owl, horse Number (7, 13) 1. Language expresses cultural reality. 2. Language symbolize cultural reality.
英语语言学胡壮麟09Chapter 9_literature
Syntactical Level 1 Sentence Types According to different criteria, the English sentences can be classified into different types, and they each manifest distinctive stylistic features and are suitable for different ideas expressed.
Chapter 9 Language and Literature
9.1 three definitions of style
Style: Style as deviation, style is regarded as deviation or deviance, i.e. departure from what is normal. E.g. a grief ago, generally we use a noun indicating time in the expression “ a ago”, such as a month ago and the word to fill the slot is normally a countable noun. In this phrase, grief doesn’t meet the conventional requirement. It express an idea in a beautifully succinct way. Since grief means a feeling of great sadness and any feeling will last for some time, it is not difficult to figure out the message. That is , sth terribly sad has happened, and the speaker may have experienced grief repeatedly so that he can measure time in terms of it.
语言学 第9章9.4-9.6
Chapter 9 Language and Literature(p208-225)
9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View小说与视角 According to Mick Short(1996), we need at least three levels of discourse to account for the language of fictional prose (i.e. a novel or short story) Addresser 1-Message-Addressee 1 (Novelist) (Reader） Addresser 2-Message- Addressee 2 (Narrator) (Narratee) Addresser 3-Message- Addressee 3 (Character A) (Character B)
文本分析：
(1) He thanked her many times, and said that the old dame who usually did such offices for him had gone to nurse the little scholar whom he had told her of. (2) The child asked how he was，and hoped he was better. (3) “No,” rejoined the schoolmaster, shaking his head sorrowfully, “No better. (4) They even say he is worse.”
With the Direct Speech (DS) we have what the character said in its fullest form, and as we move from 1) to 4) the speech contribution of the character becomes more and more muted. 我们从直接言语（DS）中能得到人物所说的最 全面的形式， 从DS---IS---FIS---NRSA---NRS 的过程中，人物的言语贡献变得越来越弱。
9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View小说与视角 According to Mick Short(1996), we need at least three levels of discourse to account for the language of fictional prose (i.e. a novel or short story) Addresser 1-Message-Addressee 1 (Novelist) (Reader） Addresser 2-Message- Addressee 2 (Narrator) (Narratee) Addresser 3-Message- Addressee 3 (Character A) (Character B)
文本分析：
(1) He thanked her many times, and said that the old dame who usually did such offices for him had gone to nurse the little scholar whom he had told her of. (2) The child asked how he was，and hoped he was better. (3) “No,” rejoined the schoolmaster, shaking his head sorrowfully, “No better. (4) They even say he is worse.”
With the Direct Speech (DS) we have what the character said in its fullest form, and as we move from 1) to 4) the speech contribution of the character becomes more and more muted. 我们从直接言语（DS）中能得到人物所说的最 全面的形式， 从DS---IS---FIS---NRSA---NRS 的过程中，人物的言语贡献变得越来越弱。
语言学--unit9语言与文学Language and Literature
Dictionary definition
The world is like a stage.
The name of a
part of a
objective
to
synecdoche refer to the
whole thing.
simile Figurative language metapher
(4)
To demonstrate technical skill, and for intellectual pleasure
(5)
For emphasis or contrast
(6)
Onomatopoeia
9.3 The Language in Poety 9.3.6 How to Analyse Poetry
Ex.9-15
Trochee and palm to palm is holy palmer's kiss
Ex.9-16
Anapest Willows whiten, aspens quiver
Ex.9-17
Dactyl Without cause be he pleased, without cause be he cross
(1)
Information about the poem
(2)
The way the poem is structured
lingustics chapter 9.4 The Language
in Fiction
9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View
(1) I-narrators (2)Third-person narrators (3)Schema-oriented language (4)Given vs New information (5)Deixis
语言学Chapter 9
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Events belong to the string of plot are usually foregrounded while those used to provide related information are backgrounded. Deviation（偏离）and parallelism（平行） are usually used to show foregrounding events. The study of foregrounding is called patterning（模式/干扰背景模式）.
