amplification

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Lecture 4 Amplification & Omission 增减法

• 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。
• Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.
• 国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法。
• evaporation • fault-finding • loftiness • Necessity
• Foreigners get degrees from Chinese colleges. • 一批外国人获得一些中国大学的学位。 • In spite of difficulties, he succeeded in finishing his task. • 尽管困难重重，他成功地完成了任务。 • Bodies of dead Japanese devils were lying all round. • 他周围躺着全是日本鬼子的尸体。
• According to scientists，it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
• 根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。
• The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
• 译文：他们都希望把下一代美国人训练得忠于祖国，尽职尽责。 • 分析：将loyalty翻译成动词，增加名词 “祖国” ，意义明确；将duty译成“尽职尽责”是地道的汉语表达。
• Sino-British links have multiplied—political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.

翻译常用的八种技巧

翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法（repetition）2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法（conversion）5.词序调整法（inversion）6.分译法（division）7.正说反译、反说正译法（negation）8.语态变换法（the change of the voices）第一节重译法（repetition）在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。

这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。

重译法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。

重译法有三个作用：一是为了明确；而是为了强调；三是为了生动。

一、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。

在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。

而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。

定语后的名词亦是如此。

如：1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。

2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就和什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。

3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。

People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。

5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。

Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。

词法翻译

词法翻译
Amplification（增词法）（增词法）
By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear, to make it more like the language translated into. Of course words thus supplied must indispensable either syntactically or semantically. In other words, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to the original. There are two kinds: 1)Words for syntactic construction—to secure correctness, 2)Words supplied for semantic completion—to secure clearness. Both aim at making the version expressive and readily understood by the reader.
（一）英译汉常用的增益法
I．增加原文中省略的部分 1. Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and its power used. （power后省略了can be）自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道，原子可以分裂，原子能可以可以利用。可以 2. A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.（money后省略了are soon parted）愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃很快放弃手里很快放弃的钱。

翻译常用之八大技amplification

* For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the worlds’ eleventh largest economy, and is set to grow further. 对于国际社会来说，这些变化所带来的最为引人注目的结果是，中国已跃居世界第十一位经济大国，而且今后定会更强。 (Attention: amplification for purpose of style or manner of writing.) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight.
* I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. (Ann Blackmore, Lambing Time) 我原以为这不过是表示亲昵,但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定羊羔是不是自己生的。 (Attention: tense in English needs to be added by adverbs to show different time in Chinese.) The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. * To attract foreign investment, the United States must offer higher interest rate, adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs, which boost inflation. 为了吸引外资，美国必须提供较高的利率，而这样就会加重内债和金融开支，最终导致通货膨胀。（Attention: for logic purpose of the sentence; to show relationship between the elements of the sentence.) The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.

Amplification 增补(C)

2. Amplification in E-C Translation
1). Amplification for Syntactic Construction (从句法结构上考
虑)
A). Supplying Words (Verbs) Omitted in the Original (增补原
文中省略的动词)
(3). Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty．氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 (4). Preparations for the conference had been plagued by many problems. 会议的筹备工作已为许多问题所干扰。 (5). Solids transmit sound very well. 固体传声效果好。 (6). The galleons of New Spain pierced the isolation that from the time immortal had been the fate of single ethnic community. 新西班牙的大帆船打破了单一种族社会自远古以来与世隔
(3). The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。 (4). When she came to, she saw smiling faces around her. (5) The lion is the king of animals. (6) I saw bubbles rising from under the water.
2). The computer is cheap and fine. 这台电脑价廉物美。

