词汇学
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
As mentioned before, meaning is a composite
concept, there are different shades of meaning in its semantic cluster.
English lexicology (III) 3
TEM8 2006 The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of B [A] dialectal synonyms [B] stylistic synonyms [C] emotive synonyms [D] collocational synonyms
definition
Synonym [<Gr.
synonymon: syn- “together” + onoma, onuma “name”, of like meaning or like name, “having the same name”]
relationship of “sameness of meaning” that may hold between two words.
哽咽;又哭又闹
7.2Sources of synonyms
There seems to be no rigid demarcation line
between synonyms differing in their shades of meaning and in stylistic characteristics. a. Borrowing is the main source leading to synonyms. Native room foe help leave heaven Borrowed chamber enemy aid depart sky
Synonymy refers to a
The definition of Synonymy
What’s Synonymy?
P123/90 “It refers to those words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as part of speech, as with
Types of synonyms
1) Absolute or strict synonyms: words which are identical
compounding and composition; word building and word-formation; malnutrition and undernourishment
to cry with low, whining, broken sounds
whimper
啜泣;呜咽
moan
blubber
呻吟; 悲叹
a low, prolonged, mournful sound
used chiefly of children, implies a contortion of the face with weeping and broken, inarticulate speech
7.2 Synonymy
Generally speaking, synonym clustering is much more frequent in verbs and adjectives than in nouns. It seems that synonyms are partially frequent in areas which are in some way emotionally or socially sensitive or where there is hence a special need to tailor language precisely to context.
6
Why ?
English has had such a rich input in its history that it has a comparatively large vocabulary. It’s not difficult to find synonyms from Germanic, Greek and Latinate origins, so namely, 1) from bollowing, 2) from dialects, 3)from figurative and euphemistic use of words... Linguists maintains that no two words have the same distribution, frequency, connotation or language level .
8
7.2 Synonymy
2) Loose or partial synonyms: words which are similar or
nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degree of a given quality. It is this type of synonyms we shall deal with here. Eg. Room/ chamber; leave/ depart; buy/purchase occupation/ walk of life; decide/ make up one’s mind， male/ masculine ;girl / maid In the above, we identify not only a significant overlap in meaning between two words, but also some contexts where we cannot substitute for each other. For example: Mary Curie _________radium in 1898. discovered Franz _________it easy to compose sonata. found
English lexicology (III) 1
第6单元
What
Sense Relations P89
来自百度文库
are sense relations(语义关系)?
Words are arbitrary symbols and have
independent identities so far as their outer facet--spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. Before this , we had semantic analysis , and found word had one or more meanings (sememes). Semantically, these lexemes are all related in one way or another. Hence sense relations.
Take
sad for example: unhappy, melancholy,heavy-hearted, mournful,doleful are all its synonyms but have different shades of meaning.
English lexicology (III) 7
第6单 元
教研室：外语系专业英语教研室 教师姓名：李璐 课程名称: 英语词汇学 讲授内容及时间分配: 6 hours 授课专业及班次11 级 授课内容Relation of word sense 授课方式及学时2 h 目的要求 1) What are sense relations? 2) How many types of sense relations are there? 重点与难点: How to define synonyms ? What are the features of loose or partial synonyms? 参考资料: 1.英语词汇学. 张维友.外语教学与研究出版社 1996. 2.现代英语词汇学.陆国强.上海外语教学出版社 1998. 3.现代汉语词汇研究.曹炜. 北京大学出版社 2004. 4.英语词汇学. 汪榕培. 上海外语教学出版社 2008
English lexicology (III)
2
7.1 Sense Relations
Types of sense relations are as following :
Synonymy(同义关系)---semantic similarity Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semantic inclusion Antonymy(反义关系)---semantic opposition Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)--Homograph/homophone Polysemy (多义关系）--multi-semic
English lexicology (III)
9
The act of crying
synonyms weep sob
流泪 抽噎
Discrimination of senses stresses the shedding of tears to weep with a catch in the voice
terror virtue sacred mount age
secure conflagration
trepidation probity consecrated ascend epoch
b. Dialects or regional English
British and American English
BrE tube AmE subway
caravan
call box lift pavement
trailer
telephone booth elevator sidewalk
refuse/rubbish
petrol
garbage
gasoline
7.2 Sources of synonyms
enormous and immense; avarious and greedy; width and breadth, adversary and opponent...
What are the major sources of English synonyms?
English lexicology (III)
English lexicology (III) 11
7.2 Sources of synonyms--from borrowing
native ask French question Latin interrogate
fast fire
fear goodness holy rise time
firm flame
English lexicology (III)
in meaning in all their possible context of use .I.e. both in grammatical and lexical meaning, and in associative meaning. Such synonyms are rare in natural languages. Eg. mother tongue/native language
concept, there are different shades of meaning in its semantic cluster.