Language & Literature 4
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Some general features of the literary 2 language
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Language & Literature 2
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Theoretical background 1
• 研究表明: 自20世纪60年代，建立起来了现代文体学， 从此该学科就飞速发展起来。但20世纪60年代，文体 学是形式主义formalism的十年，70年代是功能主义 functionalism的十年，80年代是语篇文体学discourse stylistics的十年，那么在90年代，是社会历史sociohistorical和社会文化socio-cultural文体学。 • 2000年后，文体学的发展趋势有两个主要特征。首先， 向着社会历史和社会文化文体学的研究深入。其次， 正兴起一种多元发展plural-heads development的趋势， 不同文体学学派竞相发展，新的学派不时涌现出来。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第九章Language_and_Literature
16
Thus the term covers a wide area of meaning. This may have its advantages, but may also be problematic: which of the above meanings is intended must often be deduced from the context in which the term is used.
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? foregrounding’
In a purely linguistic sense, the term ‘foregrounding’ is used to foregrounding’ refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.
12
The red-haired woman, redsmiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah; she left maharajah; innumerable other lights o’ o’ passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Thus the term covers a wide area of meaning. This may have its advantages, but may also be problematic: which of the above meanings is intended must often be deduced from the context in which the term is used.
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? foregrounding’
In a purely linguistic sense, the term ‘foregrounding’ is used to foregrounding’ refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.
12
The red-haired woman, redsmiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah; she left maharajah; innumerable other lights o’ o’ passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Chapter-9-语言学--Language-and-literature
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
1. Style and Stylistics 2. Foregrounding 3. Literal language and figurative language 4. Analysis of literary language 5. The language in poetry
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
1. Style and Stylistics 2. Foregrounding 3. Literal language and figurative language 4. Analysis of literary language 5. The language in poetry
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
Chapter 9 Language
Chapter 9 Language
3岁时基本掌握本民族语言的基本方面。在英语国家中，在语法使 用上会出现过度使用规则动词的时态变化的错误。 4岁基本掌握语法规则及简单实用规则(pragmatics)。 9岁掌握微妙的实用规则。 语言的精确化主要是后天习得的，不同的语种有不同的精确化规范。 2、言语获得的理论 1）强调后天学习因素的学说：语言的获得基本上是后天学习的结 果，通过后天模仿、学习强化和纠正获得词汇和规则。 2）强调先天性因素的学说：乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)认为人一 生下来就有内在的言语获得装置(language acquisition device)，它 包含着一组语法规则，这对所有语言都是共同的。在后天言语学习 过程中，人们不是学习语法规则，而是判断自己周围在说什么语言， 然后调整内在的规则。 3）脑功能的观点：Elman, Bates等认为语言来自于一般的认知能 力，部分认知能力是遗传的。人脑的结构确保获得、使用语言。
Chapter 9 Language （3）词：语言中可以独立运用的最小单位。词是图形、 语音、语义、构词法与句法五种信息的复合体，音、形 是词的物质载体，义是词所参照的事物或状态，词是句 子的组成部分。汉语中语素与词的关系不同于英语。 （4）短语和句子：可以独立表达比较完整语义的语言结 构单位。短语和句子的词序排列有严格的组合规则。 短语在言语活动中的职能：人们经常以短语作为感知和 理解的单位。 任何一个语句都包含两个层次结构——表层结构、深 层结构。表层结构是句子说出或书写的外部语法形式。 深层结构是句子的意义结构。 一种语言，音素只有几十个，语素约为5万个，字词 约为20万左右，而句子是无数的。因此人所学会的不是 一个个的句子，而是掌握组织句子的一般规则。
Chapter 9 Language 3）句子类型、语境等影响句子的理解 不同句子类型理解的难度不同：肯定句比否定句理解得 快，被动否定句理解得最慢；符合事实的肯定句快于不 符合事实的肯定句。 语境：语境提供了各种背景知识，能帮助人们迅速、准 确地理解语言。许多对话言语在脱离背景时很难理解。 在背景中可以克服歧义句的产生。 4、课文理解(discourse comprehension)：理解较长的 话语。以下因素影响课文理解： 1）推理：根据课文信息进行推理 2）语境：课文的背景信息 3）图式：已有知识经验的组织形式 课文理解是一个运用已有知识进行、基于对句子的理解 进行思维加工的过程。
现代英语语言学理论 CHAPTER 9
现代英语语言学理论
Cui Jianbin, Department of Foreign Studies, WTU
Chapter Nine
A Study on Modern English Linguistics: Language and Culture
现代英语语言学理论
Chapter Introduction Language in Poetry Further Reading
Discussion topics(10mins.)
1. What is literature? 2. What are possible literature forms? 3. What is the possible relationship between language
and literature? 4. What is the difference between literature language
and general language?