amplification英语释义

amplification的英语释义为：
1. 扩大，增加，放大：指将某物扩大、增加或放大的过程。

2. 放大器，扩音器：指将声音、电信号等放大的设备或系统。

3. 扩大范围，扩大影响：指将某个问题、现象、影响等扩大到更广泛的范围或程度。

4. 复制，扩增：指将DNA或RNA等生物分子进行复制或扩增的过程。

5. 加强，增强：指通过某种手段使某个观点、效果等更加强烈或明显。

6. 扩大，扩散：指某种思想、文化等在社会中的传播和影响的扩大。

7. 夸张，渲染：指为了吸引注意力或增强效果而对某个事物进行夸张或渲染的行为。

6.增词法amplification

The export is not permitted to exceed its limitation. 出口货物不得超出有关货物限制范围。
In order to improve a certain kind of battery, Edison spent almost ten years and made nearly 50,000 experiments. 为了改善一种电池的性能，爱迪生花了差不多十年的时间做了近50，000次实验。
Reasons for applying this translation
skill:
In fact it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.
Ⅰ. Classification of Amplification in English-Chinese Translation
1. Lexical Amplification（从词汇上考虑的增词）
This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, measure words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns.
redundancy
测量方法/测量结果多余信息
After all preparations were made, the plane took off. 在所有的准备工作就绪之后，飞机起飞了。

英文翻译技巧之Amplification(增益法)

Amplification , also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his/her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact, it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”. This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Besides, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shorthand words, etc. That are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to people abroad. Therefore, it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the orginal pattern without alteration.Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation1.Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original"if so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?" “既然那么阔，干吗要叫穷？既然那么穷，干吗摆阔气？”·Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。

amplification-韩

Success is often just an idea away. 译文一：成功往往只是一个想法的距离。译文二：成功往往只是一念之差。译文三：成功与否往往只是一念之差。
How to translate the “wash”?
1) 2) 3) 4)
Mary washes before meals. Mary washes after getting up. Mary washes for a living. Mary washes in a restaurant.
晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演后，他还得起草最后公报。 Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
I don’t much dislike the matter, but the manner of his speech. 我并不讨厌这件事情，只是不喜欢他演讲的方式。 This shall be the end, the escape. 这将是结局，也将是退路。 Love comes from blindness, friendship from knowledge. 爱生于盲目，友谊源于相知。
Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 You can swim and play games in the park. 你可以在公园里游泳和玩各种游戏。 Selecting proper package is closely related to the problems of marking and labeling the product. 选择适当的包装与制作商品标志和标签所涉及的诸多问题密切相关。

Amplification（增词法）

Amplification（增词法）One of Translation Techniques Commonly Used---- AmplificationIt’s well known to us that as far as CET-4 & 6 are concerned, translation is an important and necessary part, but many students usually do a very poor job in this part. The shared problem that always puzzles them is that even though they have a very large vocabulary and know the Chinese meaning of each English word, but they cannot translate an English sentence or paragraph accurately. The main reason is that they lack English-Chinese translation skills and techniques. Today I’d like to introduce one of the commonly-used translation techniques, that is amplification. Then, what is amplification. Before we define it, let’s look at the following example.e.g. There are three chief effects of electric currents: the magnetic, heating and chemical.电流有三种主要效应，即磁效应，热效应和化学效应。

英语翻译与写作-Amplification

Amplification◆Also called addition, means supplying necessary words in translation on the basis of accuratecomprehension of the original.◆English and Chinese are entirely different languages and each has its own historical and culturalbackground.◆Many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shorthand words, etc. that are well understood in the country oftheir origin can hardly make sense to people abroad.◆It is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration.Mary washes before meals. / Mary washes before going to bed. / Mary washes after getting up. / Mary washes for a living. / Mary washes in a restaurant.◆Amplification in EC translation:1. Putting in words omitted in the originalShall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both, please.给你带一本词典来还是带一本百科全书来？请把两样都带来。

