Lecture 11英文修辞学课件排比、重复、对比

• Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman -- it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself. • The denial of human rights anywhere is a threat to human rights everywhere.
Einstein was a fair amateur violinist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical man.
a row of clauses …they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed. a successive of sentences We shall fight him(Hitler) by land; we shall fight him by sea; we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.
A figure of balance identified by a similarity in the syntactical structure of a set of words in successive phrases, clauses, sentences. It helps make a sentence brief, smooth and coherent and give it rhythm, balance and force. In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word , phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence. Parallel constructions are also introduced by correlative conjunctions such as either… or, neither… nor, both… and, not only… but also, whether… or, and rather… than.
To stop too fearful, and too faint to go.
例： Love makes time pass, time makes love pass. Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. "I flee who chases me, and chase who flees me.“ "Never let a fool kiss you--or a kiss fool you.“ "My job is not to represent Washington to you, but to represent you to Washington."
"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty."
严式排比 narrow parallelism：对应的各个语法成 分在结构功能上完全一样. e.g. Eat at pleasure, drink by pleasure. We are caught in war, wanting peace. We are torn by division, wanting unity. The successive linguistic units are exactly the same in syntax. The successive linguistic units are similar in syntax.
There is only one good, that is knowledge; there is only one evil, that is ignorance.
in a complicated sentence If the economy stays down can conservatives stay up?
Antithesis
• A figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally placed side by side, usually through parallel structure.
in a simple sentence The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb. Better poor with honour than rich with shame. in a compound sentence The wise man knows he knows nothing; the dunce thinks he knows all.
A． repetition of the words in reverse order One should eat to live, not to live to eat. For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways. Live Simply---So That Others May Simply Live (newspaper heading)
宽式排比 broad parallelism: 在结构上相 对应的语法成分基本相似. e.g. Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. Let us redouble our exertions and strike with united strength while life and power remain. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.
B． repetition of the syntactic elements in reverse order He was an angel on the surface, but at heart a knave.
• Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
a series of words 单词平行排列 Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men goodbye. The mail-coach lumbered, jolted, rattled and bumped upon its tedious way. a group of phrases Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
例： The old think before they do while the young think after they do. Success makes men proud; failure makes them wise. Man proposes, God disposes.
Lecture 11
Syntactical Stylistic Devicesቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱBalanced Structure
Parallelism
平行两个或两个以上结构相同相似, 意义相关的短语 和句子. It refers to the figure of speech that expresses relevant ideas in the same or similar grammatical structures. Parallelism is regularly employed in the listing of facts, ideas, events, etc., and the parallel elements may range from a minimum of two to any number required.
e.g. Eat to live, and not live to eat. Where there is marriage without love, there will be love without marriage.
Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never…
in two separated sentences United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder
Chiasmus
Chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements, the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first, with or without a repetition of words. The word “chiasmas” comes from Greek word “chiasmos”, meaning “cross-wide”. Chiasmas serves diferent purposes in different contexts. On many occasions it serves the purpose of being serious or solemn, witty or humorous. It often achieves aphoristic effect. It is a construction involving the repetition of words or syntactic elements in reverse order.