skopos theory翻译功能目的论 PPT课件
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• He established the skopos theory.
Part 2 翻译目的论的产生背景
• In 1970s, with the pragmatic turn both in linguistics (leading to a pragmatics-based text theory) and literary theory (leading to reception aesthetics text theory) as well as communication theory in mind, Vermeer and other Skopos scholars started to view translation as a purposeful intercultural communicative acting between individuals instead of something that is done to a text by a translator.
大王有令,有破刺客长空者,赏千金,封千户侯。
By order of His Majesty, he who kills Sky will receive gold and land.
这句台词中,千金,千户侯都含有文化信息,若全部保留文化信 息,其译文应该是:
By order of His Majesty, he who kills Sky will be awarded one thousand tales of gold and be dubbed marquis (爵候， 世袭贵族）with a possession of one thousand households
? What is skopos
Skopos is the Greek word for "aim" or "purpose" and was introduced into translation theory in the 1970s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating .
• Skopostheorie is explained in detail in the book A Framework for a General Translation Theory co-authored by Vermeer and Reiss in 1984.
Part 3 The new theory – Skopos theory
• There must be an inter-textual coherence between the source texts and target texts, which is similar to the fidelity to the source texts.
• 例1. Waterloo Bridge《魂断蓝桥》（直译为滑铁卢桥）
three “skopos Coherence (Intra-texual Coherence) 连贯规则
rules”
The Fidelity rule( Inter-textual Coherence) 忠实规则/互文连贯性
目的准则
• 目的准则指翻译应能在译语情境和文化中，按译 语接受者期待的方式发生作用。决定翻译过程的 根本原则是整个翻译活动的目的（skopos），即 “结果决定方法”。这种目的有三种解释：1）译 者的基本目的；2）译文的交际目的；3）特定翻 译策略或手段要达到的目的。但通常“目的”是 指译文的交际目的。即翻译过程的发起者，决定 译文的交际目的，发起者出于某一特殊需要，在 理想状况下，他会给出需要译文的原因，译文接 受者、使用译文的环境、译文应具有的功能以及 与原因有关的细节等。所有这些构成了“翻译要 求”。
• 连贯准则是指译文必须考虑接受者的背景知识和实际情况， 最大限度地做到语义连贯， 以便译文接受者能够理解其义符 合译入语的表达习惯。
• The target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge. Translator should conform to the cannons and ethnic rules in the target language and culture, and reproduce the information offered in the source text in an acceptable and accessible way to the target reader, taking their background knowledge and situational circumstances into account.
• Having been trained as an interpreter by Katharina Reiss, Vermeer took up general linguistics, then translation studies and also desired to break with linguistic translation theory by proposing a new translation theory.
Chapter 1 Hans Vermeer and Skopos theory
Part 1 Hans vermeer
• Prof. Dr. h.c. Hans-Josef Vermeer (September 24, 1930 - Heidelberg, February 4, 2010), German linguist and translation scholar.
将千金译为gold,而不是one thousand tales of gold, 将万户侯译为lawk.baidu.comd而不是marquis with a possession of one thousand households,
显然是删减了其中的文化信息,但基本意却都在,丝毫 不影响观众对故事的理解。这样简单易懂的字幕 就能使观众更充分的欣赏画面、色彩和精彩的武 打场面。
举例
• We care to provide service above and beyond the call of duty.-ups
• 一问：殷勤有加，风雨不改（UPS快递）
• 若直译这则广告，应是“我们愿意提供高 于或者超出责任感的服务”。虽然译文在 语义和词义上都属于忠诚对等翻译，但四 字结构“殷勤有加，风雨不改”更能向目 的与消费者传达该公司的服务精神，达到 意义上的忠诚，是广告在目标文化的诱惑 功能得以最大程度地实现。
Relationships between the three rules
It seems that Vermeer prescribes the hierarchical rule in line with action theory and literary reception theory: the Skopos is the boss, intratextual coherence the second and fidelity the lowest; the last two rules are subordinated to the Skopos of the translation. • 忠实准则服从于连贯准则，而这二者服从 于目的准则。
• He was appointed Professor of General and Applied Linguistics at the University of Mainz in Germersheim (1971–1983). After that he held the chair of Translation Studies with special reference to Portuguese at Heidelberg University (1984–1992). He was also a visiting professor at Leopold Franzens University in Innsbruck (1999–2002), Bosphorus University in Istanbul (2002–2003) and Okan University in Istanbul (2004– 2008). He finally returned to the universities of Mainz and Heidelberg to teach in his final years.