English lexicology (III) 3
TEM8 2006 The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of B [A] dialectal synonyms [B] stylistic synonyms [C] emotive synonyms [D] collocational synonyms
definition
Synonym [<Gr.
synonymon: syn- “together” + onoma, onuma “name”, of like meaning or like name, “having the same name”]
relationship of “sameness of meaning” that may hold between two words.
哽咽;又哭又闹
7.2Sources of synonyms
There seems to be no rigid demarcation line
between synonyms differing in their shades of meaning and in stylistic characteristics. a. Borrowing is the main source leading to synonyms. Native room foe help leave heaven Borrowed chamber enemy aid depart sky
Synonymy refers to a
The definition of Synonymy
What’s Synonymy?
P123/90 “It refers to those words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as part of speech, as with
Types of synonyms
1) Absolute or strict synonyms: words which are identical
compounding and composition; word building and word-formation; malnutrition and undernourishment
to cry with low, whining, broken sounds
whimper
啜泣;呜咽
moan
blubber
呻吟; 悲叹
a low, prolonged, mournful sound
used chiefly of children, implies a contortion of the face with weeping and broken, inarticulate speech
7.2 Synonymy
Generally speaking, synonym clustering is much more frequent in verbs and adjectives than in nouns. It seems that synonyms are partially frequent in areas which are in some way emotionally or socially sensitive or where there is hence a special need to tailor language precisely to context.
6
Why ?
English has had such a rich input in its history that it has a comparatively large vocabulary. It’s not difficult to find synonyms from Germanic, Greek and Latinate origins, so namely, 1) from bollowing, 2) from dialects, 3)from figurative and euphemistic use of words... Linguists maintains that no two words have the same distribution, frequency, connotation or language level .
8
7.2 Synonymy
2) Loose or partial synonyms: words which are similar or
nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degree of a given quality. It is this type of synonyms we shall deal with here. Eg. Room/ chamber; leave/ depart; buy/purchase occupation/ walk of life; decide/ make up one’s mind， male/ masculine ;girl / maid In the above, we identify not only a significant overlap in meaning between two words, but also some contexts where we cannot substitute for each other. For example: Mary Curie _________radium in 1898. discovered Franz _________it easy to compose sonata. found
English lexicology (III) 1
第6单元
What
Sense Relations P89
来自百度文库
are sense relations(语义关系)?
Words are arbitrary symbols and have
independent identities so far as their outer facet--spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. Before this , we had semantic analysis , and found word had one or more meanings (sememes). Semantically, these lexemes are all related in one way or another. Hence sense relations.
Take
sad for example: unhappy, melancholy,heavy-hearted, mournful,doleful are all its synonyms but have different shades of meaning.
English lexicology (III) 7
第6单 元
教研室：外语系专业英语教研室 教师姓名：李璐 课程名称: 英语词汇学 讲授内容及时间分配: 6 hours 授课专业及班次11 级 授课内容Relation of word sense 授课方式及学时2 h 目的要求 1) What are sense relations? 2) How many types of sense relations are there? 重点与难点: How to define synonyms ? What are the features of loose or partial synonyms? 参考资料: 1.英语词汇学. 张维友.外语教学与研究出版社 1996. 2.现代英语词汇学.陆国强.上海外语教学出版社 1998. 3.现代汉语词汇研究.曹炜. 北京大学出版社 2004. 4.英语词汇学. 汪榕培. 上海外语教学出版社 2008
English lexicology (III)
2
7.1 Sense Relations
Types of sense relations are as following :
Synonymy(同义关系)---semantic similarity Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semantic inclusion Antonymy(反义关系)---semantic opposition Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)--Homograph/homophone Polysemy (多义关系）--multi-semic
English lexicology (III)
9
The act of crying
synonyms weep sob
流泪 抽噎
Discrimination of senses stresses the shedding of tears to weep with a catch in the voice
terror virtue sacred mount age
secure conflagration
trepidation probity consecrated ascend epoch
b. Dialects or regional English
British and American English
BrE tube AmE subway
caravan
call box lift pavement
trailer
telephone booth elevator sidewalk
refuse/rubbish
petrol
garbage
gasoline
7.2 Sources of synonyms
enormous and immense; avarious and greedy; width and breadth, adversary and opponent...
What are the major sources of English synonyms?
English lexicology (III)
English lexicology (III) 11
7.2 Sources of synonyms--from borrowing
native ask French question Latin interrogate
fast fire
fear goodness holy rise time
firm flame
English lexicology (III)
in meaning in all their possible context of use .I.e. both in grammatical and lexical meaning, and in associative meaning. Such synonyms are rare in natural languages. Eg. mother tongue/native language