英汉介词对比

2. 介词与句法成分
英语介词结构可以充当表语，汉语不能。 （翻译时词类转化、成分转化） I thought that to be of great importance. The houses are of stone. My efforts are of little avail. avail sb. with sth.
以介词out为例
picked out the thief in the crowd. The supplies have run out. The fire has gone out. Play the game out. went out for the basketball team; To be out to win. Narrow ties have gone out. The young can often outdo the aged, but the aged can outwit the young. 在人群中认出了小偷 供应品已用完了 火已熄灭了 把比赛进行到底。 全力参加橄榄球队； 力争胜利 窄领带已过时了
英语中的介词of可以表示最高级或语最高级有关 的概念。如： His temper is of the quickest. 他脾气及其暴躁、坏透了。（感情色彩的翻译） His description is of the vaguest. 他的叙述十分含糊。
Of还可以表示强调，至最典型的人或物。 I am confronted with a difficulty of difficulties. 最难解决的困难 Thackeray was an Englishman of Englishmen, a Londoner of Londoners. 有时虽不出现最高级形式，of短语表示最高级意 义。 We like your company of all things. 最喜有你做伴 Today of all days they should not forget. 最不该忘记的日子/永不能忘记的
5. 介词的意义功能 英语介词可以表达汉语中常用动词表达的概念。汉语中的j介 词只有引导和介入名词与代词的语法意义。
By train Against the proposal Before everything Off shore He is for principled unity. 淋着雨 超出我的能力之外 手中夹着一支笔 古往今来 走错了路 带着微笑 缺了一个把 横过草地 The government of the people, by the people, for the people
英语中虽然也有些词兼具动词和介词的属性， 但不如汉语多。(语法化程度不如英语高)如： He gets up early everyday except Sunday. When I say that boys/girls are lazy I except you. including, given ,considering 介词多由动词进化而来，副词由名词进化来， often time---- often
要特别注意习语性的介词短语。 He left for good.他永远的走了、彻底走了 Happiness consists in contentment. He guessed the answer.（猜出了） He guessed at the answer.（加以推测） To know nothing of the matter. 对这件事全不知道 I know nothing about the matter. 对这件事不知内情。
使用频率
介词在组词成句、组句成篇时起着粘连与结合 的作用，据统计英语介词共有286个，但用得 最多的包括at, by, from, in, of, on, to和with。 据说这9个介词的使用占所有介词的92%。有 人的统计结果还显示100个连贯的句子中竟能 多至300个介词。 总的说来，汉语介词数量远不及英语介词多。
She was lady-like, too, after the manner of the feminine gentility of those days; characterized by a certain state of dignity, rather than by the delicate, evanescent, and indescribable grace, which is now recognized as its indication. The Scarlet Letter Chapter 2
英汉语介词的差别主要表现在：
1.介词的来源 汉语介词多是从动词演变过来的，因此有不少兼 具动、介词的双重功能。 他在家。/他在家学习。/他在学习。 你把门。/你把门关上。 我们呢应该比贡献。/她比以前胖了。 I think, therefore, I exist. I think , hence I am.
介词属于虚词（功能词）的一类，一般不能单 独充当句子成份，而是用于名、代及名词性词 组的前面，同它合起来组成介宾结构。
功能
介词是表示其宾语与其他句子成分关系的词：如 时间、空间、逻辑关系。
He will arrive before 8 o’clock. The book is on the table. He came to school by bus.
乘火车 反对这项建议 居于首位 离岸 他主张有原则的团结。 In the rain Beyond my ability With a pen between his fingers Through the past ages On the wrong the track With a smile Without a handle Across the grass 民有、民治、民享的政府
总的来说
英语 汉语 名词优势、介词优势--------动词优势 显性逻辑-----------------------隐形逻辑 形合（显性语法）------------意合（隐形语法） 逻辑思维-----------------------直观思维 E.g. 中国人拿(用)筷子吃饭 Chinese eat with chopsticks.
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情 也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于 高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之 际。 王佐良
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翻译
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. Of Studies Francis Bacon
譬如，for的用法也很灵活。 For all your explanations, I understand no better than before. 尽管你做了解释，我还是不懂。 It looks as if we are in for a big storm. 看来我们会碰上一场暴风雨。
I have been obliged to content myself through life with saying what I mean in the plainest of plain language. 我一生都有应该使自己满足于用最简单的语言 说出自己的意思。
3.介词宾语的构成
英： 介词宾语范围较宽，可与名、代词或者相当于名词 的其他词类、短语以及从句组成介词结构。间或形容词 也可以放在介词后面。 This is a birthday gift for my brother. Isn’t it a pleasure to have friends from afar? It is far from perfect. The students always pay attention to whatever they learned. We laughed at what he said. 汉： 介词一般只能与名词、代词或名词性词组组合为介 宾结构。 我们从去年开始学习法语。 乡亲们对我们很亲热。 我们要对学生负责。
英汉介词对比
提纲
界定 结构、功能 使用频率 英汉语介词的差别
介词的来源 介宾结构与句法成分 介词宾语结构 介词与动词的搭配 介词的意义功能
界定
介词：介：引导，引入 Preposition: 一词来源于拉丁语praeposition， 由动词praeponere而来，意为“放在……之 前”。
结构
王胡似乎不是君子，并不理会，一连给他碰了 五下，又用力的一推，至于阿Q跌出六尺多远， 这才满足的去了。 注： 1 foot 英尺=12 inches 英寸=0.3048 metre 米 1 yard 码=3 feet
王胡似乎不是君子，并不理会，一连给他碰了 五下，又用力的一推，至于阿Q跌出六尺多远， 这才满足的去了。 Apparently Whiskers Wang was no gentleman, for without paying the slightest attention to what Ah Q said he knocked his head against the wall five times in succession, then with a great push shoved him two yards away, after which he walked off in his triumph. 杨宪益 戴乃迭 译
4、介词与动词的搭配
英语的介词可以与动词组成介词词组，可表示汉语中需 要用动词词组或分别由几个不同的动词表示的意义。 Put across 使被理解 It was not easy to put the idea across to the public at that time. Put by:把...搁在一旁;不考虑/ 储存…备用：节约以供后来 的使用 When I entered, she put by the letter she was reading. Put through 做成：达到成功的终点, 如put the project through on time; put through a number of new laws Put up to: to cause to commit a funny, mischievous, or malicious act My older brother put me up to making a prank telephone call.
翻译练习
英汉语介词互译时应注意，一定要首先弄清楚在源语 言中介词是表示的是什么意思。 There is no one in the room.(空间关系) She will probably be back in February（时间关系）. She left in a hurry（逻辑关系）. He is weak in pronunciation（逻辑关系）. 又如in在以下几个介词短语中都要灵活理解，如in the army, in her evening dress, in one’s favor, in despair, in love. 有时只有依据上下文才能正确把握介词短语的真正含 义。