埃及人的生死观

• The Egyptians loved life, the longer the better, and expressed this love in writing and building throughout history.
埃及人热爱生命，认为生命越长越好，并在文字和建筑中表达 了这种热爱
谢谢！
• The ancient Egyptian view of what made up a person is confusing. The main constituents were the body, its ka, and its name which remained always in close proximity to each other even in the tomb, and the shadow, the ba, sahu and akh which were more mobile and independent
名字被当做一 个独立的个体， 只有当一个事物 有了名字，他才 能被定义为存在， 名字就是他的本 质
Dying was referred to as going to one's ka. Upon the body's demise the ka rejoined its divine origin, but always remained in close proximity of the body. In Old Kingdom tombs false or ka doors were supposed to give this spiritual part of the deceased access to the world of the living. The kas were thought to reside in tomb statues.
• But as the death of the body was inevitable, they created an after world which afforded them a, to all intents and purposes, eternal and at times improved version of the life they had enjoyed in this world
The name of Ra in hieroglyphs
在遥进的尼罗河岸边 曾生活着这样一群太阳乊子 他们有独特的文化和信仰 他们以独特的生死观营建伟大的建筑
•
他就是拉神，他用光线观看， 他比太阳更亮地照耀着埃及， 他比尼罗河更能使国家繁荣， 他给信徒以粮食， 追随他的人他都养活
• • • •
•
.。
但对于大多数底层埃及人似乎并不渴望来生如同永恒的星辰， 他们缺乏一些必要的手段和知识，但他们相信就算是最底层的 人的死亡也并非终结，而是作为灵魂存在的开始，并有力量影 响活着的生命
•
在古埃及人精心准备的来世生活中，是一种 追求永恒的梦想。金字塔、神庙、画棺、随葬 俑……都是为追逐这个梦想而留下的痕迹。
.。
但是死亡 不可避免的 到来 他们创造了 一个死后的 世界来承载 永恒，并在 未来倒转生 死使他们重 获生命。
• The body, obviously, remained in its tomb, the akh (MdC transcription Ax ), the transfigured dead, was hoped to rise to the heavens after the performance of the appropriate transfiguration rituals, the ka was closely bound to its body partaking of the offerings in the funerary chapel, but the ba could leave the tomb, roam the necropolis and even visit the living.
身体会留在坟墓中，善魂有希望能经过一定的变身仪式升到神 的圣土。 且灵魂和身体息息相关—将会享用殉葬的器物，并离开坟墓，重 归生的国度。
卡姆赛特王子石棺盖
保存死者内脏的容器 祭司石棺盖
Some of the constituent（组成部分） parts of a deceased person （死者）and their relationships with the world: the body, the ba, the ka, the name, the akh（灵魂）. For further explanations see Body and Soul.
The Egyptians and their dea
埃及人的生死观
• 肉体凋谢了，它的欢乐消逝了 • 有的早逝，有的还和我们同在。 • 金字塔里关闭的是往昔乊神 • 你最哀悼的那些人，他们现在何处？ • 那伟大的好人，已走向西方， 从此消息杳然 • 安慰我们烦恼的心，它将走上 那阳光普照的同一条路 让 我们一起欢笑，把忧愁抛在一边 • 穿上细麻衣，戴上没药帽 • 没有人能把他的欢乐带给死者 • 寻欢作乐在今朝，死亡不分今和明
在这个充满危险的世界里，祖先的力量是护佑的力量。死亡使他们离开了 他们的神庙，财产，权利以及后代。后代给予祖先适当的葬礼，使他们的名 字永存，献上贡品并保护他们的休息的地方。
were used: .。
•
But even when intentions were good, things often went wrong: Tombs were broken into, offerings were neglected and forgotten. But forgetfulness on behalf of the descendants did not stop the flow of offerings, as texts were inscribed on the walls of the tomb ensuring their perpetuity. Against intruders curses threatening dire consequences
古埃及对于什 么组成了人这个 问题的观点很混 乱。他们认为主 要成分是肉体、 灵魂和名字，在 坟墓中，它们的 位置总是接近对 方，而影子等则 更独立
• The name, is the foundation of a being as an individual. Only when it has a name, when it can be addressed and related to, does it begin its proper existence—with its name as its essence
死后被称为灵魂离开。 身体的死亡时，灵魂 回到其神圣的起点， 但始终保持靠近身体。 在古王国时代，灵魂 乊门给死者接近生者 世界的灵魂力量。灵 魂被认为居住在坟墓 雕像中。
生ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ死
•
One's ancestors were seen as friendly powers in a world where one was beset by dangers. Dying, they had left their offices, possessions, and rights to their offspring. Their survivors repaid them by giving them a proper burial, perpetuating their name, feeding their kas and protecting their resting place.
但即使计划 是好的，事情 往往会出错： 坟墓被闯入， 祭品被忽视和 遗忘。但是健 忘的后代并没 有停止供奉， 一些文字被刻 在坟墓墙上， 对入侵者迚行 诅咒。
• The majority of the Egyptian people appears not to have aspired to an eternal life among the immortal stars. They may not have had the necessary means or knowledge, But even to the peasant death was not the end, but the beginning of an existence as a spiritual being in whose power it was to affect the lives of the living