chapter 2 phonetics 语音学(2012)

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chapter 2 phonetics 语音学(2012)

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2nd edition, 2002: 15
Articulatory Phonetics (发声语音学)
(Linguists’ interest)
studies from the speaker’s point of view, how speaker uses his organs to articulate sounds. Articulatory Phonetic description generally makes reference to six main factors: Air stream – vocal folds – soft palate – place of articulation – manner of articulation – lips Or two major factors: speech organs + articulation (place + manner)
How many segments /sounds in a word?
cough, bough, dough ? Meat, great, threat, Sea, bead, dead ？
(Ss
do the transcriptions by looking up in dictionary.)
Pitch
Theories of speech perception
Listeners
are active Listeners are passive Compromise
Study of the stages in humanmachine speech interaction

语言学chapter 2 phonetics

To make a speech sound visible so that we can measure its components objectively we must then go into the domain of acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear.
3.1.2 Places of articulation
In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types:
bilabial
labiodental
j
4. Vowels (refer to Poole, 2000: 60)
4.1 cardinal vowels 基本元音(refer to Poole, 2000: 50-51)
British phonetician Daniel Jones first fixed the qualities of the two vowels which were produced with the tongue is as high and as far forward as possible in [i]. Another, represented by [a], is the sound produced when the tongue is as low as possible at the back. The other six vowels have been plotted down between these two extremes, the front vowels being plotted at equal acoustic distances as are the back vowels.

Chapter 2 phonetics

（3）Acoustic phonetics: the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear by certain instruments. （声学语音学）
2.2 The vocal organs (speech organs)
(1) the part of the tongue that is raised— front, center, or back
(2) the extent the tongue rises in the direction of palate— high, mid, low (mid-high, mid-low)
Attention: IPA does not represent the spelling system of a particular language. (P38)
2.5 Consonants
2.5.1 Distinction between consonants and vowels
2.5.2 Places of articulation 2.5.3 Manners of articulation 2.5.4 Combination of places and manners
(4) lateral (边音)：(lateral approximant) obstruction along the centre of the oral tract—imcomplete closure one or both sides of the tongue /l/
/l/ & /r/ are also called liquids (流音)

2 Phonetics 语音学

The speech organs of the human being consists of three major areas: the pharyngeal cavity (the throat), the oral cavity (the mouth), and the nasal cavity (the nose) The air stream coming from the lungs may be modified in these cavities in various ways. Such modification results from some kind of interference with the movement of the air stream. Of these speech organs the very flexible tongue is of particular importance, because the principal source of sound modification is the tongue. So much so that the word for it is often used as a synonym for language: English mother tongue, French langue, Russian ЯЗЬІΚ, and so on (Poole 1999: 42)
5. Transcription of speech sounds

Transcription; the use of symbols to show sounds or sound sequences in written form. There are different systems of phonetic symbols. One of the most commonly used is that of the International Phonetic Association.

Chapter2Phonetics语音学

Chapter2Phonetics语音学Chapter Two Phonetics: Speech SoundsI. Fill in the blanks.1.____________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the speech sounds.2.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movementshave an effect on the ____________ coming from the lungs.3.Consonants can be either ____________ or ____________, while all vowels are __________.4.Consonants can also be made when two speech organs in the mouth are brought close together so thatthe air is pushed out between them, causing ____________.5.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ____________ and the lips.6.One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in themouth. A second element is the ___________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.7.In English there are a number of ____________, which are produced by moving from one vowelposition to another through intervening positions.II. Choose the best answer.1.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to ________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula2.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. Neither of them3.Which one is different from the others according to the manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [3]D. [v]4.Which one is different from the others according to the places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]5.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]6.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. VoicedC. GlottalD. Consonant7.Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D. [p]III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F].1.Of the three phonetic branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highlydeveloped, is acoustic phonetics.2.[p] is voiced bilabial stop.3.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.IV. Answer the following questions.1.In which ways may consonants be classified?2.What do speech organs (vocal organs ) include?3.What are broad transcription and narrow transcription?4.What does phonetics concern?。

