电镀磷铜球要求

What Makes a Copper Anode Perform?如何制造高质量的铜阳极By Robert A. Berger, Ph.D.and W. Chuck WalkerCopper anodes are typically used in acid or alkaline plating applications. While numerous methods have been used to improve the properties of the deposit on the cathode, many of the concepts behind the proper use of anodes were not well understood. After much investigation certain requirements are now recognized as essential to the manufacture of copper anodes. The use of pure feedstock, the determination of grain sizing, phosphorus content, and cleanliness have been shown to give consistently high results while reducing the number of variables that affect the complexity of a plating bath.铜阳极通常用在酸性或碱性电镀工艺中。

虽然使用许多方法来提高阴极电镀层的性能，但在正确使用阳极方面的许多观念还不能很好的接受。

经过大量的调查发现，对铜阳极生产者来说，某些要求是必不可少的。

即纯物料的使用，晶粒大小的决定，磷含量和清洁度，这些因素已证明会得到始终如一的好结果，而缺少其中任一元素都会影响电镀槽的电镀品质。

When we consider what makes a copper plating bath work properly, there are several issues that have an important aspect. The cathode surface properties are affected by current density, brighteners, leveling agents, solution conductivity, distance from the anode, suspended particles, etc. It is the responsibility of the anode manufacturer to provide a copper anode to act as the source of copper that supports the various bath additives.这儿有几个因素是影响铜槽正常运行的重要方面。

影响阴极表面镀层性能的因素有电流密度，光亮剂，整平剂，溶液导电性，阴极到阳极距离，悬浮颗粒等。

阳极制造业者的职责就是提供铜阳极以作为铜资源来支持不同的槽添加剂。

There are two general types of copper that provide a suitable source of copper for making anodes. The first type is essentially pure copper which is used in alkaline, cyanide baths. The second type is phosphorus copper for use in acid copper baths. Copper exists in cyanide solution as the cuprous (+1) ionic form and is complexed with either potassium or sodium cyanide to form a soluble double salt such as KCu(CN)2. In acid solutions, the copper exists as cupric (+2) ions and does not require a complexing agent to possess high solubility in the bath.这儿有常规的两种铜阳极以提供合适的铜来源。

第一种类型是用在碱性及氰化槽的纯铜阳极；第二种是用在酸性镀铜槽的磷铜阳极。

铜以一价铜离子形式存在于氰化溶液中，并和氰化钾或钠复合形成络合盐如KCu(CN)2。

在酸性溶液中，铜以二价铜存在，不需络合剂以在槽中具有高溶解性。

Raw Material原材料For each type of copper, the plating company should expect that the anode was made from a source of high purity copper. Copper is provided from two main sources: refined, primary production and recycled scrap material.对于每一种铜阳极，电镀公司应该期望阳极是由高纯铜制造的。

精炼铜是主要的产品，还有回收的废铜材料。

Refined copper is supplied in large sheets of copper cathode that are produced through electrolytic refining (plating). The purified copper is deposited on the cathode. The anode is an impure form of copper called blister copper. Blister copper is produced through mining operations after most of the dross and slag have been removed and may be 95 percent copper. Electrolytic refining purifies copper when the copper is deposited on the cathode. The impurities are left behind as sludge or ions that do not plate with the copper. The refined cathode is 99.95+ percent copper and has removed elements such as iron, sulfur, tellurium, selenium, gold, silver, zinc, arsenic, and others. The anode producer will take the refined copper, melt it, add phosphorus to the desired level, and form the copper into its final anode shape.精炼铜是通过电解精炼得到的大片阴极铜供应，纯铜沉积在阴极上。

电解阳极是粗铜存在形式叫水泡铜。

水泡铜经过冶炼产生后大部分的渣滓都被去除，铜含量可达95%。

当铜沉积在阴极上时电解精炼铜就形成了。

杂质不会与铜一起电镀出来，而是以阳极泥或离子留在槽中。

精炼铜含铜大于99.95%，已除去铁、硫、碲、硒、金、银、锌、砷等其他杂质元素。

阳极生产者将拿精炼铜来熔化，加入磷到需要的程度，将铜铸成最终的阳极形状。

Scrap copper can come from a variety of sources and made from a large number of items such as utility and telephone wires, transformers, water tubes, buss bars, etc. The material is collected, grouped, and sorted by a scrap dealer. While this source may be less expensive than refined copper, it has a disadvantage since it is difficult to remove all sources of contamination. There may be an iron and nickel problem (nuts and bolts). There can be tin and silver from plating scrap. Wire and tubing can have lead or solder attached. Also, the scrap copper may be an alloy and mistaken for pure copper. Under all conditions, copper anodes should conform to at least the government specifications presented in the Table.废铜有多种来源，有大量的项目会产生废铜如公用电话线，变压器，水管等。

材料被废料收购商收集，分组分类。

然而这种资源比精炼铜要便宜，因为它有一个不利条件是很难去除其中所有的杂质。

或许存在铁和镍问题（具体细节）。

或许存在锡和银而引起电镀报废。

铜线和铜管会有铅或焊料附上。

并且，废铜或许是合金而错认为纯铜。

在所有条件下，铜阳极至少必须符合下面表格中的政府规定要求。

High purity copper anodes are made from refined copper and receive a premium price. A typical analysis is given for these anodes in the Table. Recommended Purity of Copper Anodes for Electroplating Applications Constituents Government Specification QQA 673-B High-purity CopperAnodesCopper99.90% min 99.94% min Iron0.003% max 0.0015% max Sulfur0.003% max 0.0015% max Lead0.003% max 0.0005% max Antimony0.003% max 0.0008% max Nickel0.002% max 0.0015% max Arsenic0.003% max 0.0008% max Total other0.01% max 0.0015% max Recommended phosphorus 0.040 to 0.065 percent 高纯铜阳极是由精炼铜制造来的，需加上加工费用的价格。