A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。

Amplification定义

Amplification定义(增译法)By PYSHLook at the following example!In April, there was the "ping" heard around the world. In July, the ping "ponged".四月里,全世界听到"乒"的一声;七月里,乒又"乓" 了.四月里,全世界听到中国"乒"的一声把球打了出去;到了七月,美国"乓"的一声把球打了回来. Test yourselves to see if the translation is faithful!Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.他们的主人又切又倒又服务又切面包;又说又笑又祝健康.热情的主人又是切肉,又是斟酒,又是上菜,又是切面包;说啊,笑啊,敬酒啊,忙个不停. Amplification means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add or subtract any meaning from the original work. This does not mean, however, that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make the version semantically accurate and idiomatic in the target language. Precisely, it is for the purpose of "faithful representation" of the thought of the author that we often resort to "amplification". This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Besides, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shortened words, etc. that are well understood by the natives can hardly make sense to people abroad. Therefore, it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration.Definition of Amplification增译由于英汉两种语言文字之间存在巨大差异,在翻译过程中很难做到字词句上完全对等.因此,为了准确地传达出原文的信息,往往需要对译文增译.所谓增译,就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词,词组,分句或完整句,从而使译文在句法和语言形式上符合汉语的习惯并使译文在文化背景,词语联想方面与原文保持一致,以达到译文与原文在内容,形式和精神方面对等的目的.这里的增加不是无中生有随意增加,而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些部分. Classifications◆Lexical Amplification◆Syntactical Amplification◆Cultural Amplification◆Rhetorical Amplification◆I. Lexical AmplificationVerbsNounsAdjectivesAdverbsNumeralsPlural forms of nounsGeneralization wordsWords indicating the tense1 Adding Verbs 增加动词Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! (Mark Twain: The Prince and the Pauper)汤姆·康第,生在破烂,肮脏和苦难中,现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊!汤姆·康第原来生在可怜巴巴的人家,穿得破破烂烂,邋里邋遢,现在换了这身装束,啊,是何等的气派!She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast.她觉得手里和唇上都是花, 胸中也是花.她觉得她好像手里拿着花, 嘴里吻着花,就连胸中也开出了花来.She played the piano, the violin and in her lateryears, the recorder.她弹钢琴,拉小提琴,晚年时还吹直笛.2 Adding Nouns 增加名词Adding nouns after abstract nouns在抽象名词后面增加名词Adding nouns after concrete nouns 在具体名词后面增加名词Adding nouns before adjectives 在形容词前面增加名词Adding nouns after intransitive verbs 在不及物动词后面增加名词A. Adding nouns after abstract nouns在抽象名词后面增加名词evaporationfault-findinggracefulnessnecessitymodernizationindifferencetransformationsegregationlight-heartedness蒸发作用吹毛求疵的作法优雅气质必要性现代化冷漠态度转化过程隔离政策/隔离措施轻松愉快的心境B. Adding nouns after concrete nouns在具体名词后面增加名词a) 当具体名词表达某种抽象概念时, 在译文中常常需要根据上下文增加一些适当的名词. The molecules of hydrogen get closer and closer with the pressure.b) 在具体名词后面增加名词,避免译文含混,使译文符合汉语习惯.Many great writers were not appreciated fully while they were alive.D. Adding nouns after intransitive verbs在不及物动词后面增加名词When he learned it was to borrow, not to give, that the messenger had come, his tone changed.当他知道使者是来借钱而不是来送礼后,说话的口气马上就变了.The horse is in the grassland eating.马正在草原上吃草.英语中的某些不及物动词虽然没有宾语,但宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的.6. Adding Certain Wordswith the Concept of Plurality增加表达复数的词汉语中的名词没有复数概念,也没有词形上的变化,很多情况下不必表达出来;而英语中的名词有词形的变化,但没有量词,所以在翻译成汉语的时候,可根据情况增加重叠词,数词或其他一些词来表达复数的概念,以达到修辞效果.A.Amplification by Repetition增加重叠词表示复数All roads lead to Rome.条条大道通罗马.Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开满了整个庭院.7. Adding Words of Generalization增加概括词概括词是英汉两种语言所共有的,但有时英语句子中并没有出现概括词,而翻译的时候却往往可以加入"两人","双方","等","等等","凡此种种"等概括词,同时省略掉英语中的连接词.Like most wildlife,tigers reproduce,grow,and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available.与大多数野生动物一样,老虎在营养丰富,食物充足的夏秋两季,繁殖,生长储存脂肪.8. Adding Words for Different Tenses 增加表达时态的词英语时态是靠动词的词形变化或助词来体现的.汉语中的动词没有时态的变化,要表达时态就必须靠时态助词和一些表示时间的词.所以,在表达过去的概念时往往加上"曾","已经","过","了"等字眼,在表达进行时态时往往用"在","正在","着"等字眼,在表达将来时态时往往用"将","就","要","会","便"等字眼.此外,为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比,往往增加一些其他的词.强调时间上的对比She makes a good teacher, as she was a good student.她原先是个好学生,现在是个好老师.Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.It was said that his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.◆II. Syntactical AmplificationAdding the omitted verbs增补原文中省略的动词Adding the omitted sentence elements增补原文比较句中的省略部分Adding the omitted answers增补原文回答句中的省略部分Adding the implied subject in participles增补分词形式中隐含的主语Adding the logical words and phrases增补表示逻辑关系的词语1. 增补原文中省略的动词这里所说的原文中省略的动词,指的是在并列关系的复句中在后句中省略的动词.在翻译成汉语的时候,出于句法上的需要,有时还需要将动词补出.另外,在某些英语句子当中由于一个谓语动词连接几个宾语或表语,在译文中往往要重复这个动词.5. 增补表示逻辑关系的词语有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语,但根据上下文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系,如转折,假设,让步,因果关系等,在翻译成汉语的时候,要适当地在句中或句子之间补充关联词和承上启下的词.Summary增译和省译往往是译者在推敲译文或校对译文的过程中进行的,可见这类调整与译者的母语语感很有关系,从本质上说这是一个译文的可读性问题(readability),其关键在求得译文与原文在深层结构上的对应,而不求双语在词语形式上的机械对应.。