《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 2 Phonetics

learners of English, and explain why they cause difficulty. 2. Observe your classmates’ pronunciation of the English consonant
[v] and write a short paper on the problem in the acquisition of [v] and how to solve it.
Phonetic features and natural classes
Teaching Aims
The Study of Speech Sounds
1. To make students familiar with sound production mechanism， the transcription and description of English sounds. 2. To make students understand the differences of consonants and vowels, the nature of phonetic features and natural classes. 3. To cultivate students’ cross-cultural awareness and research interests in discovering the regularities of speech sounds.
2.3 Phonetic transcription of sounds
Transcription of sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation Speech is a continuous flow of sound with interruptions only

《语言学教程》Chapter2phonetics

《语言学教程》Chapter2phoneticsIntroduction to Phonetics:Speech Sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): Articulatory Phonetics:Articulatory phonetics focuses on how speech sounds are produced and articulated by the vocal organs. These organs include the tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords. The sounds are produced by manipulating these organs to create different configurations and airflow patterns. For example, the sound [p] is produced by closing the lips and then opening them to release a burst of air.Acoustic Phonetics:Acoustic phonetics analyzes the physical properties of speech sounds in terms of sound waves and their frequencies. Sound waves are vibrations that travel through the air and reach our ears, where they are processed and interpreted as speech sounds. Different speech sounds have distinct acoustic properties, such as their pitch, loudness, and duration. These properties are measured and analyzed to better understand the characteristics of each sound.Auditory Phonetics:Auditory phonetics investigates how speech sounds are perceived and processed by the human auditory system. When we hear speech sounds, our ears detect the sound waves and send them to the brain for interpretation. The brain then matches these signals to specific speech sounds and recognizes their meaning. Auditory phonetics explores the mechanisms and processes involved in this perception and interpretation.Segmental and Suprasegmental Features:In linguistics, speech sounds can be classified into two categories: segmental and suprasegmental features. Segmental features pertain to individual sounds or phonemes, while suprasegmental features refer to properties that extend beyond individual sounds, such as stress, intonation, and rhythm. These suprasegmental features contribute to the melody and rhythm of speech and can carry additional meaning and emphasis.Phonetic Transcription:Conclusion:。

现代语言学

Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介Speech and writing are the two media used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. Speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises.For linguists, the study of sounds is of greater importance than that of writing.The limited ranges of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language (语言的声音媒介) . The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds （语音）.2．What is phonetics?什么是语音学？Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language；It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world‟s languages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。