现代英语语言学理论
CLASS PRESENTATION
我们要美丽的生命不断繁殖， 能这样，美丽的玫瑰才不会消亡……
关关雎鸠，在河之州； 窈窕淑女，君子好逑。
现代英语语言学理论
CLASS PRESENTATION
Stoning
Cui Jianbin
April 10th—May 1st Friday 98
Advanced 50mins X2
现代英语语言学理论
现代英语语言学理论
现代英语语言学理论
Section One: : Features of Literary Language
Outline of Procedures
现代英语语言学理论
Cui Jianbin, Department of Foreign Studies, WTU
Chapter Nine
A Study on Modern English Linguistics: Language and Culture
现代英语语言学理论
Chapter Introduction Language in Poetry Further Reading
Discussion topics(10mins.)
1. What is literature? 2. What are possible literature forms? 3. What is the possible relationship between language
and literature? 4. What is the difference between literature language
and general language?
现代英语语言学理论
CLASS PRESENTATION
我们要美丽的生命不断繁殖， 能这样，美丽的玫瑰才不会消亡……
关关雎鸠，在河之州； 窈窕淑女，君子好逑。
现代英语语言学理论
CLASS PRESENTATION
Stoning
Cui Jianbin
April 10th—May 1st Friday 98
Advanced 50mins X2
现代英语语言学理论
现代英语语言学理论
现代英语语言学理论
Section One: : Features of Literary Language
Outline of Procedures
现代英语语言学理论
新编简明英语语言学 Chapter 9 Language and culture
Chapter 9 Language and culture语言与文化知识点：1.*Definition: culture; cultural diffusionThe relationship between language and culture# Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis*Linguistic evidence of cultural differencesCultural overlap and diffusion考核目标：识记：Definition: culture; cultural diffusion领会：Cultural overlap and diffusion; Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Linguistic evidence of cultural differences简单应用：The relationship between language and culture定义文化：including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
diffusion文化扩散：through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 通过交际，A文化中的某些成分进入了B 文化，并成为了B文化的一部分。
知识点what is cultureCulture文化：including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
语言学教程Chapter9 9.1 Introduction
9.1 Introduction
STYLE has been recognized since the days of ancient rhetoric, whereas STYLISTICS is perhaps the creation of bibliographers.
The formation of the word stylistics, i.e. style + istics, indicates that it is an interdisciplinary study.(style for literary criticism, and istics for linguistics)
As a newly developed discipline, Carter and Simpson (1989) observed that “if the 1960s was a decade of formalism in stylistics, the 1970s a decade of functionalism and the 1980s a decade of discourse stylistics, then the 1990s could well become the decade in which sociohistorical and socio-cultural stylistic studies are a main preoccupation.” in addition to this, Shen (2000) pointed out that there is a trend of “plural-heads development”, i.e. different schools of stylistics compete for development and new schools emerge every now and then. The cognitive approach to literature is a capmental Stages
英语语言学 第九章 语言与文化
▪ In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc.
▪ How the Chinese and the Europeans state their age differently. I'm ten and a half years old. The baby girl will be thirteen months old next Friday. Chinese use a round number(整数) followed by the measure sui.
▪ 所有这些类型的意义都与文化编码或联想有关， 因为词语的意义与它们的联想是不可分割的，而 这些联想的解释是约定俗成的。每种语言都有自 己的隐喻，这些隐喻在其范围内提供语义上的理 解。
Some cultural differences in language use
▪ Greetings and terms of address ▪ Gratitude and compliments ▪ Color words ▪ Privacy and taboos ▪ Rounding off numbers ▪ Words and cultural-specific connotations ▪ Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphor
▪ There are generally two types of culture: material and spiritual.
▪ How the Chinese and the Europeans state their age differently. I'm ten and a half years old. The baby girl will be thirteen months old next Friday. Chinese use a round number(整数) followed by the measure sui.
▪ 所有这些类型的意义都与文化编码或联想有关， 因为词语的意义与它们的联想是不可分割的，而 这些联想的解释是约定俗成的。每种语言都有自 己的隐喻，这些隐喻在其范围内提供语义上的理 解。
Some cultural differences in language use
▪ Greetings and terms of address ▪ Gratitude and compliments ▪ Color words ▪ Privacy and taboos ▪ Rounding off numbers ▪ Words and cultural-specific connotations ▪ Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphor
▪ There are generally two types of culture: material and spiritual.