翻译增词法(amplification)

增词可分为三类：语义性增补，语义性增补，修辞性增补。
语义性增补（semantic amplification）
为了使语义明确，畅达通顺，符合汉语的习惯，翻译中常常根据意义的需要增加动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词、范畴词、概括词，以及表示名词的负数、动词时态等方面的词。
1.Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.
码丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。
2。When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned.
当我醒来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地浮着。
毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。（增加了三个形容词，形象描绘了他想象中的欢乐场景，使表达更加生动）
2。The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood. 此时已是万里蓝天，太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原，洒向河岸，洒向树林。（增补形容词）
英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增补。
Any person not putting litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of $ 5. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将被处以五美圆罚款。（增补any person后省略的leaving litter about instead of这一部分。）

新编英汉翻译教程7 Amplification

• 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。

翻译技巧——增译法
2. 增加形容词或副词 1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！ 2). The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。 3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
翻译技巧——增译法
1、增加动词
1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。 2) . We don’t regret, we never have and never will.
在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。
翻译技巧——增译法
3. 增加名词 1). First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。 2). Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer. • 玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。 3). He ate and drank, for he was exhausted. • 他吃了点东西，喝了点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。
persuasion 说服工作 preparation 准备工作 backwardness 落后状态 tension 紧张局势 arrogance 自满情绪 madness 疯狂行为

amplication

5. The very earth trembled as with tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。（修辞） 6. Asia’s strength of economic management, however, has not been its perfection, but its pragmatism and flexibility. 亚洲经济管理向来不以完美见长 , 而是以务实和弹性取胜.(增加动词词组)
11. Histories make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; morality grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞之学使人能够善辩。 12. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
3. AmplificatioFra bibliotek (增词）增加原文中虽无其词而有其意词
Amplification: to add some words, words groups even sentences on the basis of original text so that the translated text conforms to the target language grammar and language habits, and corresponds to source language text in terms of culture, content, forms and spirit. (增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。增词一般用于以下三种情况：一是为了语法上的需要；二是为了意义上的需要；三是为了修辞上的需要。增词法在英汉翻译中是添加原文中虽无形式,但意在其中的成分. )

英汉互译4-amplification

Unit 4 AmplificationAmplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning or subtract any meaning from the original. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his/her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact, it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.I. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation. Adding Words Omitted in the Original•"If so grand, why so poor If so poor, why so grand"“既然那么阔，干吗要叫穷既然那么穷，干吗摆阔气”•Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。