• 不仅避开了中国观众由于地域文化差异、历史背景知识缺 乏而引起的迷惑;而且蓝桥蕴含着中国文化的特色,与牛郎 织女的鹊桥相会相仿,能够使观众一看到片名就能心领神 会,而且具有很高的审美价值。译者要把握观众的审美需 求,达到形式美和内容美的统一以及要考虑到观众的心理 需求。最终在实现电影片名翻译的目的:吸引观众看电影。
There is no such thing as time travel. 你穿越剧看多了吧。
原意是“穿越这种事根本就不存在啊。”“穿越剧” 在国内观众中是比较流行的剧种，译者直接用 “穿越剧”来指代“穿越”。产生幽默的作用
Chapter 2 目的论的基本原则
The Skopos rule 目的规则
检索人：张源博、胡富田 整理人：叶子萌 PPT制作：武墨函、丁锦勤 讲解人：刘铠恺
Content
Chapter1 Hans Vermeer and Skopos theory
Chapter 2 three “skopos rules”
Click to add Title
Chpter3 comment on the Skopos theory
Skopos theory
translation is a kind of action that has a purpose. • The focal points of this theory lie in three aspects:
substance of translation, participants of the process of translation and principles of functional concept of translation. • It introduced the idea that a translation should always be conducted to fulfil the purpose of theTT（target text） in the TT’s situation. • The prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action.
The Fidelity Rule 忠实准则
• Fidelity rule (Intertextual Coherence) : a translation should be as faithful as possible to the original.
• 忠实准则是指原文和译文中应该存在某种对应关系， 并 不要求原文和译文在内容上一字不差。
Coherence 连贯准则
• Coherence （Intratextual Coherence） : a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation, being part of the receivers’ situation.
Part 2 翻译目的论的产生背景
• In 1970s, with the pragmatic turn both in linguistics (leading to a pragmatics-based text theory) and literary theory (leading to reception aesthetics text theory) as well as communication theory in mind, Vermeer and other Skopos scholars started to view translation as a purposeful intercultural communicative acting between individuals instead of something that is done to a text by a translator.
大王有令,有破刺客长空者,赏千金,封千户侯。
By order of His Majesty, he who kills Sky will receive gold and land.
这句台词中,千金,千户侯都含有文化信息,若全部保留文化信 息,其译文应该是:
By order of His Majesty, he who kills Sky will be awarded one thousand tales of gold and be dubbed marquis (爵候， 世袭贵族）with a possession of one thousand households
? What is skopos
Skopos is the Greek word for "aim" or "purpose" and was introduced into translation theory in the 1970s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating .
• Skopostheorie is explained in detail in the book A Framework for a General Translation Theory co-authored by Vermeer and Reiss in 1984.
Part 3 The new theory – Skopos theory
• There must be an inter-textual coherence between the source texts and target texts, which is similar to the fidelity to the source texts.
• 例1. Waterloo Bridge《魂断蓝桥》（直译为滑铁卢桥）
three “skopos Coherence (Intra-texual Coherence) 连贯规则
rules”
The Fidelity rule( Inter-textual Coherence) 忠实规则/互文连贯性
目的准则
• 目的准则指翻译应能在译语情境和文化中，按译 语接受者期待的方式发生作用。决定翻译过程的 根本原则是整个翻译活动的目的（skopos），即 “结果决定方法”。这种目的有三种解释：1）译 者的基本目的；2）译文的交际目的；3）特定翻 译策略或手段要达到的目的。但通常“目的”是 指译文的交际目的。即翻译过程的发起者，决定 译文的交际目的，发起者出于某一特殊需要，在 理想状况下，他会给出需要译文的原因，译文接 受者、使用译文的环境、译文应具有的功能以及 与原因有关的细节等。所有这些构成了“翻译要 求”。
• 连贯准则是指译文必须考虑接受者的背景知识和实际情况， 最大限度地做到语义连贯， 以便译文接受者能够理解其义符 合译入语的表达习惯。
• The target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge. Translator should conform to the cannons and ethnic rules in the target language and culture, and reproduce the information offered in the source text in an acceptable and accessible way to the target reader, taking their background knowledge and situational circumstances into account.