语言学内容课件ChapterTwoPhonetics

语言学内容课件ChapterTwoPhoneticsChapter 2 Speech SoundsTeaching aims: let the students have the general idea about phonetics Focal points: classification of speech sounds;description of consonants and vowelsTeaching difficulties: description of consonants and vowels Teaching procedure:Outline of this chapter:1. Phonetics1.1 sub-branches (scope) of phonetics1.2 Definition of Phonetics2 Speech organs (vocal organs)2.1 The pharyngeal cavity2.2 The oral cavity2.3 The nasal cavity3 Classification of English speech sounds3.1 the criteria of Classification （p 29）3.2 Classification of English speech sounds3.2.1 Consonants(24)3.2.2 V owels(20)4 Description of English speech sounds4.1 description of English consonants4.1.1 ( criteria) Three parameters to identify a consonant:4.1.2 Description4.1.3 Identifying English consonants: (three-term description) 4.2 description of English vowels4.2.1 Four criteria (parameters) of vowel description:4.2.2 description4.2.3 Diphthongs(8)4.2.4 Identifying English vowels: all the single vowels5 Transcription5.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet) 5. 2 phonetic transcription 标音法5.2.1 Broad transcription5.2.2 Narrow transcription1. PhoneticsLanguage is a “system of vocal symbols”. Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented, and even today, in some parts of the world, there are still languages that have no writing systems. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.As we know, there are two branches in linguistics, which deal with speech sounds. They are phonetics (the study of sounds) and phonology (the study sound patterns). In this chapter, we will discuss these two branches.1.1Definition of phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived, and their classification, description, and transcription.1.2 sub-branches (scope) of phonetics1)Articulatory phonetics----the study of the production of speech sounds2)Acoustic phonetics----the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech3)Auditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speech sounds2 Speech organs (vocal organs)They refer to the parts of the human body involved in the production of speech.The three cavities of the vocal tract: the pharynx (pharyngealcavity), the mouth (oral cavity), and the nose (nasal cavity). The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds.2.1 The pharyngeal cavityLarynx: at the top of the trachea, the front of which is the Adam’s apple 喉结. This is the first place where sound modification might occur.2.2 The oral cavityThe oral cavity provides the greatest source of modification.Tongue: the most flexibleUvula, the teeth and the lipsHard palate, soft palate (velum)Alveolar ridge: the rough, bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth Various obstructions created within the oral cavity lead to the productionof various sounder [p] [b]; [s] [z]; [k] [g]2.3 The nasal cavityThe nasal cavity is connected to the oral cavity at the back of the mouth .The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum (soft palate) can be draw back to close the passage so that the air can only go through the mouth and produce vowels and most consonants. The passage can also be left open to allow air to exit through the nose and produce nasal consonants [m] [n] [g]3 Classification of English speech sounds3.1 the criteria of Classification （p 29）The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while the letter is obstructed in one way or another.Consonants are produced by constructing or obstructing thevocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity. The speech sounds will divide into two categories: vowels and consonants.3.2 Classification of English speech sounds3.2.1 Consonants(24):sounds produced by constricting and obstructing the vocal tract at some place.3.2.2V owels(20): sounds produced with no obstruction.a) vowels (monophthong)—vowels where the quality remains constant throughout the articulation.b)vowels (diphthongs)----vowels where there is an audible change of qualityc)Semi-vowels ( semi-consonants) : the sounds produced with little obstruction.(also called glides or transition sounds) e.g. yet wet hot 4 Description of English speech sounds4.1 description of English consonants4.1.1 ( criteria) Three parameters to identify a consonant:1) in terms of voicing, state of vocal cords: voiced VS voiceless, others2)in terms of manner of articulation, manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished3) in terms of place of articulation, place of articulation: place in themouth where obstruction occurs4.1.2 Description1) in terms of voicing(state of vocal cords: voiced VS. voiceless)V oiced: [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [e] [ζ] [dζ]V oiceless: [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [t∫]Others:[r] [l] [m] [n] [η] [w] [j] [h]2) in terms of manner of articulation(1) Stops (6) 爆破音:[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g](a) the closing phase , complete closure of the two articulators,(b) the holding or compressing phase,( c) the releasing/plosive phase.(2)Nasals(3) 鼻音:[m] [n] [η]with the oral cavity blocked at the lips, alveolar ridge and the velum respectively.(3)Fricatives(9) 擦音:[f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [e] [∫] [ζ] [h]A fricative is produced when there is close approximation of twoarticulators so that the airstreams is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced.(4)Approximants (3): [w, r, j]an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent thata turbulent airstreams is produced.(5)Lateral (1): [l]obstruction of the airstreams is released at the side of the tongue. (6)Affricates (2): [t∫, d3]in the production of which a stop is followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same time of articulation.3) in terms of place of articulation(1) Bilabial 双唇音: [p] [b] [m] [w](2)labiodentals 唇齿音: [f] [v](3) dental 齿音: [θ] [e],(4) alveolar 齿龈音: [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [r] [l](5)palatal 腭音: [∫] [ζ] [t∫] [dζ] [j](6)velar 软腭音: [k] [g] [η](7)glottal 喉音: [h]Details see Table 2.1 A chart of English consonants (Hu, 2007: 35)4.1.3 Identifying English consonants: (three-term description):[ ] voiceless, bilabial, stop; [ ] voiced, bilabial, stop.[ ] voiceless, velar, stop; [ ] voiced, velar, stop;[ ] glottal, fricative, [ ] alveolar, lateral...4.2 Description of English vowelsV owels are produced without obstruction so no turbulence or total stoppings of the air can be perceived. the quality of vowels depend on position of tongue and the shape of lips.4.2.1 Four criteria (parameters) of vowel description:1) the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low2) the position of highest part of the tongue :front, central, back3) the length or tenseness of the vowel : tense vs. lax or long vs. short4) lip-rounding (the shape of the lips ) : roundedvs. unrounded4.2.2 description1) according to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, lowhigh vowels: [i:] [u:] [i] [u]mid vowels: [e] [][] (//传统的读法) []low vowels: [?] [] [] [a :]2 ) according to the position of highest part of the tonguefront vowels: [i:] [i] [e] [?]central vowels: [э:] [э]back vowels: [u:] [u] [o] [o:] [∧] [a :]3) according to the length of the soundshort vowels: (Lax or short vowels) those without colon [i] [e] [?] [] [] [u] []long vowels: ( Tense vowels) those marked with a colon(冒号)[i:] [э:] [u:] [][a:] including the diphthongs [ei] [ai] [au] [i] [] [ i] [] []4) according to the shape of lipsUnrounded: [i:] [i] [e] [?] [][] [] [a :]Rounded: [u:] [u] [][]4.2.3 Diphthongs(8)diphthongs including: [ei] [ai] [au] [i] [] [ i] [] []4.2.4 Identifying English vowels: all the single vowels[ ] central lax unrounded vowel,[ ] central tense unrounded vowel;[ ] high back lax rounded vowel[ ] back mid lax rounded vowel.[ ] mid back lax unrounded vowel.[ ] low back lax rounded vowel.5 Transcription5.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet)IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 on the basis ofthe phonetic alphabet proposed at the time. It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.The Danish grammarian Jespersen first proposed the idea in 1886.The first version of IPA was published in August 1888.The latest version was devised in 1993 and corrected in 1996.The basic principle: using a separate letter selected frommajor European languages for each distinctive sound and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.5. 2 phonetic transcription 标音法a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way. There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds5.2.1 Broad transcriptionBroad transcription is transcription with letter-symbols only.This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.5.2.2 Narrow transcription1) Narrow transcription is transcription with letter-symbols togetherwith the diacritics.This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.2)Diacritics:(at p 29,37,38) A set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to show that it has a sound value different from that of the same letter without the mark.。

《语言学教程》Chapter-2-phonetics

2.1.1 Organs of speech
A. The pharyngeal cavity:
15
13 windpipe, 12
glottis/vocal cords, 11
pharyngeal cavity
14
B. The oral cavity:
1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth
Langue-parole
Competence-performance
Langue is a social product Competence is deemed as a
and a set of conventions for property of the mind of
a community
1. In terms of manner of articulation: Ways in which articulation of consonants can
be accomplished:
– (a) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;
consonants and vowels respectively?
Classification of speech sounds
1. Consonants: are produced ‘by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction’.

语言学内容课件 Chapter Two Phonetics

Chapter 2 Speech SoundsTeaching aims: let the students have the general idea about phonetics Focal points: classification of speech sounds;description of consonants and vowelsTeaching difficulties: description of consonants and vowelsTeaching procedure:Outline of this chapter:1. Phonetics1.1 sub-branches (scope) of phonetics1.2 Definition of Phonetics2 Speech organs (vocal organs)2.1 The pharyngeal cavity2.2 The oral cavity2.3 The nasal cavity3 Classification of English speech sounds3.1 the criteria of Classification （p 29）3.2 Classification of English speech sounds3.2.1 Consonants(24)3.2.2 V owels(20)4 Description of English speech sounds4.1 description of English consonants4.1.1 ( criteria) Three parameters to identify a consonant:4.1.2 Description4.1.3 Identifying English consonants: (three-term description) 4.2 description of English vowels4.2.1 Four criteria (parameters) of vowel description:4.2.2 description4.2.3 Diphthongs(8)4.2.4 Identifying English vowels: all the single vowels5 Transcription5.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet) 5. 2 phonetic transcription 标音法5.2.1 Broad transcription5.2.2 Narrow transcription1. PhoneticsLanguage is a “system of vocal symbols”. Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented, and even today, in some parts of the world, there are still languages that have no writing systems. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.As we know, there are two branches in linguistics, which deal with speech sounds. They are phonetics (the study of sounds) and phonology (the study sound patterns). In this chapter, we will discuss these two branches.1.1Definition of phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived, and their classification, description, and transcription.1.2 sub-branches (scope) of phonetics1)Articulatory phonetics----the study of the production of speech sounds2)Acoustic phonetics----the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech3)Auditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speech sounds2 Speech organs (vocal organs)They refer to the parts of the human body involved in the production of speech.The three cavities of the vocal tract: the pharynx (pharyngeal cavity), the mouth (oral cavity), and the nose (nasal cavity). The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds.2.1 The pharyngeal cavityLarynx: at the top of the trachea, the front of which is the Adam’s apple 喉结. This is the first place where sound modification might occur.2.2 The oral cavityThe oral cavity provides the greatest source of modification.Tongue: the most flexibleUvula, the teeth and the lipsHard palate, soft palate (velum)Alveolar ridge: the rough, bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth Various obstructions created within the oral cavity lead to the productionof various sounder [p] [b]; [s] [z]; [k] [g]2.3 The nasal cavityThe nasal cavity is connected to the oral cavity at the back of the mouth .The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum (soft palate) can be draw back to close the passage so that the air can only go through the mouth and produce vowels and most consonants. The passage can also be left open to allow air to exit through the nose and produce nasal consonants [m] [n] [g]3 Classification of English speech sounds3.1 the criteria of Classification （p 29）The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while the letter is obstructed in one way or another.Consonants are produced by constructing or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity. The speech sounds will divide into two categories: vowels and consonants.3.2 Classification of English speech sounds3.2.1 Consonants(24):sounds produced by constricting and obstructing the vocal tract at some place.3.2.2V owels(20): sounds produced with no obstruction.a) vowels (monophthong)—vowels where the quality remains constant throughout the articulation.b)vowels (diphthongs)----vowels where there is an audible change of qualityc)Semi-vowels ( semi-consonants) : the sounds produced with little obstruction.(also called glides or transition sounds) e.g. yet wet hot 4 Description of English speech sounds4.1 description of English consonants4.1.1 ( criteria) Three parameters to identify a consonant:1) in terms of voicing, state of vocal cords: voiced VS voiceless, others2)in terms of manner of articulation, manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished3) in terms of place of articulation, place of articulation: place in themouth where obstruction occurs4.1.2 Description1) in terms of voicing(state of vocal cords: voiced VS. voiceless)V oiced: [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [ð] [ζ] [dζ]V oiceless: [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [t∫]Others:[r] [l] [m] [n] [η] [w] [j] [h]2) in terms of manner of articulation(1) Stops (6) 爆破音:[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g](a) the closing phase , complete closure of the two articulators,(b) the holding or compressing phase,( c) the releasing/plosive phase.(2)Nasals(3) 鼻音:[m] [n] [η]with the oral cavity blocked at the lips, alveolar ridge and the velum respectively.(3)Fricatives(9) 擦音:[f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [∫] [ζ] [h]A fricative is produced when there is close approximation of twoarticulators so that the airstreams is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced.(4)Approximants (3): [w, r, j]an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstreams is produced.(5)Lateral (1): [l]obstruction of the airstreams is released at the side of the tongue. (6)Affricates (2): [t∫, d3]in the production of which a stop is followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same time of articulation.3) in terms of place of articulation(1) Bilabial 双唇音: [p] [b] [m] [w](2)labiodentals 唇齿音: [f] [v](3) dental 齿音: [θ] [ð],(4) alveolar 齿龈音: [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [r] [l](5)palatal 腭音: [∫] [ζ] [t∫] [dζ] [j](6)velar 软腭音: [k] [g] [η](7)glottal 喉音: [h]Details see Table 2.1 A chart of English consonants (Hu, 2007: 35)4.1.3 Identifying English consonants: (three-term description):[ ] voiceless, bilabial, stop; [ ] voiced, bilabial, stop.[ ] voiceless, velar, stop; [ ] voiced, velar, stop;[ ] glottal, fricative, [ ] alveolar, lateral...4.2 Description of English vowelsV owels are produced without obstruction so no turbulence or total stoppings of the air can be perceived. the quality of vowels depend on position of tongue and the shape of lips.4.2.1 Four criteria (parameters) of vowel description:1) the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low2) the position of highest part of the tongue :front, central, back3) the length or tenseness of the vowel : tense vs. lax or long vs. short4) lip-rounding (the shape of the lips ) : roundedvs. unrounded4.2.2 description1) according to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, lowhigh vowels: [i:] [u:] [i] [u]mid vowels: [e] [][] (//传统的读法) []low vowels: [æ] [] [] [a :]2 ) according to the position of highest part of the tonguefront vowels: [i:] [i] [e] [æ]central vowels: [э:] [э]back vowels: [u:] [u] [o] [o:] [∧] [a :]3) according to the length of the soundshort vowels: (Lax or short vowels) those without colon [i] [e] [æ] [] [] [u] []long vowels: ( Tense vowels) those marked with a colon(冒号)[i:] [э:] [u:] [][a:] including the diphthongs [ei] [ai] [au] [i] [] [ i] [] []4) according to the shape of lipsUnrounded: [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [][] [] [a :]Rounded: [u:] [u] [][]4.2.3 Diphthongs(8)diphthongs including: [ei] [ai] [au] [i] [] [ i] [] []4.2.4 Identifying English vowels: all the single vowels[ ] central lax unrounded vowel,[ ] central tense unrounded vowel;[ ] high back lax rounded vowel[ ] back mid lax rounded vowel.[ ] mid back lax unrounded vowel.[ ] low back lax rounded vowel.5 Transcription5.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet)IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 on the basis ofthe phonetic alphabet proposed at the time. It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.The Danish grammarian Jespersen first proposed the idea in 1886.The first version of IPA was published in August 1888.The latest version was devised in 1993 and corrected in 1996.The basic principle: using a separate letter selected from major European languages for each distinctive sound and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.5. 2 phonetic transcription 标音法a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way. There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds5.2.1 Broad transcriptionBroad transcription is transcription with letter-symbols only.This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.5.2.2 Narrow transcription1) Narrow transcription is transcription with letter-symbols togetherwith the diacritics.This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.2)Diacritics:(at p 29,37,38) A set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to show that it has a sound value different from that of the same letter without the mark.。

