5 中英思维方式对比

站票 standing-room-only tickets 特困生 the most needy students 三八红旗手 a woman pace-setter 三教九流 people in various trades (derog.) 乌纱帽 an official post

汉语造字法 1）象形字（pictagraph） 果 山 弓 雨 2）指事字（indicative） 上 下


3）会意字（associative） 从 森 品 4）形声字（morpheme-phonetic character） 烤 材 消
2. 汉英语音对比

汉语的音素（phoneme）分为韵母 （final）和声母（initial）两大类。 英语的音素分为元音（vowel）和辅 音（consonant）两大类。
中英思维方式对比
1. 中国人注重伦理(ethics),英美人注重认 知(cognition) 儒家思想 在海洋型地理环境中发展起来的英美 文化. 顺其自然(Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency), 听其自然(leave the matter as it is)

汉语量词 一面镜子 一朵花 一口锅 一位客人

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汉英语言对比

汉语属汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan Family）
英语属印欧语系(Indo-European Family）
1.汉英文字对比
古汉字是一种用符号表示思想或概 念的表意文字（ideographic script）。 随着指事字，会意字和形声字的出 现，且数目不断增多，汉字已不能简单 地视为有表意倾向的音节文字 （ideographic-oriented syllabic script）。 英语是拼音文字（alphabetic script）

亲属称谓 “张明和李丹是表亲.张明的母亲是 李丹的姑母,李丹的母亲是张明的舅母.” Zhang Ming and Li Dan are cousins. Zhang Ming‟s mother is Li Dan‟s aunt who is the sister of Li Dan‟s father, while Li Dan‟s mother is Zhang Ming‟s aunt who is the wife of Zhang Ming‟s mother‟s brother.

3.中国人重直觉(intuition), 英美人重实证(evidence)
中国传统思想注重实践经验
英美人注重理性知识,重视分析
4 . 中国人重形象思维(figurative), 英美人重逻辑思维(logical thinking)
中国人的形象思维方式的表现之一，是汉字的 象形性。 中国人喜欢以物表感，状物言志。 明枪易躲，暗箭难防 It is easy to dodge a spear thrust in the open, but difficult to guard against an arrow shot from hiding 脚踩两只船
汉语是声调语言（tonal language） “英语是语调语言（intonation language） 语调还赋予英语一种旋律美，难怪 有的语音学家形象地将语调比做英语的 灵魂。

3. 汉英词汇对比
词既有指称意义，还有蕴涵意义。
如“猫头鹰”
owl “芳芳”
3.1 汉英构词对比
汉英是有表意倾向的音节(ideographicoriented syllabic script) 英语是拼音文字(alphabetic script),字母组 合成音节就生成词.
3.2 汉英词义对比
从词汇意义来看,汉语和英语词义涵盖面 不一定相同. 如: “果品” fresh and dried fruit 动词搭配不同宾语 搽药、搽粉、搽雪花膏 apply lotion (or ointment), powder one‟s face, put on vanishing cream.
2)
贾母笑道:“你不认得他,它是我们这里有名 的一个泼皮破落户儿,南省俗谓作‘辣子’,你 只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了.” “You don‟t know her,” said Grandmother Jia merrily. “She‟s a holy terror this one. what we used to call in Nanking a „peppercorn‟. You just call her „Peppercorn Feng‟. She‟ll know who you mean!” (David Hawkes 译)
3)
贾母因笑道:“外客未见,就脱了衣裳,还不去 见你妹妹!” With a smile at Pao-yu, the Lady Dowager scolded, “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to your cousin.” (杨宪益,戴乃迭译)

3.词义空缺(semantic zero) 糖葫芦 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children‟s favorite food in winter 文房四宝 the four treasures of the study(writing brush , inkstick, inkstone and paper)

它收敛了它的花纹,图案,隐藏了它的粉墨,彩色, 逸出了繁华的花丛,停止了它翱翔的姿态,变成 了一张憔悴的,干枯了的,甚至不是枯黄的,而是 枯槁的,如同死灰颜色的枯叶. —— 徐迟《 枯叶蝴蝶》 When it gathers its wings full of exquisite patterns, it conceals its beautiful colors. When it flutters out from a cluster of blooming flowers and alights somewhere in the middle of its graceful flight, it turns into a dried leaf, not even of a withering yellow, but of a deathly gray. (刘士聪译)


<<红楼梦>>中“道”的译法 1) 探春笑道:“只恐又是你的杜撰.”宝玉笑 道:“除<<四书>>外,杜撰的太多,偏只我是杜撰 不成?” “ You‟re making that up, I‟m afraid,”teased Tan Chun. “Most works, apart from the FOUR BOOKS, are made up; am I the only one who made things up?” he retorted with a grin. (杨宪益,戴乃迭译)
3)
全岛6300户人家,共有200多架钢琴. Out of 6300 families, there are over 200 pianos. Of 6300 households on the islet, more than 200 have a piano at home.

2.词义相异(semantic non-correspondence) 2.1 岁寒三友: 松,梅,竹 (pine trees, plum blossoms, bamboo) 羊；美；鲜； 三羊开泰 (Three Rams Bring Bliss) 2.2 凤凰 “龙凤呈祥” (Dragon and Phoenix Bringing Prosperity) phoenix: mythical bird of the Arabian desert, said to live for several hundred years before burning itself and then rising born again from its ashes

４) 贾母笑道:“可又是胡说,你又何曾见 过他?” “You‟re talking nonsense again,” said his grandmother, laughing. “How could you possibly have met her ?” (杨宪益,戴乃迭译)
3.3 汉英词义关系

1.词义相符(semantic correspondence) 如: 山(mountain), 学生(student), 环境保护(environmental protection) 1) 他是只狡猾胡老狐狸. He is an old fox.

2) 他们的拉车姿势,讲价时的那随机 应变,走路时的抄近绕远,都足以合他们想 起过去的光荣,而且用鼻翅扇着那些后起 之辈. (老舍<<骆驼祥子>>) Their pulling posture, their adroit bargaining, their shrewd use of short-cuts or circuitous routes are enough to make them relive past glories and turn up their noses at the younger generation.


汉语和英语都能用合成法(compounding), 缀合法(affixation),音变法(soundchanging),缩略法(abbreviation)构词,也都 通过翻译从外语中借进新词. 不同的是,汉语还使用重叠法 (reduplication),英语还用转换法 (conversion),逆构词法(back-formation)和 截短法(clipping )构词.

2.中国人重整体(integrity),重综合(synthetic)思维, 英美人重个体(individuality),重分析(analytic)思维. 汉语词义一般比较笼统,英语词义一般比较具体. “胡子” full beard, circular beard, round beard shadow whiskers handlebars goatee tile beard military moustache stubble beard