• Having been trained as an interpreter by Katharina Reiss, Vermeer took up general linguistics, then translation studies and also desired to break with linguistic translation theory by proposing a new translation theory.
Chapter 1 Hans Vermeer and Skopos theory
Part 1 Hans vermeer
• Prof. Dr. h.c. Hans-Josef Vermeer (September 24, 1930 - Heidelberg, February 4, 2010), German linguist and translation scholar.
将千金译为gold,而不是one thousand tales of gold, 将万户侯译为lawk.baidu.comd而不是marquis with a possession of one thousand households,
显然是删减了其中的文化信息,但基本意却都在,丝毫 不影响观众对故事的理解。这样简单易懂的字幕 就能使观众更充分的欣赏画面、色彩和精彩的武 打场面。
举例
• We care to provide service above and beyond the call of duty.-ups
• 一问：殷勤有加，风雨不改（UPS快递）
• 若直译这则广告，应是“我们愿意提供高 于或者超出责任感的服务”。虽然译文在 语义和词义上都属于忠诚对等翻译，但四 字结构“殷勤有加，风雨不改”更能向目 的与消费者传达该公司的服务精神，达到 意义上的忠诚，是广告在目标文化的诱惑 功能得以最大程度地实现。
Relationships between the three rules
It seems that Vermeer prescribes the hierarchical rule in line with action theory and literary reception theory: the Skopos is the boss, intratextual coherence the second and fidelity the lowest; the last two rules are subordinated to the Skopos of the translation. • 忠实准则服从于连贯准则，而这二者服从 于目的准则。
• He was appointed Professor of General and Applied Linguistics at the University of Mainz in Germersheim (1971–1983). After that he held the chair of Translation Studies with special reference to Portuguese at Heidelberg University (1984–1992). He was also a visiting professor at Leopold Franzens University in Innsbruck (1999–2002), Bosphorus University in Istanbul (2002–2003) and Okan University in Istanbul (2004– 2008). He finally returned to the universities of Mainz and Heidelberg to teach in his final years.
• 不仅避开了中国观众由于地域文化差异、历史背景知识缺 乏而引起的迷惑;而且蓝桥蕴含着中国文化的特色,与牛郎 织女的鹊桥相会相仿,能够使观众一看到片名就能心领神 会,而且具有很高的审美价值。译者要把握观众的审美需 求,达到形式美和内容美的统一以及要考虑到观众的心理 需求。最终在实现电影片名翻译的目的:吸引观众看电影。
There is no such thing as time travel. 你穿越剧看多了吧。
原意是“穿越这种事根本就不存在啊。”“穿越剧” 在国内观众中是比较流行的剧种，译者直接用 “穿越剧”来指代“穿越”。产生幽默的作用
Chapter 2 目的论的基本原则
The Skopos rule 目的规则
检索人：张源博、胡富田 整理人：叶子萌 PPT制作：武墨函、丁锦勤 讲解人：刘铠恺
Content
Chapter1 Hans Vermeer and Skopos theory
Chapter 2 three “skopos rules”
Click to add Title
Chpter3 comment on the Skopos theory
Skopos theory
translation is a kind of action that has a purpose. • The focal points of this theory lie in three aspects:
substance of translation, participants of the process of translation and principles of functional concept of translation. • It introduced the idea that a translation should always be conducted to fulfil the purpose of theTT（target text） in the TT’s situation. • The prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action.
The Fidelity Rule 忠实准则
• Fidelity rule (Intertextual Coherence) : a translation should be as faithful as possible to the original.
• 忠实准则是指原文和译文中应该存在某种对应关系， 并 不要求原文和译文在内容上一字不差。
Coherence 连贯准则
• Coherence （Intratextual Coherence） : a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation, being part of the receivers’ situation.