语言学教程Chapter 9. Language and Literature
The term “foregrounding”
Definition Deviation of language involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology,etc. Repetition is also a kind of deviation. Alliteration, parallism, and many figures of speech are the examples of foregrounding in literary language.
9.2 some general features of the literary language
Features of literary language are displayed in the following three aspects: 1. phonology 2. grammar 3. semantics Literay language differs from non-literary language in that the former is foregrounded in the above three aspects.
9.2.3 the analysis of literay language
Procedures we should follow when we analyze the grammatical structure and meaning of a literary text. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
语言学Chapter 9
diameter: four syllables / two feet trimeter: tetrameter pentameter hexameter heptameter octameter
Stress Iamb: unstressed + stressed Trochee: stressed + unstressed Anapest: unstressed (2) + stressed Dactyl: stressed + unstressed (2) Spondee: stressed (2) Pyrrhic: unstressed (2)
Couplets Quatrains Blank verse
Exercise O! lest the world should task you to recite What merit lived in me, that you should love After my death,—dear love, forget me quite, For you in me can nothing worthy prove; Unless you would devise some virtuous lie, To do more for me than mine own desert, And hang more praise upon deceased I Than niggard truth would willingly impart: O! lest your true love may seem false in this, That you for love speak well of me untrue, My name be buried where my body is, And live no more to shame nor me nor you. For I am sham'd by that which I bring forth, And so should you, to love things nothing worth.
现代英语语言学理论 CHAPTER 9
27mins. Whole class. Aim: Teacher presents on line.
Theoretical background Literay language Figurative language The analysis of literal language
现代英语语言学理论
Robert Frost Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.
languageandculture现代英语语言学理论现代英语语言学理论现代英语语言学理论chapterintroductionfeaturesofliterallanguagelanguageinfictiondramalanguageinpoetryfurtherreadingquestionsandexercises现代英语语言学理论现代英语语言学理论现代英语语言学理论chapterintroductionchapterintroduction50minsx2advanced98fridayapril10thmay1s
and general language?
现代英语语言学理论
CLASS PRESENTATION
我们要美丽的生命不断繁殖， 能这样，美丽的玫瑰才不会消亡……
关关雎鸠，在河之州； 窈窕淑女，君子好逑。
现代英语语言学理论
CLASS PRESENTATION
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Theoretical background Literay language Figurative language The analysis of literal language
现代英语语言学理论
Robert Frost Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.
languageandculture现代英语语言学理论现代英语语言学理论现代英语语言学理论chapterintroductionfeaturesofliterallanguagelanguageinfictiondramalanguageinpoetryfurtherreadingquestionsandexercises现代英语语言学理论现代英语语言学理论现代英语语言学理论chapterintroductionchapterintroduction50minsx2advanced98fridayapril10thmay1s
and general language?
现代英语语言学理论
CLASS PRESENTATION
我们要美丽的生命不断繁殖， 能这样，美丽的玫瑰才不会消亡……
关关雎鸠，在河之州； 窈窕淑女，君子好逑。
现代英语语言学理论
CLASS PRESENTATION
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
语言学导论第九章
Further reading
• Kramsch, Claire，2000，语言与文化[M]，
上海外语教育出版社。
the relationship between language and culture
• Language is a part of culture.
• Language is the primary means for
cultural transmission. • Some linguistic differences are due to cultural differences. • Various cultures will have different responses to the same word.
linguistic evidence of cultural differences
1. greetings and terms of address
2. gratitude and compliments
linguistic evidence of cultural differences
3. color words: white black red green yellow blue brown purple pink orange gray VI
cultural overlap and cultural diffusion
• Cultural overlap文化重叠 owes to
some similarities between cultures.
• Cultural diffusion文化扩散 refers to
the phenomenon that through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B.
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3
Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal，1980)
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
1. Style and Stylistics 2. Foregrounding 3. Literal language and figurative language 4. Analysis of literary language 5. The language in poetry
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
5
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
2
1. Style and Stylistics
Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
ΔA chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
7
2. Foregrounding
Please compare the following two pieces of language:
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
4
In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
9
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal，1980)
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
1. Style and Stylistics 2. Foregrounding 3. Literal language and figurative language 4. Analysis of literary language 5. The language in poetry
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
5
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
2
1. Style and Stylistics
Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
ΔA chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
7
2. Foregrounding
Please compare the following two pieces of language:
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
4
In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
9
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding