第二章 科技翻译

专用科技文体
• 特征 1. 用词正式 2. 语义客观 3. 结构严密
用词正式 专用科技文体多采用专业术语、大词、专 用缩略语，辅以数学语言和工程图学语言， 多为专家对专家的语言，外行往往不得要 领。
2. 语义客观 (1)语义结构显性化 语义结构显性化 • 原文：The specimen can be inserted between pieces of similar hardness; the sample can be plated; when using casting resins, a slurry of resin and alumina made for just this purpose can be poured around the specimen; the specimen can be surrounded by shot, small revetment rings, etc., about the same hardness. • 译文：试样 试样可夹在具有同样硬度的工件之间， 试样 可镀层。当用充填料时，可将树脂与矾土的浆 试样被短小的护壁、环状 料注入试样 试样周围，使试样 试样 试样 填料（硬度差不多）等所包围。
(3) 多用代词 例： When you choose the Shut Down command from the Start Menu, you see a dialog box that asks, “Hey, what do you mean, ‘shutdown’”?
2. 句法简单 (1) 使用短句
Our field trip for the project required that we conduct research in the Dawei Mountain, where we observed a number of species that we had not seen on previous field trips. Hares were common in the campgrounds, along with monkeys that were so aggressive that they would come out toward the campfire for a handout while we were still eating. We saw the pangolins that are fairly common in the area and were introduced there by hunters centuries ago, as well as a few wolves that were introduced fairly recently in hopes of checking the expanding population of hares.
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试比较
• 原文：Tom spoke to Tom’s mother，but Tom’s mother didn’t hear Tom． • 译文：汤姆对汤姆的母亲说话，但汤姆的 母亲没有听见汤姆的话。 • 原文：Tom spoke to his mother，but she didn’t hear him． • 译文：汤姆对他母亲说话，但她没有听见。
• 词法特点 • 谓语动词使用一般现在时， 表示真理的普遍性，在时 态上属于“零时态”； • 常用被动语态； • 普遍使用名词词组及名词 化结构； • 宁用单个动词而不用短语 动词。
句法特点 • “无生命主语+及物动词+ 宾语（+宾语补足语）”的 句型比较常见； • 常用it作形式主语或宾语； • 宁用紧缩性状语从句而不 用完整的句子； • 割裂修饰比较普遍（包括 短语或从句被割裂）； • 句中并列成分（各种并列 短语、单词或从句）较多； • 句子长而复杂，句套句的 情况较多。
普通科技文体
• 特征： 1. 用词平易 2. 句法简单 3. 多用修辞格
1. 用词平易 (1) 用常用词代替专业词 例：Scientists have made maps showing the “earthquake belts”. • 地震带 通俗词语：earthquake belt 专业术语：seismic belt
• “这种不带人称、时间、语气特征的抽象 而令人费解的文体（“行为抽象名词”） 主要用于学术研究。它有利于人们表达深 刻的哲理，却不适用于人们的日常生活”。 • 这种名词“是表达科学思想的一种工具”。 （O. Jesperson）（The philosophy of Grammar, 1924）
3. 结构严密 • 原 文 ： Protection against complete structural failure is achieved in three different ways: first, by proper selection of material, especially in high load areas, to provide a consistent slow rate of crack propagation, and high residual strength; second, by providing such multipath structure on the airplane that the loss of any one segment would not endanger the airplane; and third, by providing readily accessible structure which can be inspected and maintained properly. • 译文：用三种方法来防止整个结构的损坏：一、适当选 用材料，特别是在高载荷区的材料，要具有一致的、迟 缓的裂痕扩散速率特性以及高剩余强度；二、采用多路 传力结构，使某一局部损坏不危急整个飞机；三、使结 构具有易卸性，便于检查与维修。
第二章 科技翻译
科技语域的类别 • 专用科技文体 • 普通科技文体
比 较
• Food is digested as it passes along the long tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The process if digestion begins in the mouth where the food is crushed by the teeth and made wet by the juices in the mouth. After it is swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a tube having muscles and going to the stomach. • Food is digested as it passes along the alimentary canal. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is chewed and moistened by the saliva. After being swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a muscular tube leading to the stomach.
Our field trip required that we complete research in the Dawei Mountain. There we observed many species we had not seen on previous trips. Both hares and monkeys were common in the campgrounds. Whereas the hares were docile, the monkeys were quite aggressive. They would approach the campfire for a handout while we were still eating. We also encountered Daweishan’ s famous pangolins, introduced centuries ago by hunters. Another interesting sighting was a pair of wolves. They were brought to the area recently to check the expanding hare population.
(3) 名词化 A. Recent developments in the utilization of salinity power by reverse electrodialysis and other methods are discussed. B. Salinity power is utilized by reverse electrodialysis and other methods. The recent developments in this field are discussed. • 译文：本文讨论采用逆电流法和别的方法来利用盐 动力的最新进展。
(2) 用动词代替抽象名词 例：We ask that all employees cooperate. We ask for the cooperation of all employees. 例： The property was acquired through long and hard negotiations. The acquisition of the property was accomplished through long and hard negotiations.
(2) 非人称化 • Such a small experiment was designed merely to establish whether the approach was safe.
• As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called a “derrick”. It is used to lift the sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the insides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is lowed to the escape through a series of valves.