Amplification定义

Ampli‎f icat‎i on定义‎(增译法)By PYSHLook at the follo‎w ing examp‎l e!In April‎, there‎was the "ping" heard‎aroun‎d the world‎. In July, the ping "ponge‎d".四月里,全世界听到‎"乒"的一声;七月里,乒又"乓" 了.四月里,全世界听到‎中国"乒"的一声把球‎打了出去;到了七月,美国"乓"的一声把球‎打了回来. Test yours‎e lves‎to see if the trans‎l atio‎n is faith‎f ul!Their‎host carve‎d, poure‎d, serve‎d, cut bread‎, talke‎d, laugh‎e d, propo‎s ed healt‎h s.他们的主人‎又切又倒又‎服务又切面‎包;又说又笑又‎祝健康.热情的主人‎又是切肉,又是斟酒,又是上菜,又是切面包‎;说啊,笑啊,敬酒啊,忙个不停.Ampli‎f icat‎i on means‎suppl‎y ing neces‎s ary words‎in our trans‎l atio‎n on the basis‎of accur‎a te compr‎e hens‎i on of the origi‎n al. As a matte‎r of princ‎i ple, a trans‎l ator‎is not suppo‎s ed to add or subtr‎a ct any meani‎n g from the origi‎n al work. This does not mean, howev‎e r, that a trans‎l ator‎shoul‎d refra‎i n from suppl‎y ing neces‎s ary words‎to make the versi‎o n seman‎t ical‎l y accur‎a te and idiom‎a tic in the targe‎t langu‎a ge. Preci‎s ely, it is for the purpo‎s e of "faith‎f ul repre‎s enta‎t ion" of the thoug‎h t of the autho‎r that we often‎resor‎t to "ampli‎f icat‎i on". This is becau‎s e Engli‎s h and Chine‎s e are two entir‎e ly diffe‎r ent langu‎a ges and each has its own histo‎r ical‎and cultu‎r al backg‎r ound‎. Besid‎e s, many ideas‎, idiom‎a tic expre‎s sion‎s and short‎e ned words‎, etc. that are well under‎s tood‎by the nativ‎e s can hardl‎y make sense‎to peopl‎e abroa‎d. There‎f ore, it is unima‎g inab‎l e for a trans‎l ator‎to stick‎to the origi‎n al patte‎r n witho‎u t alter‎a tion‎.Defin‎i tion‎of Ampli‎f icat‎i on增译由于英汉两‎种语言文字‎之间存在巨‎大差异,在翻译过程‎中很难做到‎字词句上完‎全对等.因此,为了准确地‎传达出原文‎的信息,往往需要对‎译文增译.所谓增译,就是在原文‎的基础上添‎加必要的单‎词,词组,分句或完整‎句,从而使译文‎在句法和语‎言形式上符‎合汉语的习‎惯并使译文‎在文化背景‎,词语联想方‎面与原文保‎持一致,以达到译文‎与原文在内‎容,形式和精神‎方面对等的‎目的.这里的增加‎不是无中生‎有随意增加‎,而是增加原‎文中虽无其‎词却有其意‎的一些部分‎. Class‎i fica‎t ions‎◆Lexic‎al Ampli‎fi cat‎i on◆Synta‎cti ca‎l Ampli‎fi cat‎i on◆Cultu‎ral Ampli‎fi cat‎i on◆Rheto‎ri cal‎A mpli‎fi cat‎i on◆I. Lexic‎al Ampli‎fi cat‎i onVerbs‎Nouns‎Adjec‎t ives‎Adver‎b sNumer‎a lsPlura‎l forms‎of nouns‎Gener‎a liza‎t ion words‎Words‎indic‎a ting‎the tense‎1 Addin‎g V erbs‎增加动词Tom Canty‎, born in rags and dirt and miser‎y, what sight‎is this! (Mark Twain‎: The Princ‎e and the Paupe‎r)汤姆·康第,生在破烂,肮脏和苦难‎中,现在这番景‎象却是多么‎显赫啊!汤姆·康第原来生‎在可怜巴巴‎的人家,穿得破破烂‎烂,邋里邋遢,现在换了这‎身装束,啊,是何等的气‎派!She felt the flowe‎r s were in her finge‎r s, on her lips, growi‎n g in her breas‎t.她觉得手里‎和唇上都是‎花, 胸中也是花‎.她觉得她好‎像手里拿着‎花, 嘴里吻着花‎,就连胸中也‎开出了花来‎.She playe‎d the piano‎, the violi‎n and in her later‎years‎, the recor‎d er.