Lecture 4借代、提喻

E.g. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 幼小所学，终生不忘 Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
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3. Name of the material for the thing made. Have you any coppers? (Coppers for coins that are made of copper)
More and more people have a liking for cotton.
Antonomasia
The word antonomasia derives from the Greek word antonomazein, meaning ― to call by another name.‖ A figure of speech which substitutes a descriptive phrase for a proper name, or a proper name for a quality associated with it.
For example: The use of a Solomon to stand for "a wise man" The use of Land of Lakes to stand for "Minnesota" Hitler –a tyrant Waterloo--a disastrous defeat
Cases:
Military reform is also the bottom-line demand of the rebels in San Salvador. You run millions of dollars through all that project and you come out with nothing on the bottom line. The bottom line in the negotiation was the unconditional withdraw of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Why didn’t you give me the bottom line right away?
Al spoke with his eyes,―yes‖. 艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。 sweat – hard labor heart of China - Beijing The pen is mightier than the sword.
特征 1. 以事物的特征代替事物本身 A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breast. 2. 以工具代替动作或行为者 A hundred bayonets were marching down the street.
特征: 1. part for the whole He has many mouths to feed in his family. (mouths for family members)
The poor man is now left without a roof. (roof for house) Two heads are better than one He toiled all day long to earn his bread sails - navy; wings - airplane; marching feet - army
Business lobbyists on the Capitol Hill are keeping close tabs on what is known as the ―Family and Medical Leave Act‖ 围绕国会议员进行商业游说的人士正在密切注意 着所谓的“家庭与病假法案” Jarajan had ruled his august orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic- of which he had been named conductor for life in 1955- with a brilliant ear and an iron fist. 卡拉扬在1955 年被任命为柏林交响乐团终生指 挥，从此他就以敏锐的听觉和硬的手腕控制着这 个尊严的乐队。
2. whole for the part The world will dance at your wedding. (world for his relatives and friends) Trees and flowers are looking their best to welcome the smiling year. (smiling year for the season of spring) It was reported that Korea beat China in a soccer game yesterday Class 1 is superior to class 2 in the crossword games
Lend me your ears, please.
5. 以人或动物代替其特性 There is still much of the schoolboy in him.
The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.
6. 以原材料代替制成品 The 25th Games in Barcelona saw 4golds and 5 silvers in swimming fall into China’s pockets.
4. 以人体器官代替其功能 The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour.
She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.
I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth.
Synecdoche
• A figure of speech by which a more comprehensive term is used for a less comprehensive or vice versa; as whole for part or part for whole, genus for species or species for genus, materials for things, vice verse etc. • Synecdoche is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion, section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).
E.g. The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. ―...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...‖ Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team.
10. 地名或建筑物名可借以代称设于那里的机 构。 Kremlin(克林姆林宫，俄罗斯政府) The Pentagon(五角大楼，美国国防部) Hollywood(好莱坞，美国电影业) Downing Street(唐宁街，英国政府) Foggy Bottom(雾谷，美国国务院) Buckingham Palace(白金汉宫，英国皇室)
Lecture 4
Metonymy
The word ―metonymy‖ derives from the Greek word ―metonymia‖, which means ―change of name‖. It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. A figure of speech in which an attribute of a thing closely related to it is substituted for the thing itself. It expresses an association between what is spoken and what is meant.
And as he plucked the cursed steel away,…
7. 以作者或生产者代替作品或产品 The captain…had fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare.
We drove a Ford to Hyde Park.
The proper names are from three sources: religion, history and literature. They are mainly from two cultures: Hellenism and Hebraism .
特点： 1. The use of an epithet or title in place of a name . 2. The use of a proper name instead of a common noun. 3. There is a certain degree of overlapping with synecdoche.
3. 以容器代替其中内容。 Whenever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle.
The kettle boils. （kettle substitutes for the water in it) My pocket can’t afford such a pair of shoes. You can get a good cup at Susan’s café. Sheradon is a hotel noted for its good table. The room sat silent.
8. 以具体事物代替抽象事物 Although his plan had not completely succeeded, she gave him a pat on the back for having tried so hard. I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.
9. 以抽象事物代替具体事物 In the present instance, it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit. She is an ageing opera singer who has retired from the stage to teach.