chapter 2 phonetics

2.1 What is phonetics? • Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds. • Sub-branches of phonetics • Articulatory phonetics – the production of speech sounds （发音语音学） • Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech sounds（声学语音学） • Auditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds（听觉语音学）
Manners of articulation
Places of articulation
Bilabial Labio inter denta dent l al alveolar palatal velar glottal
stops nasals fricatives
voiceless voiced voiceless voiced Voiceless voiced
• 3. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic features they all share. • Example: [s] [S] [f] [p] [h] voiceless • 1). [g] [z] [Z] [d] [D] • 2). [S] [v] [h] [s] [D] • 3). [S] [Z] [t S ] [j] • 4). [m] [p] [b] [f] [v] • 5). [t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]

Chapter 2 (Phonetics) The Sounds of Language(1 )(Exe. 2)

Exe. 2 PhoneticsⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese andEnglish.（T）2. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. （T）3. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. （F）4. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.（F）5. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. (T)6. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. (T)7. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. (F)8. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. (F)9. V owel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. (T)10. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. (F)Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A_______ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.2. A rticulatory phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are allb ilabial sounds.4. Of all the speech organs, the t ongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p osition of articulation.6. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again iscalled a s top.7. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity.8. T one are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.9. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are:pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.10. Name five of English front vowels:/i:/ , /i/ ,/e/ , /a/ ,_____.11. The sound [p] can be described with “unvoiced, bilabial, stop”.12. In the production of a ffricates sound, the back of the tongue is raised so that it touches the soft palate to form a kind of obstruction.13. By the position of the different part of the tongue, vowels are classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.14. In English, the sound [b] has the same phonetic features as the sound [p] except the feature of voicing.15. The oral stops in English are /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:(C)1. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords (A)2. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal(B)3. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/(D)4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar (D)5. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative (C)6. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle (C)7. Of the three cavities, ______ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.A. nasal cavityB. pharynx cavityC. oral cavity(B)8. Velar refers to ___________.A. larynxB. soft palateC. alveolarD. pharynx(A)9. Which of the following consonant does not exist in English. _______A. dental stopB. bilabial stopC. alveolar stopD. velar stop. (D)10. ____________ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology.A. NasalityB. V oicingC. AspirationD. Rounding (A)11. __________ is not an English consonant.A. Labio-dental plosiveB. Alveolar nasalC. V elar stopD. Dental fricative (C)12. V oicing of explosives is a distinctive feature in ________ .A. ChineseB. EnglishC. both Chinese and EnglishD. Neither Chinese nor English.13. Match the sounds under column A with one or more phonetic properties from columnB as illustrated in the first one.Aa. [k] 1,9,6b. [θ]c. [s]d. [b]e. [l]f. [t]g. [m]h. [h] B1. velar2. nasal3. dental4. fricative5. voiced6. voiceless7. bilabial8. alveolar9. plosive10. glottalⅣ. Define the terms below:1. phonetics: The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.2. auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds, as mediated by the ear, the auditory nerve and the brain.3. acoustic phonetics:the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear, which often involves analyzing sound waves.4. Phone: the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech.5. V owel: produced with no obstruction to the air stream as it passes from the larynx to the lip.Ⅴ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic thanwriting?2. What are the distinctive features that group the following sounds in these sets?1) f, v, s 2) g, z, b3) k, g, w 4) m, n, η3. Give the phonetic term for each of the following locations in articulation.1) Both lips 2) Teeth3) Opening between vocal cords 4) Ridge behind upper teeth4. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1141118100052。

Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)

Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音。

这些声音在数量上是有限的。

这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。

2.Phonetics 语音学2.1What is phonetics? 什么是语音学？language; it is concerned with all the sound that occur in the world’s languages.上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。

These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics respectively.语音学的三个分支分别被称为发音语音学，听觉语音学和声学语音学。

熊伟栋语言学2.1_Phonetics

喉音
glides bilabial
滑音
glottal
Classification of consonants
The description of English consonants
Place manner Stops or plosives Fricatives Affricates Nasals Voicing VL VD VL VD VL VD VD Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
From the hearer’s points of view:
Auditory Phonetics
It concerned about how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.
From the way sounds travel:
Acoustic Phonetics
Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view:
Phonetics
Articulatory Phonetics has the longest history. Auditory Phonetics
Liquids
Glides
VD
VD
The description of English consonants
Place manner Stops or plosives Fricatives Affricates Voicing VL VD Bilabial [p] [b] Labiodental Dental Alveo-lar [t] [d] Palatal Velar Glottal [k] [ɡ ]

语言学_Chapter 2_Phonetics

Amazing Question!
All Questions Are Welcome
Interesting Question!
Serious question!
Questions from students
Understand Macroscopically
• The target of the chapter?
2.2.1 A Definition
• Phonetics studies the phonic medium of
language concerning how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
3 branches
Three Branches of Phonetics
Organs of speech Consonants: Articulation and Classification Vowels: Articulation and Classification Sound transcriptions
2.1.3 Characteristics of English Speech Sounds • Answer the following questions: • 1. How many vowels are there in English? How to
2.2.4 Vowels: Articulation & Classification
Voice
Sounds may be either voiced or voiceless, the vocal folds are either vibrating or not.

语言学chapter 2

Some major articulatory variables
---- dimensions on which speech sounds may vary:

Voicing---- voiced & voiceless Nasality ---- nasal & non-nasal

Aspiration ----- aspirated & unaspirated
Speaker
air
hearer
Production
Transmission
Perception
2.1 Phonetics----three branches

Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”
The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.

The latest version was revised in 2005.
2.1.2 IPA-- to transcribe sounds