Restructuring (换序译法1)

2). Different Sequences in Sentence Arrangement A. Pre-positioning （前置） A). Attribute (phrases and clauses) 定语：短语与从 句 (1). They are friends sharing weal and woe.
a). He had made a thorough study of all the dialects spoken in Scotland. 他对苏格兰所有的方言都做了透彻的研究。 b). Thousands of red, beautiful roses that blossom almost at the same time make the park the great resort of people in spring. 差不多同时开放的几千朵美丽红玫瑰，在春 季里吸引了许多人常到公园来。
(2). These are problems left over by history. (3). This is an auditorium large enough to accommodate ten thousand persons. (4). He suggested a method at once economical and practical. (5). This may not be the best book to start with. (6). It was a bolt from the blue. (7). On the top of the hill stands a pagoda about a hundred feet high.
Restructuring 换序译法
1.Definition Restructuring—the necessary or inevitable change of word-order or the logical rearrangement of expression in a sentence in conformity with the standard or good usage of the target language on account of syntactic differences between the source language and the target language. 由于英语和汉语的语法结构和表达习惯有很大 的不同，在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的表达习 惯对原文的词序进行调整，如原文中在句子中处 于前面位置的词或短语，在译文中调整到句子后 面的位置，使译文做到最大程度上的通顺自然。
What is quite natural in order in one language may seem in another language in arrangement; each language has its own peculiarities in word-order or logical arrangement of expression. The natural order in English may seem the inverted or irrational order in English or vice versa, hence the necessity of restructuring in translation. The positioning of the attribute, be it an single word or a phrase or an attributive clause, in the sentence is an illustrative example. For instance, in English attributive phrases and clauses are normally placed after the words being modified (the antecedents), while in Chinese such phrases and clauses usually precede the words being modified.
g). A modern, powerful socialist country
h). An outstanding contemporary American writer
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In short, the ordering of English adjectives before a noun is as follows: the determinatives (numeral, possessives限定词)—intensifying adjectives (quality, size, length大小、高低、长短)—gradable adjectives (shape, age形状、年龄、新旧)—color adjectives(颜 色)and participles (origin, 国籍、地区、出处)— denominal adjectives (substance材料)/gerund/noun +head(名词)。 In other words, the general principle for placing attributive modifiers according to their senses or meanings may occur in the following manner: English: narrower range—wider range less important—more important
weaker—stronger general—specific Chinese: wider range—narrower range more important—less important stronger—weaker specific—general a). 无地和少地的农民 Peasants who had little or no land b). 丰收年多积累一点，灾荒年或半灾荒年就不积累 或者少积累一点。 Accumulate more in good years and less or none in years when the crops half fail or totally fail. c). 受打击、排斥或轻视。 Be slighted, pushed aside or attacked.
(8). Many scientists hold that man’s social practice alone is the criterion of the truth of his knowledge of the external world. 许多科学家认为，只有人们的社会实践，才 是人们对外界认识的真理性的标准。 (9). This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations are engaged, without distinction of race, creed or party.
In addition, restructuring can be manifested in the translation of customary English or Chinese word-groups or phrases. a). the soil and water mixture b). track and field c). by twos and threes d). old and new e). land and water f). hot and cold g). negative and positive h). back and forth i). sisters and brothers j). the minister designate k). the president elect l). proof positive m). letters patent n). fiber glass o). corps diplomatique p). God Almighty q). right and left r). from time immortal
g). postmaster
general h). rain or shine i). inconsistency of deeds with words j). sum total k). the body politic l). a man good and pure m). consulate general n). Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary o). the parties concerned B. Logical Placement of Numerous Modifiers before the Central Noun （多个修饰词的排列） a). the advanced foreign experience b). a small round wooden table
s). heal the wounded and rescue the dying t). the contradictions between ourselves and the enemy In the course of translation, restructuring may occur at the level of word combinations and sentence arrangement, involving attributive phrases and clauses, adverbials, adverbial clauses, appositive clauses, parentheses, etc.
c). famous French writers d). a pretty little Swedish girl e). a good deep-water harbor f). a comprehensive English-Chinese dictionary g). a high steep mountain h). modern Chinese literature i). the brave hard-working Chinese people j). a new international economic order k). a lonely white sail
d). 知识分子和青年学生 Students and intellectuals e). 中小国家 Small and medium-sized countries f). 我们并不认为，它们必须或者应当采取中国的做 法。 We do not maintain that they should or must adopt the Chinese way.
1. Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation
Restructuring in English-Chinese translation may be roughly classified as follows. 1). Different Sequences in Word Combinations A. Word-groups or Phrases (词组或短语） a). food, clothing, shelter and transportation b). quick of eye and deft of hand. c). court martial d). heir apparent e). heir presumptive f). battles royal