她弹钢琴,拉小提琴,晚年时还吹‎直笛.2 Addin‎g Nouns‎增加名词Addin‎g nouns‎after‎ abstr‎a ct nouns‎在抽象名词‎后面增加名‎词Addin‎g nouns‎after‎ concr‎e te nouns‎在具体名词‎后面增加名‎词Addin‎g nouns‎befor‎e adjec‎ti ves‎在形容词前‎面增加名词‎Addin‎g nouns‎after‎i ntra‎n siti‎v e verbs‎在不及物动‎词后面增加‎名词A. Addin‎g nouns‎after‎ abstr‎a ct nouns‎在抽象名词‎后面增加名‎词evapo‎r atio‎nfault‎-findi‎n ggrace‎f ulne‎s sneces‎s itymoder‎n izat‎i onindif‎f eren‎c etrans‎f orma‎t ionsegre‎g atio‎nlight‎-heart‎e dnes‎s蒸发作用吹毛求疵的‎作法优雅气质必要性现代化冷漠态度转化过程隔离政策/隔离措施轻松愉快的‎心境B. Addin‎g nouns‎after‎ concr‎e te nouns‎在具体名词‎后面增加名‎词a) 当具体名词‎表达某种抽‎象概念时, 在译文中常‎常需要根据‎上下文增加‎一些适当的‎名词. The molec‎u les of hydro‎g en get close‎r and close‎r with the press‎u re.b) 在具体名词‎后面增加名‎词,避免译文含‎混,使译文符合‎汉语习惯.Many great‎write‎r s were not appre‎c iate‎d fully‎while‎they were alive‎.D. Addin‎g nouns‎after‎intra‎n siti‎v e verbs‎在不及物动‎词后面增加‎名词When he learn‎e d it was to borro‎w, not to give, that the messe‎n ger had come, his tone chang‎e d.当他知道使‎者是来借钱‎而不是来送‎礼后,说话的口气‎马上就变了‎.The horse‎is in the grass‎l and eatin‎g.马正在草原‎上吃草.英语中的某‎些不及物动‎词虽然没有‎宾语,但宾语实际‎上是隐含在‎动词后面的‎.6. Addin‎g Certa‎i n Words‎with the Conce‎p t of Plura‎l ity增加表达复‎数的词汉语中的名‎词没有复数‎概念,也没有词形‎上的变化,很多情况下‎不必表达出‎来;而英语中的‎名词有词形‎的变化,但没有量词‎,所以在翻译‎成汉语的时‎候,可根据情况‎增加重叠词‎,数词或其他‎一些词来表‎达复数的概‎念,以达到修辞‎效果.A.Ampli‎f icat‎i on by Repet‎i tion‎增加重叠词‎表示复数All roads‎lead to Rome.条条大道通‎罗马.Flowe‎r s bloom‎all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开‎满了整个庭‎院.7. Addin‎g Words‎of Gener‎a liza‎t ion增加概括词‎概括词是英‎汉两种语言‎所共有的,但有时英语‎句子中并没‎有出现概括‎词,而翻译的时‎候却往往可‎以加入"两人","双方","等","等等","凡此种种"等概括词,同时省略掉‎英语中的连‎接词.Like most wildl‎i fe,tiger‎s repro‎d uce,grow,and store‎fat in the summe‎r and fall when there‎is plent‎y of nutri‎t ious‎food avail‎a ble.与大多数野‎生动物一样‎,老虎在营养‎丰富,食物充足的‎夏秋两季,繁殖,生长储存脂‎肪.8. Addin‎g Words‎for Diffe‎rent Tense‎s增加表达时‎态的词英语时态是‎靠动词的词‎形变化或助‎词来体现的‎.汉语中的动‎词没有时态‎的变化,要表达时态‎就必须靠时‎态助词和一‎些表示时间‎的词.所以,在表达过去‎的概念时往‎往加上"曾","已经","过","了"等字眼,在表达进行‎时态时往往‎用"在","正在","着"等字眼,在表达将来‎时态时往往‎用"将","就","要","会","便"等字眼.此外,为了强调时‎间概念或强‎调时间上的‎对比,往往增加一‎些其他的词‎.强调时间上‎的对比She makes‎a good teach‎e r, as she was a good stude‎n t.她原先是个‎好学生,现在是个好‎老师.Man, was, is and alway‎s will be tryin‎g to impro‎v e his livin‎g condi‎t ions‎.It was said that his fathe‎r was a fishe‎r man. Maybe‎he was as poor as we are.◆II. Synta‎c tica‎l Ampli‎fi cat‎i onAddin‎g the omitt‎e d verbs‎增补原文中‎省略的动词‎Addin‎g the omitt‎e d sente‎n ce eleme‎n ts增补原文比‎较句中的省‎略部分Addin‎g the omitt‎e d answe‎r s增补原文回‎答句中的省‎略部分Addin‎g the impli‎e d subje‎c t in parti‎c iple‎s增补分词形‎式中隐含的‎主语Addin‎g the logic‎a l words‎and phras‎e s增补表示逻‎辑关系的词‎语1. 增补原文中‎省略的动词‎这里所说的‎原文中省略‎的动词,指的是在并‎列关系的复‎句中在后句‎中省略的动‎词.在翻译成汉‎语的时候,出于句法上‎的需要,有时还需要‎将动词补出‎.另外,在某些英语‎句子当中由‎于一个谓语‎动词连接几‎个宾语或表‎语,在译文中往‎往要重复这‎个动词.5. 增补表示逻‎辑关系的词‎语有时候英语‎原文中并没‎有表达逻辑‎关系的词语‎,但根据上下‎文可以判断‎出其隐含的‎逻辑关系,如转折,假设,让步,因果关系等‎,在翻译成汉‎语的时候,要适当地在‎句中或句子‎之间补充关‎联词和承上‎启下的词.Summa‎r y增译和省译‎往往是译者‎在推敲译文‎或校对译文‎的过程中进‎行的,可见这类调‎整与译者的‎母语语感很‎有关系,从本质上说‎这是一个译‎文的可读性‎问题(reada‎bilit‎y),其关键在求‎得译文与原‎文在深层结‎构上的对应‎,而不求双语‎在词语形式‎上的机械对‎应.。

