精读第四课Diogenes and Alexander背景知识课件

第 欧 根 尼
Plato(428/427 BC[a] – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates（苏格拉底）, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science.
On another occasion Diogenes is said to have had an interview with Alexander the Great, who opened the conversation with “I am Alexander the Great.” He answered, “And I am Diogenes the Cynic.” Alexander then asked him in what way he could serve him. “You can step out of my sunlight.” Diogenes replied. Alexander is said to have been so struck with the Cynic’s selfpossession that he went away remarking, “If I were not Alexander, I should wish to be Diogenes.”
He learned the best of Greek culture .For example, Aristotle taught Alexander poetry ; philosophy and uses of political power ; the principles of scientific research . Indeed, it was from Aristotle that Alexander learned to seek out everything strange which might be instructive. Also ,he learned generosity from Aristotle.
Plato
Aristotle
Aristotle(384 BC – 322 BC)was a Greek philosopher and polymath(博学的人), a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics(形而上学), poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric(修辞学), linguistics(语言学), politics, government, ethics( 伦理学), biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing ethics, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
According to a popular story, Diogenes walked through Athens in broad
daylight carrying a
lBiblioteka Baidughted lamp, saying that he was looking for an honest man.
Diogenes and Alexander
Diogenes and Alexander
第欧根尼和亚历山大
About the Author
Gilbert Arthur Highet (June 22, 1906 – January 20, 1978) was a Scottish-American classicist, academic, writer, critic and literary historian. Born in Scotland, he is best known as a mid-20thcentury teacher of the humanities in the United States. Highet devoted most of his energy to teaching, but he also aspired to raise the level of mass culture and achieved broader influence by publishing essays and books.
Diogenes
Nothing is known about his life, but his surviving Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers （《名哲言行录》）is a principal source for the history of Greek philosophy. He thought that all should live natually, for what is natural is normal and cannot possibly be evil or shameful. Live without conventions, which are artificial and false: escape complexities and extravagances(奢侈): only so can you live a free life.
人物思想
他认为除了自然的需要必须满足外，其他的 任何东西，包括社会生活和文化生活，都是不自然 的、无足轻重的。他强调禁欲主义的自我满足，鼓 励放弃舒适环境。作为一个苦行主义的身体力行者， 他居住在一只木桶内，过着乞丐一样的生活。每天 白天他都会打着灯笼在街上“寻找诚实的人”。第 欧根尼揭露大多数传统的标准和信条的虚伪性，号 召人们回复简朴自然的理想状态生活。 后来他师承苏格拉底的弟子安提斯泰尼，以身 作则发扬了老师的“犬儒哲学”，试图颠覆一切传 统价值。他从不介意别人称呼他为“狗”，他甚至 高呼“像狗一样活着”。人们把他们的哲学叫做 “犬儒主义”（Cynicism）。他的哲学思想为古希 腊崇尚简朴的生活理想奠定了基础。归到他名下但 现已失传的各种著作中，有对话、戏剧和一部《共 和国》，该书描绘无政府主义者的乌托邦，人们在 其中过着“自然”的生活。
The Iliad
The Iliad is an ancient Greek epic poem written by Homer that tells the story of th Trojan War,said to habe been fought between the Greeks and the Trojans because the Trojan prince Paris had carried off Helen,wife of the Greek king.The war was won by a trick in which Greek soldiers,hidden inside a wooden horse,were taken into Troy by the Trojans who thought that the horse was a gift from God.
不和女神埃里斯采了一只金苹果，并写上 “给最美丽的女神”,赫拉、雅典娜及阿芙罗 狄忒三个女神都认为苹果是给自己的，宙斯 拒绝作裁判，于是三人带着苹果找特洛伊国 王的英俊儿子帕里斯作裁决。 三个女神都以奖品诱惑他，赫拉答应给他至 高无上的权力，雅典娜给他最聪明的头脑， 而阿芙罗狄忒则给他世上最漂亮的女子海伦 作妻，帕里斯把金苹果交了给阿芙罗狄忒， 他成了阿芙罗狄忒的宠儿，而赫拉及雅典娜 决心毁灭特洛伊人。 因为妻子和财宝被夺，墨涅依斯召集众多英 雄，围城十年，眼看希腊就要被特洛伊打败。 在最后关头，他们想出了木马屠城这一招， 反败为胜。海伦也被墨涅依斯带回了希腊。 特洛伊战争就此结束。
味着一个人的弱点。
Achilles
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great was (born on July 20, 356 B.C., in Pella,)king of Macedonia. During his leadership, from 336 to 323 B.C., he united the Greek citystates and led the Corinthian League. He also became the king of Persia(波斯), Babylon(巴比伦) and Asia, and created Macedonian colonies in Iran. While considering the conquests of Carthage and Rome, Alexander died of malaria in Babylon, Persia (now Iran), on June 13, 323 B.C
In Greek mythology, Achilles was aGreek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad. Achilles’ most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying(杀戮) of the Trojan hero Hector outside the gates of Troy.Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel. Because of his death from a small wound in the heel, the term Achilles' heel has come to mean a person's point 因为他的死亡从一个小伤口在脚 of weakness. 后跟,术语阿基里斯的脚跟将意
荷马史诗《伊利亚特》（希腊语：Ιλιάς，转写：Iliás）又译《伊利昂纪》 （取自书名“伊利昂城下的故事”之意），是古希腊诗人荷马的叙事史诗。 是重要的古希腊文学作品，与《奥德赛》同为西方的经典之一。根据有荷马 史诗人物图像的花瓶生产时期、其他引用此诗的希腊诗歌撰写日子推断，本 史诗应大约完成于公元前750或725年。