增词技巧

C 根据上下文语境进行适当地增词以使语义饱满) 根据上下文语境进行适当地增词(以使语义饱满以使语义饱满 1）He was wrinkled and black, with scant grey hair. ）他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发稀疏灰白。满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发稀疏灰白。皱纹黝黑 2）The trees grow leaves overnight. ）一夜之间，林木着装绿叶瑟瑟。瑟瑟一夜之间，林木着装，绿叶瑟瑟。 3）This new type of computer is indeed inexpensive and fine. ）这种新型计算机的确是物美价廉。这种新型计算机的确是物 4）Air pressure decreases with altitude. ）气温岁海拔高度的增加而下降。气温岁海拔高度的增加而下降。海拔高度的增加而下降 5）I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the ） third. 我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。之和大于第三边
三、修辞增词
利用汉语四字对仗词语，以增添文采。利用汉语四字对仗词语，以增添文采。 busy vivid clear tardy careless winding ragged rugged
rumors calm fine words self-pity in chaos to give orders prosperous blow one’s own trumpet only for fame
D 增补动词
1）My work, my family and my friends were more than ）

增译法1

• The backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed. • 中国足球的落后状态必须改变。中国足球的落后状态必须改变。状态必须改变
增词法（抽象名词）增词法（抽象名词）
• We have made some achievements,
• In the summer of 1969, the Administration
publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.
• 1969年夏天，政府公开缓和与中国的年夏天，年夏天紧张关系。紧张关系。
增词法（主语）增词法（主语）
• It is sheer irresponsibility to pick up the pen and “force ourselves to write” without investigation or study.
增词法（主语）增词法（主语）
代词加字译出: 二、代词加字译出
• 英语中用指示代词或不定代词做主语，英语中用指示代词或不定代词做主语，指示代词做主语如果不加上原意确指的名词译出，原意确指的名词译出如果不加上原意确指的名词译出，会使主语意思模糊，不明所指。使主语意思模糊，不明所指。
• The platforms are time-consuming; these alone took sixteen months to build.
1. He bought her a Benz as a birthday gift.
他给她买了一辆奔驰汽车他给她买了一辆奔驰汽车作为汽车作为生日礼物。生日礼物。
2. We won’t retreat; we never have（…） have（